JP2539847B2 - 改良された燃料添加剤 - Google Patents
改良された燃料添加剤Info
- Publication number
- JP2539847B2 JP2539847B2 JP62239925A JP23992587A JP2539847B2 JP 2539847 B2 JP2539847 B2 JP 2539847B2 JP 62239925 A JP62239925 A JP 62239925A JP 23992587 A JP23992587 A JP 23992587A JP 2539847 B2 JP2539847 B2 JP 2539847B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- wax
- fuel
- additive
- crystals
- filter
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 title 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 140
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 108
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 97
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 125000004183 alkoxy alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 17
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 114
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 37
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 30
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 23
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 20
- -1 lauryl alcohol Chemical class 0.000 description 20
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 18
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 13
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 12
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 10
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 8
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 7
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 7
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000003335 secondary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 5
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon carbon Chemical compound C.C CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N decalin Chemical compound C1CCCC2CCCCC21 NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000005690 diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- UKMSUNONTOPOIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N docosanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O UKMSUNONTOPOIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- GQEZCXVZFLOKMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-alpha-hexadecene Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C GQEZCXVZFLOKMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- GRWFGVWFFZKLTI-IUCAKERBSA-N (-)-α-pinene Chemical compound CC1=CC[C@@H]2C(C)(C)[C@H]1C2 GRWFGVWFFZKLTI-IUCAKERBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BSSNZUFKXJJCBG-UPHRSURJSA-N (z)-but-2-enediamide Chemical compound NC(=O)\C=C/C(N)=O BSSNZUFKXJJCBG-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzothiophene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC=CC2=C1 FCEHBMOGCRZNNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-decene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC=C AFFLGGQVNFXPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-dodecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC=C CRSBERNSMYQZNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HFDVRLIODXPAHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-tetradecene Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCC=C HFDVRLIODXPAHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC=CC2=C1 YBYIRNPNPLQARY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021357 Behenic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 244000304337 Cuminum cyminum Species 0.000 description 2
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phthalic anhydride Natural products C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1 LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC=CC=C3C=C21 MWPLVEDNUUSJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CUFNKYGDVFVPHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N azulene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC2=C1 CUFNKYGDVFVPHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940116226 behenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 125000002511 behenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1CC1(F)F JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001923 cyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- UFDHBDMSHIXOKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=C(C(O)=O)CCCC1 UFDHBDMSHIXOKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004455 differential thermal analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCO LQZZUXJYWNFBMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002828 fuel tank Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- IQZZFVDIZRWADY-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocoumarin Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC=CC2=C1 IQZZFVDIZRWADY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000324 molecular mechanic Methods 0.000 description 2
- CCCMONHAUSKTEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecene Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC=C CCCMONHAUSKTEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenanthrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC2=C1 YNPNZTXNASCQKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NAYYNDKKHOIIOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(N)=O NAYYNDKKHOIIOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 2
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 2
- BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyrene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=CC3=CC=CC4=CC=C1C2=C43 BBEAQIROQSPTKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- VLDPXPPHXDGHEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-2-dichlorophosphoryloxybenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1OP(Cl)(Cl)=O VLDPXPPHXDGHEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WJFKNYWRSNBZNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 10H-phenothiazine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC3=CC=CC=C3SC2=C1 WJFKNYWRSNBZNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-cyanopropan-2-yldiazenyl)-2-methylpropanenitrile Chemical compound N#CC(C)(C)N=NC(C)(C)C#N OZAIFHULBGXAKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQGFOSNRNDJDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltridecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(C)CO YLQGFOSNRNDJDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOLORTLGFDVFDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(1h-benzimidazol-2-yl)-7-(diethylamino)chromen-2-one Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC(C3=CC4=CC=C(C=C4OC3=O)N(CC)CC)=NC2=C1 GOLORTLGFDVFDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- KUKRLSJNTMLPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene Chemical group C1CC2(C)C=CC1C2(C)C KUKRLSJNTMLPPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YPKBCLZFIYBSHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methylindole Chemical compound CC1=CC=C2NC=CC2=C1 YPKBCLZFIYBSHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000089 Cyclic olefin copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- PLZVEHJLHYMBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetradecylamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCN PLZVEHJLHYMBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002723 alicyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001350 alkyl halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MVNCAPSFBDBCGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-pinene Natural products CC1=CCC23C1CC2C3(C)C MVNCAPSFBDBCGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 125000001204 arachidyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000015278 beef Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RFRXIWQYSOIBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzarone Chemical compound CCC=1OC2=CC=CC=C2C=1C(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RFRXIWQYSOIBDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzenesulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940077388 benzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000006267 biphenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- IFVTZJHWGZSXFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N biphenylene Chemical group C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 IFVTZJHWGZSXFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002843 carboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- HLZKNKRTKFSKGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetradecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCO HLZKNKRTKFSKGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C07C211/02—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
- C07C211/03—Monoamines
- C07C211/07—Monoamines containing one, two or three alkyl groups, each having the same number of carbon atoms in excess of three
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- C07C211/02—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
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- C07C211/08—Monoamines containing alkyl groups having a different number of carbon atoms
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- C07C309/28—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
- C07C309/57—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton containing carboxyl groups bound to the carbon skeleton
- C07C309/58—Carboxylic acid groups or esters thereof
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- C07C309/28—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
- C07C309/57—Sulfonic acids having sulfo groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton containing carboxyl groups bound to the carbon skeleton
- C07C309/59—Nitrogen analogues of carboxyl groups
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- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
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- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
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- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
- C10L1/1963—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof mono-carboxylic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
- C10L1/1966—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof poly-carboxylic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/197—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid
- C10L1/1973—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid mono-carboxylic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
- C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
- C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
- C10L1/1986—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters complex polyesters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/2222—(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/222—Organic compounds containing nitrogen containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond
- C10L1/224—Amides; Imides carboxylic acid amides, imides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
- C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/236—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Heterocyclic Compounds Containing Sulfur Atoms (AREA)
- Indole Compounds (AREA)
- Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB8622960 | 1986-09-24 | ||
GB08622960A GB2197877A (en) | 1986-10-07 | 1986-09-24 | Additives for wax containing distillated fuel |
GB878719423A GB8719423D0 (en) | 1986-09-24 | 1987-08-17 | Middle distillate compositions |
GB8719423 | 1987-08-17 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS63165486A JPS63165486A (ja) | 1988-07-08 |
JP2539847B2 true JP2539847B2 (ja) | 1996-10-02 |
Family
ID=26291326
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP62239925A Expired - Lifetime JP2539847B2 (ja) | 1986-09-24 | 1987-09-24 | 改良された燃料添加剤 |
Country Status (16)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP2539847B2 (no) |
KR (1) | KR950005688B1 (no) |
CN (1) | CN1013277B (no) |
AT (2) | ATE124988T1 (no) |
AU (1) | AU612597B2 (no) |
BR (1) | BR8704929A (no) |
CA (1) | CA1329623C (no) |
DE (1) | DE3751401T2 (no) |
DK (1) | DK169213B1 (no) |
ES (1) | ES2074980T3 (no) |
FI (1) | FI90348C (no) |
GB (1) | GB2231584B (no) |
IN (1) | IN173485B (no) |
MX (1) | MX169409B (no) |
NO (1) | NO173395C (no) |
SE (1) | SE466454B (no) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IN172275B (no) * | 1986-09-24 | 1993-05-29 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | |
JP5043754B2 (ja) * | 2008-06-04 | 2012-10-10 | コスモ石油株式会社 | ディーゼルエンジン用燃料油組成物 |
JP5147549B2 (ja) * | 2008-06-04 | 2013-02-20 | コスモ石油株式会社 | ディーゼルエンジン用燃料油組成物 |
JP5147550B2 (ja) * | 2008-06-04 | 2013-02-20 | コスモ石油株式会社 | ディーゼルエンジン用燃料油組成物 |
JP5312646B2 (ja) * | 2012-07-11 | 2013-10-09 | コスモ石油株式会社 | ディーゼルエンジン用燃料油組成物 |
JP5328974B2 (ja) * | 2012-11-26 | 2013-10-30 | コスモ石油株式会社 | ディーゼルエンジン用燃料油組成物 |
JP5328973B2 (ja) * | 2012-11-26 | 2013-10-30 | コスモ石油株式会社 | ディーゼルエンジン用燃料油組成物 |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2683736A (en) | 1952-09-19 | 1954-07-13 | Monsanto Chemicals | Amine salts of the tridecyl esters of sulfobenzoic acid |
FR2095712A5 (no) | 1970-06-04 | 1972-02-11 | Agfa Gevaert Nv | |
US4402708A (en) | 1980-11-18 | 1983-09-06 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Dialkyl amine derivatives of phthalic acid |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2860040A (en) * | 1955-05-25 | 1958-11-11 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Petroleum distillate fuels |
US3481939A (en) * | 1965-03-15 | 1969-12-02 | Eastman Kodak Co | Tertiaryaminocyclobutanes with electronegative substituents |
CA1021155A (en) * | 1973-12-26 | 1977-11-22 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Synergistic combination of low temperature flow improvers for distillate fuels |
FR2490669A1 (fr) * | 1980-09-19 | 1982-03-26 | Elf France | Nouvelles compositions d'additifs permettant l'amelioration de la temperature limite de filtrabilite et l'inhibition simultanee des cristaux de n-paraffines formes lors du stockage a basse temperature des distillats moyens |
EP0061985A3 (fr) * | 1981-03-26 | 1985-01-02 | Henri Laborie | Appareil de levage et manutention |
US4464182A (en) * | 1981-03-31 | 1984-08-07 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Glycol ester flow improver additive for distillate fuels |
EP0061894B1 (en) * | 1981-03-31 | 1985-09-11 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Two-component flow improver additive for middle distillate fuel oils |
-
1987
- 1987-09-18 IN IN824DE1987 patent/IN173485B/en unknown
- 1987-09-23 AT AT87308437T patent/ATE124988T1/de active
- 1987-09-23 CA CA000547642A patent/CA1329623C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-09-23 DE DE3751401T patent/DE3751401T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-09-23 AU AU78873/87A patent/AU612597B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1987-09-23 ES ES87308437T patent/ES2074980T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-09-24 MX MX008510A patent/MX169409B/es unknown
- 1987-09-24 JP JP62239925A patent/JP2539847B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-09-24 DK DK502787A patent/DK169213B1/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-09-24 CN CN87106512A patent/CN1013277B/zh not_active Expired
- 1987-09-24 FI FI874185A patent/FI90348C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-09-24 NO NO874002A patent/NO173395C/no unknown
- 1987-09-24 AT AT0902587A patent/AT394568B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-09-24 BR BR8704929A patent/BR8704929A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1987-09-24 GB GB8811913A patent/GB2231584B/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1987-09-24 KR KR1019870010578A patent/KR950005688B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1988
- 1988-05-20 SE SE8801905A patent/SE466454B/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2683736A (en) | 1952-09-19 | 1954-07-13 | Monsanto Chemicals | Amine salts of the tridecyl esters of sulfobenzoic acid |
FR2095712A5 (no) | 1970-06-04 | 1972-02-11 | Agfa Gevaert Nv | |
US4402708A (en) | 1980-11-18 | 1983-09-06 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Dialkyl amine derivatives of phthalic acid |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
MX169409B (es) | 1993-07-02 |
GB8811913D0 (en) | 1988-07-13 |
ATE124988T1 (de) | 1995-07-15 |
AT394568B (de) | 1992-05-11 |
NO874002D0 (no) | 1987-09-24 |
FI90348C (fi) | 1994-01-25 |
CA1329623C (en) | 1994-05-17 |
IN173485B (no) | 1994-05-21 |
SE466454B (sv) | 1992-02-17 |
ATA902587A (de) | 1991-10-15 |
BR8704929A (pt) | 1988-05-17 |
NO173395C (no) | 1993-12-08 |
ES2074980T3 (es) | 1995-10-01 |
AU612597B2 (en) | 1991-07-18 |
FI874185A0 (fi) | 1987-09-24 |
GB2231584A (en) | 1990-11-21 |
SE8801905L (sv) | 1988-05-20 |
CN87106512A (zh) | 1988-04-06 |
CN1013277B (zh) | 1991-07-24 |
DK502787A (da) | 1988-03-25 |
JPS63165486A (ja) | 1988-07-08 |
NO173395B (no) | 1993-08-30 |
FI90348B (fi) | 1993-10-15 |
DE3751401D1 (de) | 1995-08-17 |
NO874002L (no) | 1988-03-25 |
DE3751401T2 (de) | 1996-02-15 |
GB2231584B (en) | 1991-03-06 |
AU7887387A (en) | 1988-03-31 |
DK502787D0 (da) | 1987-09-24 |
KR880004071A (ko) | 1988-06-01 |
DK169213B1 (da) | 1994-09-12 |
SE8801905D0 (sv) | 1988-05-20 |
FI874185A (fi) | 1988-03-25 |
KR950005688B1 (ko) | 1995-05-29 |
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