JP2022121533A - Mhc細胞受容体の標的化破壊 - Google Patents
Mhc細胞受容体の標的化破壊 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2015年12月18日に出願された米国仮出願第62/269,410号、2016年3月8日に出願された米国仮出願第62/305,097号および2016年4月29日に出願された米国仮出願第62/329,439号の利益を主張し、これらの開示は、その全体が本明細書において参考として援用される。
本開示は、リンパ球および幹細胞を含むヒト細胞のゲノム改変の分野にある。
遺伝子治療は、ヒト治療学の新しい時代の莫大な潜在性を秘める。これらの方法論は、標準医療行為によって対処可能ではなかった状態のための処置を可能にする。遺伝子治療は、遺伝子座の破壊もしくは補正、および導入遺伝子に融合させた特異的外因性プロモーターによって、またはゲノムへの挿入部位で見出される内因性プロモーターによって調節することができる発現可能な導入遺伝子の挿入などの、ゲノム編集技術の多くの変形を含むことができる。
しかし養子細胞療法の欠点の1つは、移植された細胞の潜在的拒絶を回避するために細胞産物の供給源が患者特異的(自己)でなければならないことである。このことがこの拒絶を回避するために研究者に患者自身のT細胞を編集する方法を開発させた。例えば、患者のT細胞または造血幹細胞は、工学技術で作製されたCAR、ACTRおよび/またはT細胞受容体(TCR)の付加によりex vivoで操作することができ、次にPD1および/またはCTLA4などのT細胞チェックポイントインヒビターをノックアウトするために工学技術で作製されたヌクレアーゼによりさらに処置することができる(PCT公開WO2014/059173を参照)。より大きな患者集団へのこの技術の応用のために、細胞(同種)の汎用性集団を開発することは有利である。さらにTCRのノックアウトは、患者に導入されても移植片対宿主病(GVHD)応答を開始することができない細胞をもたらす。
したがって、MHC遺伝子発現を改変(例えば、B2Mをノックアウト)し、および/またはT細胞でのTCR発現をノックアウトするために使用することができる方法および組成物の必要性がまだある。
本明細書で、B2M遺伝子の部分的なまたは完全な不活性化または破壊のための組成物および方法、ならびに内因性TCRおよび/またはB2Mの破壊後もしくは破壊と同時のTリンパ球における外因性TCR、CARまたはACTR導入遺伝子の導入および所望のレベルでの発現のための組成物および方法が開示される。さらに、本明細書で、HLAクラスIヌルT細胞、幹細胞、組織または生物全体、例えばその表面に1つまたは複数のHLA受容体を発現しない細胞、を産生するためにB2M遺伝子を欠失させる(不活性化する)または抑制するための方法および組成物が提供される。ある特定の実施形態ではHLAヌル細胞または組織は、移植における使用のために有利であるヒト細胞または組織である。好ましい実施形態ではHLCヌルT細胞は、養子T細胞療法における使用のために調製される。
特定の実施形態では、例えば、以下が提供される:
(項目1)
ベータ2ミクログロブリン(B2M)遺伝子の発現が該B2M遺伝子のエクソン1またはエクソン2の改変によってモジュレートされる、単離細胞。
(項目2)
前記改変が配列番号6~48または137から205のいずれかに示される標的部位に結合するDNA結合ドメインおよび機能的ドメインを含む外因性融合分子によって作製される、項目1に記載の細胞。
(項目3)
配列番号6~48もしくは137から205の1つまたは複数の中;配列番号6~48もしくは137から205のいずれかの側(隣接ゲノム配列)の1~10塩基対の中;またはGGCCTTA、TCAAAT、TCAAATT、TTACTGAおよび/もしくはAATTGAAの中に、挿入および/または欠失を含む、項目1に記載の細胞。
(項目4)
不活性T細胞受容体遺伝子、PD1および/またはCTLA4遺伝子をさらに含む、項目1から3のいずれかに記載の細胞。
(項目5)
キメラ抗原受容体(CAR)をコードする導入遺伝子、抗体結合T細胞受容体(ACTR)をコードする導入遺伝子および/または工学技術で作製されたTCRをコードする導入遺伝子をさらに含む、項目1から4のいずれかに記載の細胞。
(項目6)
リンパ系細胞、幹細胞または前駆細胞である、項目1から5のいずれかに記載の細胞。
(項目7)
T細胞、人工多能性幹細胞(iPSC)、胚性幹細胞、間葉系幹細胞(MSC)または造血幹細胞(HSC)である、項目6に記載の細胞。
(項目8)
項目1から7のいずれかに記載の細胞を含む、医薬組成物。
(項目9)
B2M遺伝子のエクソン1もしくはエクソン2に結合するDNA結合ドメインと、転写制御ドメインまたはヌクレアーゼドメインとを含む融合分子であって、該DNA結合ドメインが表1の1つの行に示すジンクフィンガータンパク質(ZFP)、表2Bの1つの行に示すTALEエフェクタータンパク質または表2Aの1つの行に示す単一ガイドRNA(sgRNA)を含む、融合分子。
(項目10)
項目9に記載の前記融合分子をコードする、ポリヌクレオチド。
(項目11)
ウイルスベクター、プラスミドまたはmRNAである、項目10に記載のポリヌクレオチド。
(項目12)
項目1から7のいずれかに記載の細胞または項目8に記載の医薬組成物をがんを有する被験体に導入することを含む、がんを処置または予防する方法。
(項目13)
項目1から7のいずれかに記載の細胞、項目8に記載の医薬組成物または項目9に記載の融合分子または項目10に記載のポリヌクレオチドの、がんを有する被験体の処置のための使用。
本明細書で、細胞表面上にHLAクラスIをもはや含まないようにB2M遺伝子の発現がモジュレートされている細胞を生成するための組成物および方法が開示される。この様式で改変された細胞は、B2M発現の欠如がHLAベースの免疫応答を予防または低減することから治療剤、例えば移植片として使用することができる。さらに目的の他の遺伝子は、B2M遺伝子が操作されている細胞に挿入することができる、および/または目的の他の遺伝子をノックアウトすることができる。
本明細書に開示される方法の実施、ならびに組成物の調製および使用は、別途指示がない限り、分子生物学、生化学、クロマチン構造および分析、計算化学、細胞培養、組換えDNAおよび当技術分野の範囲内である関連分野における従来の技術を用いる。これらの技術は、文献において詳細に説明される。例えば、Sambrookら、MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL、第2版、Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press、1989年および第3版、2001年;Ausubelら、CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY、John Wiley & Sons、New York、1987年および定期の最新版;シリーズMETHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY、Academic Press、San Diego;Wolffe、CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION、第3版、Academic Press、San Diego、1998年;METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY、第304巻、「Chromatin」(P.M. WassarmanおよびA. P. Wolffe編)、Academic Press、San Diego、1999年;およびMETHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY、第119巻、「Chromatin Protocols」(P.B. Becker編)、Humana Press、Totowa、1999年を参照のこと。
用語「核酸」、「ポリヌクレオチド」および「オリゴヌクレオチド」は互換的に使用され、直鎖状または環状の立体配座の、および一本鎖または二本鎖の形のデオキシリボヌクレオチドまたはリボヌクレオチドポリマーを指す。本開示のために、これらの用語は、ポリマーの長さに関して制限するものと解釈されるべきでない。これらの用語は、天然のヌクレオチドならびに塩基、糖および/またはリン酸部分(例えば、ホスホロチオエート骨格)が修飾されるヌクレオチドの公知の類似体を包含することができる。一般に、特定のヌクレオチドの類似体は、同じ塩基対合特異性を有する;すなわち、Aの類似体はTと塩基対合する。
「TALE DNA結合ドメイン」または「TALE」は、1つまたは複数のTALE反復ドメイン/単位を含むポリペプチドである。反復ドメインは、それぞれ反復可変性二残基(repeat variable diresidue)(RVD)を含み、そのコグネイト標的DNA配列へのTALEの結合に関与する。単一の「反復単位」(「反復」とも呼ばれる)は、長さが一般的に33~35アミノ酸であり、天然に存在するTALEタンパク質の中の他のTALE反復配列と少なくとも一部の配列相同性を示す。TALEタンパク質は、反復単位内のカノニカルなまたは非カノニカルなRVDを使用して標的部位に結合するように設計することができる。例えば、その全体が本明細書に参考として援用される、米国特許第8,586,526号および第9,458,205号を参照。
(i)哺乳動物において、具体的にはそのような哺乳動物が状態になりやすい素因を有するが、それを有するとしてまだ診断されていない場合に、疾患または状態の出現を予防すること;
(ii)疾患または状態を抑制すること、すなわちその発症を抑止すること;
(iii)疾患もしくは状態を緩和すること、すなわち疾患もしくは状態の退縮をもたらすこと;または
(iv)疾患もしくは状態から生じる症状を緩和すること、すなわち根底にある疾患もしくは状態に対処すること無く疼痛を緩和すること
が含まれる。
本明細書で、HLA遺伝子またはHLA制御因子(B2M遺伝子を含む)を含む任意の遺伝子中の標的部位に特異的に結合するDNA結合ドメインを含む組成物が記載される。任意のDNA結合ドメインは、本明細書で開示される組成物および方法において使用することができ、限定されずにジンクフィンガーDNA結合ドメイン、TALE DNA結合ドメイン、CRISPR/CasヌクレアーゼのDNA結合部分(sgRNA)またはメガヌクレアーゼ由来DNA結合ドメインが含まれる。DNA結合ドメインは、限定されずに、配列番号6~48のいずれかに示す12またはそれより多いヌクレオチドの標的配列を含む、遺伝子内の任意の標的配列に結合することができる。
本明細書に記載されるDNA結合ドメイン(例えば、ZFPまたはTALE、単一ガイドRNAなどのCRISPR/Cas構成成分)を含み異種制御(機能的)ドメイン(またはその機能性断片)と会合する融合分子も提供される。共通ドメインには、例えば、転写因子ドメイン(活性化因子、抑制因子、共活性化因子、共抑制因子)、サイレンサー、オンコジーン(例えば、myc、jun、fos、myb、max、mad、rel、ets、bcl、myb、mosファミリーメンバーなど);DNA修復酵素およびそれらの関連因子およびモディファイヤー;DNA再編成酵素およびそれらの関連因子およびモディファイヤー;クロマチン関連タンパク質およびそれらのモディファイヤー(例えばキナーゼ、アセチラーゼおよび脱アセチル化酵素);ならびにDNA改変酵素(例えば、メチル基転移酵素、トポイソメラーゼ、ヘリカーゼ、リガーゼ、キナーゼ、ホスファターゼ、ポリメラーゼ、エンドヌクレアーゼ)およびそれらの関連因子およびモディファイヤーが含まれる。そのような融合分子には、本明細書に記載されるDNA結合ドメインを含む転写因子および転写制御ドメインならびにDNA結合ドメインを含むヌクレアーゼおよび1つまたは複数のヌクレアーゼドメインが含まれる。
ある特定の実施形態では融合分子は、切断(ヌクレアーゼ)ドメインと会合しているDNA結合ドメインを含む。そのように遺伝子改変は、ヌクレアーゼ、例えば工学技術で作製されたヌクレアーゼを使用して達成することができる。工学技術で作製されるヌクレアーゼ技術は、天然に存在するDNA結合タンパク質の工学技術に基づいている。例えば、目的に合わせたDNA結合特異性を有するホーミングエンドヌクレアーゼの工学技術は記載されている。Chamesら(2005年)Nucleic Acids Res 33巻(20号):e178頁、Arnouldら(2006年)J. Mol. Biol. 355巻:443~458頁。さらに、ZFPの工学技術も記載されている。例えば米国特許第6,534,261号、第6,607,882号、第6,824,978号、第6,979,539号、第6,933,113号、第7,163,824号および第7,013,219号を参照。
タンパク質(例えば、転写因子、ヌクレアーゼ、TCRおよびCAR分子)、ポリヌクレオチドならびに/または本明細書に記載されるタンパク質および/もしくポリヌクレオチドを含む組成物は、例えばタンパク質および/またはmRNA構成成分の注射によってを含む任意の適する手段によって標的細胞に送達することができる。
開示される組成物および方法は、限定されずに、B2Mモジュレーションが望ましい治療用および研究用応用を含む、B2M発現および/または機能性をモジュレートすることが望ましい任意の応用のために使用することができる。例えば、開示される組成物は、養子細胞療法のために1つもしくは複数の外因性CAR、外因性TCR、外因性ACTRまたは他のがん特異的受容体分子を発現し、それによりがんを処置および/または予防するように改変されたT細胞において、内因性B2Mの発現を破壊するためにin vivoおよび/またはex vivo(細胞治療)で使用することができる。さらにそのような状況において、細胞内でのB2M発現のモジュレーションは、健康な、非標的化組織との不必要な交差反応(すなわち移植片対宿主応答)の危険を除去または実質的に低減することができる。
B2M特異的ヌクレアーゼの設計
B2M特異的ZFNをB2M遺伝子での二本鎖切断の部位特異的導入を可能にするために構築した。ZFNをUrnovら(2005年)Nature 435巻(7042号):646~651頁、Lombardoら(2007年)Nat Biotechnol. Nov;25巻(11号):1298~306頁および米国特許出願公開第2008-0131962号、第2015-016495号、第2014-0120622号、第2014-0301990号および米国特許第8,956,828号に本質的に記載の通り設計した。ZFN対は、B2M遺伝子の定常領域中の異なる部位を標的とした(図1を参照)。例示的ZFN対に対する認識ヘリックスならびに標的配列を下の表1に示す。B2Mジンクフィンガー設計の標的部位を第1カラムに示す。ZFP認識ヘリックスによって標的化される標的部位中のヌクレオチドを大文字で示し;非標的化ヌクレオチドを小文字で示す。FokIヌクレアーゼドメインとZFP DNA結合ドメインとを繋ぐために使用されるリンカーも示す(米国特許出願公開第20150132269号を参照)。例えばドメインリンカーL0のアミノ酸配列は、DNA結合ドメイン-QLVKS-FokIヌクレアーゼドメイン(配列番号3)である。同様にドメインリンカーN7aについてのアミノ酸配列は、FokIヌクレアーゼドメイン-SGTPHEVGVYTL-DNA結合ドメイン(配列番号4)であり、N6aはFokIヌクレアーゼドメイン-SGAQGSTLDF-DNA結合ドメイン(配列番号5)である。
T細胞におけるB2M特異的ZFN活性
B2M特異的ZFN対をヌクレアーゼ活性についてヒトT細胞において検査した。ZFNをコードするmRNAを精製T細胞にトランスフェクトした。簡潔には、T細胞を白血球フェレーシス産物から得て、Miltenyi CliniMACSシステム(CD4およびCD8二重選択)を使用して精製した。次いで、Dynabeads(ThermoFisher)を製造者のプロトコールに従って使用して、これらの細胞を活性化した。活性化3日後、細胞を2種の用量のmRNA(2つのZFNの合計で2または6μg)を用いてBTX96ウェルエレクトロポレーター(BTX)を使用して、標準的プロトコールに従ってトランスフェクトした。次いでさらに7日間、活性化後合計10日間細胞を拡張させた。細胞を7日目に取り出し、ディープシークエンシング(Miseq、Illumina)を使用して標的B2M改変について、ならびに10日目にHLA-A、-Bおよび-C染色を使用してFACs分析で分析した。
B2Mに対するガイドRNAのin vitro活性
これらの実験において、Cas9はpVAXプラスミドに供給され、sgRNAはU6プロモーターの調節下でプラスミドに供給された。プラスミドは各々100ngまたは各々400ngのいずれかで混合し、一回の操作につき2e5細胞と混合した。細胞を、Amaxa系を使用してトランスフェクトした。簡潔には、Amaxaトランスフェクションキットを使用し、標準のAmaxaシャトルプロトコールを使用して核酸をトランスフェクトした。トランスフェクションの後、細胞を室温で10分の間静止させ、その後予め温めたRPMIに再懸濁した。次に、細胞を、37℃の標準条件で成長させた。トランスフェクションの7日後にゲノムDNAを単離し、MiSeq分析にかけた。
初代T細胞におけるB2MおよびTCRのダブルノックアウト
本明細書に記載されるB2M対をTCRAに特異的なZFNとの組合せでも検査した(下の表5および米国仮特許出願第62/269,365号および第62/306,500号を参照)。細胞を実施例2に記載の通りに得て、処理した。ZFN対をコードするmRNA(B2MについてSBS番号57017/SBS番号57327およびTCRAについてSBS番号55254/SBS番号55248)をMaxcyte instrumentを製造者の指示に従って使用して細胞に電気穿孔した。簡潔には、T細胞を0日目に活性化し、ZFNコードmRNAを用いて3日目に処理し、細胞密度は3e7細胞/mLであった。電気穿孔には、電気穿孔後、一晩の30℃低温ショックが続いた。4日目に細胞をカウントし、生存率についてアッセイし、0.5e6細胞/mLに希釈し、37℃に移した。7日目に、細胞をカウントし、再びアッセイし、0.5e6細胞/mLに再希釈した。10日目および14日目に、細胞の一部をFACSおよびMiSeqディープシークエンシングのために採取した。
標的化組み込みによるB2MおよびTCRAのダブルノックアウト
この実験ではTCRA特異的ZFN対は、TCRA特異的ZFN標的部位間に配列TTGAAAを含む、SBS番号55266/SBS番号53853であり(表5)、B2M対は、B2M特異的ZFN標的部位間に配列TCAAATを含む、SBS番号57332/SBS番号57327(表1)であった。
(a)群1(TCRAおよびB2M ZFNのみ、ドナーなし):TCRA 120ug/mL:B2Mのみ60ug/mL;
(b)群2(TCRAおよびB2M ZFNならびにTCRA相同アームを有するドナー):TCRA 120ug/mL;B2M 60ug/mLおよびAAV(TCRA-hPGK-eGFP-Clone E2)1E5vg/細胞;
(c)群3(TCRAおよびB2M ZFNならびにTCRA相同アームを有するドナー):TCRA 120ug/mL;B2M 60ug/mL;およびAAV(TCRA-hPGK-eGFP-Clone E2)3E4vg/細胞;
(d)群4(TCRAおよびB2M ZFNならびにB2M相同アームを有するドナー):TCRA 120ug/mL;B2M 60ug/mLおよびAAV(pAAV B2M-site D-hPGK GFP)1E5vg/細胞
(e)群5(TCRAおよびB2M ZFNならびにB2M相同アームを有するドナー):TCRA 120ug/mL;B2M 60ug/mLおよびAAV(pAAV B2M-site D-hPGK GFP)3E4vg/細胞。
全ての実験は、3e7細胞/mlの細胞密度で米国特許出願第15/347,182号に記載のプロトコール(超低温ショック(extreme cold shock))を使用して実施し、電気穿孔後に、30℃、一晩の低温ショックのために培養した。
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