JP2021500410A - 竹の粉末およびその製造方法と使用 - Google Patents
竹の粉末およびその製造方法と使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2021500410A JP2021500410A JP2020543677A JP2020543677A JP2021500410A JP 2021500410 A JP2021500410 A JP 2021500410A JP 2020543677 A JP2020543677 A JP 2020543677A JP 2020543677 A JP2020543677 A JP 2020543677A JP 2021500410 A JP2021500410 A JP 2021500410A
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- Prior art keywords
- bamboo
- matcha
- leaves
- bamboo powder
- discoloration
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Abstract
Description
検出装置:色差計CM-600d(日本KNICA MINOLTA社製)。
検出装置:LS-230Coulterレーザー粒度計(米国コールター社製)。
本方法は、王光亜主編の『保健食品の有効成分の検出方法』(中国軽工業出版社、2002、p29-31)を参照する。
対照品として精密にルチンを10mg秤量して100mLのメスフラスコに入れ、メタノールを入れて溶解させ、そして目盛まで希釈し、中から溶液を0、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0mL吸い取ってそれぞれ25mL比色管に入れ、30%エタノール溶液を入れて5mLまで希釈し、順にそれぞれ5%亜硝酸ナトリウム溶液を0.3mL入れ、振とう後、5min置いた。10%硝酸アルミニウム溶液を0.3mL入れ、振とう後、6min置いた。1.0mol/L水酸化ナトリウム溶液を4.0mL入れ、30%エタノール溶液で10.0mLまで希釈し、均一に振とうした後、10min置いた。0号管をブランクとし、均一に振とうした後、1cmの比色カップ、510 nmの波長で吸光度を測定し、吸収度を縦座標と、濃度を横座標として標準曲線を作成した。
精密に試料を適量に秤量し、1:20の原料と液の仕込み比で70%のエタノールを入れ、90℃水浴で加熱還流させて2h抽出し、抽出液をろ過して所定の容量にした。その後、標準曲線の作成で記載されたものと同様の方法に従って抽出液におけるフラボン含有量を測定し、そして抹竹の全フラボノイド含有量に換算した。
1)標準曲線の作成
質量が一定になるまで真空乾燥されたp-ヒドロキシ安息香酸の対照品を精密に25.0mg秤量し、水で溶解させて100mLメスフラスコに容量を決め、0.250mg/mLのp-ヒドロキシ安息香酸の対照品溶液を調製した。正確に対照品溶液を0.05、0.10、0.20、0.40、0.80、1.20mL吸い取り、25mLの栓付き試験管に移し、それぞれ水で10.0mLに希釈した。それぞれ1.0mLの2倍に希釈されたフォリン試薬および2.0mLの20%Na2CO3水溶液を入れ、沸騰水浴において1min加熱し、水で冷却して25mLに希釈した。室温で30min置き、745 nmの波長で吸光度を測定した。吸光度を縦座標とし、対照品であるp-ヒドロキシ安息香酸の濃度を横座標とし、標準曲線を作成した。
精密に試料を適量に秤量し、1:20の原料と液の仕込み比で70%のエタノールを入れ、90℃水浴で加熱還流させて2h抽出し、抽出液をろ過して所定の容量にした。その後、標準曲線の作成で記載されたものと同様の方法に従って抽出液における全フェノール含有量を測定し、そして抹竹の全フェノール含有量に換算した。
1)標準曲線の作成
20mgのアルブチンの標準品を小さいピーカーに移し、95%エタノールで溶解させ、容量を100mLにし、均一に振とうし、0.200mg/mLのアルブチン標準溶液を得た。それぞれ0.0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0mLの標準溶液を8つの試験管に移し、85℃水浴においてエタノールを揮発させ、それぞれ0.5mLの5%のバニリン-氷酢酸溶液を入れ、均一に振とうし、さらに1.0mLの過塩素酸を入れ、均一に振とうした。60℃水浴において15min反応させた後、取り出して冷却した。5.0mLの4%氷酢酸を入れ、均一に振とうし、548 nmの波長で吸光度を測定した。濃度(μg/mL)を横座標とし、吸光度を縦座標とし、標準曲線のグラフを作成した。
抹竹を5.0g取り、100mLのメタノールを入れ、75℃水浴において加熱還流させて2h抽出し、ろ過し、回転乾燥し、水を入れて分散させた。体積比1:1のn-ブタノールで5回抽出し、n-ブタノール相を合併し、回転乾燥し、水を入れて匂いがなくなるまで回転した。メタノールで溶解させ、250mLの容量にした。その後、標準曲線の作成で記載された方法に従って抹竹抽出液のトリテルペノイドサポニン含有量を測定し、さらに抹竹の全トリテルペノイドサポニン含有量に換算した。
1.1 ハチクの葉を原料とする場合
1)採取した新鮮なハチクの葉を選別し、枝、古葉、黄葉および斑入り葉を取り除き、そしてなるべく葉柄を除去した。
1)採取した新鮮な慈竹の葉を選別し、古葉、黄葉および斑入り葉を取り除き、そしてなるべく葉柄を除去した。
1)採取した新鮮な綿竹の葉を選別し、古葉、黄葉および斑入り葉を取り除き、そしてなるべく葉柄を除去した。
1)採取した新鮮なユシャニアの葉を選別し、古葉、黄葉および斑入り葉を取り除き、そしてなるべく葉柄を除去した。
1)採取した新鮮な苦竹の葉を選別し、古葉、黄葉および斑入り葉を取り除き、そしてなるべく葉柄を除去した。
1)採取した新鮮な冷箭竹の葉を選別し、古葉、黄葉および斑入り葉を取り除き、そしてなるべく葉柄を除去した。
上記6つの抹竹の試料を適量に取り、それにおける竹葉の特徴的成分の含有量を測定した。
2.1 抹竹と抹茶の粉体粒子径の比較
LS-230Coulterレーザー粒度計により、綿竹-抹竹、苦竹-抹竹および冷箭竹-抹竹の粉体粒子径分布を検出し、そして対照サンプル(市販一級抹茶で、浙江省茶葉グループ株式有限公司によって提供された)と比較し、結果は図2および表8に示す。
実施例1における6つの抹竹試料および対照試料(一級抹茶)の通常成分(食物繊維、可溶性食物繊維、ヘミセルロース、リグニン、粗灰分および水分を含む)の含有量を測定した。GB5009.88-2014の標準に従って食物繊維、可溶性食物繊維の含有量を、GB/T 20805-2006の標準を参照してリグニンの含有量を、GB/T 8304の標準に従って水分を、GB/T 8306の標準に従って全灰分を測定した。結果の直観的な表示は図3に示すように、分析は以下の通りである。
2種類の抹竹(苦竹-抹竹および冷箭竹-抹竹)を抹茶と光安定性および熱安定性について比較分析した。
加熱乾燥によく使用される加工温度180℃で、時間がそれぞれ5、15、30minで、等量の試料を各シャーレに敷き、オーブンに入れて加熱処理した。色差分析の結果を表9にまとめた。
紫外線(UV)照射によって、その試料の色合いに対する破壊作用を観察した。10本の8W紫外線ランプチューブで3つのサンプルに対して同時に照射処理を行い、サンプルをチューブから下30cmのところに置いた。それぞれ60、120、180min照射した後、色差分析を行った。色値の変化を表10に示す。
2つの抹竹試料(苦竹-抹竹および冷箭竹-抹竹)と市販一級抹茶の対照品で官能的品質の評価試験を行った。
代謝症候群(metabolic syndrome、MS)とは、中心性肥満、II型糖尿病または耐糖能異常、高血圧、脂肪代謝異常やインスリン抵抗性(insulin resistance、IR)などの一組の疾患の危険因子を病理・生理的基礎とした臨床症候群である。近年、代謝症候群は高発病の傾向および若年化の傾向を示し、その突出した特徴的所見は肥満、インスリン抵抗性や耐糖能異常などである。抹竹は、豊富な繊維質成分以外、多くの竹葉の特有な生物活性物質を含有し、かなり強い抗ラジカル、抗酸化活性を有し、同時に消炎、脂質降下および心脳血管の保護といった効果を果たす。抹茶は、同様に、豊富な生物活性物質(たとえば茶ポリフェノール、茶多糖、テアニンなど)を含有し、そして多くの研究では、有効に肥満および脳卒中を予防・治療し、脳血栓および高脂血症のリスクを低下させることができることが証明された。
3.1.1 試験投与量の設定
それぞれ抹竹および抹茶を一定の比率でマウスの高脂飼料に添加した。4つの試験群は以下の通りである。第一群は2.5%の苦竹-抹竹+高脂飼料で、第二群は5.0%の苦竹-抹竹+高脂飼料で、第三群は2.5%の冷箭竹-抹竹+高脂飼料で、第四群は2.5%の抹茶+高脂飼料である。
60匹の6週齢のC57BL/6J雄マウスを基礎飼料で5日適応性飼育を行い、不良反応がなく、すなわち、摂食、飲水および活動が正常なマウスを実験に供した。マウスをランダムに各群の平均体重が近いように6群に分け、それぞれ、基礎飼料、高脂飼料、苦竹-抹竹低投与量群、苦竹-抹竹高投与量群、冷箭竹-抹竹低投与量群および抹茶低投与量群といった飼料を与えた。試験期間内で、一つのかごに5匹のマウスで、光照射周期12h、温度23±2℃、相対湿度50〜70%の飼育環境において、マウスの試験の群分けを表12に示す。
飼育期間内で、毎日マウスの一般状況、食事の変化、行動(自発的行動、精神状態)の変化、毛髪の変化を観察した。マウスの体重を週に1回量り、体重の変化を記録した。12週間飼育した後、慎重にマウスの肝臓、腎臓、脾臓を取り出して重量を量り、そして臓器重量体重比を計算した。同時に、副睾丸脂肪および腎周囲脂肪を取り出し、重量を量った。その後、すべての器官を-80℃で保存した。
12週間飼育した後、マウスをCO2で充満させた飼育箱に入れて安楽死させた後、すぐに心臓から採血し、遠心で分離して血清を取り(3500回/min、15min)、トリグリセリド(TG)、総コレステロール(TC)、低密度リポタンパク質コレステロール(LDL-c)、高密度リポタンパク質コレステロール(HDL-c)、遊離脂肪酸(FFA)などの指標の検出に供した。
12週間の飼育中で、それぞれ日を選んでマウスに断食12h(水を飲ませる)の処理を行った後、マウスの空腹時血糖(FBG)値を検出し、酵素結合免疫法キットによってマウスの空腹時インスリン(FINS)含有量を測定した。
12週間の飼育中で、日を選んで6h断食(水を飲ませる)させた後、尾部から採血して血糖値を測定し、当該値をインスリン負荷試験のゼロ時点(0min)の血糖値とした。そして、マウスの腹腔内に0.75U/kg・BWのインスリン生理食塩水溶液(濃度0.075 U/mL)を注射した。その後、注射後の30、60、90、120min内でそれぞれマウスの血糖値を測定して記録した。測定終了後、マウスの摂取を再開させた。
12週間の飼育中で、日を選んで6h断食(水を飲ませる)させた後、尾部から採血して血糖値を測定し、当該値をブドウ糖負荷試験のゼロ時点(0min)の血糖値とした。そして、マウスの腹腔に1.5g/kg・BWの投与量でブドウ糖生理食塩水溶液(濃度0.15g/mL)を注射し、さらに注射後の30、60、90、120minの時点でマウスの血糖値を測定して記録した。測定終了後、マウスの摂取を再開させた。
試験終了時、マウスを安楽死させた後、すぐに肝臓を取り出し、なるべく血液を洗い流し、乾燥し、重量を量り、そして一部を取って4℃の生理食塩水を入れて高速均質化によって10%均質化液にし、3000回/minで20min遠心して上清液を取った後、南京建成生物工学研究所製のキットによって肝臓均質化液におけるSOD、GSH-Px活性およびMDAレベルを測定した。
ELISAキットによってマウスの血清におけるインターロイキン-6(IL-6)、腫瘍壊死因子-α(TNF-α)およびケモカイン(MCP-1)を検出した。
酵素結合免疫法によってマウスの血清におけるレプチン(leptin)、アディポネクチン(ADPN)、リポ多糖(LPS)を検出したが、検出方法はELISAキットの方法を参照した。
12週末のマウスの結腸の糞便を取り、Illumina PE250でハイスループットシーケンシングを行い、糞便から腸内微生物のDNAを抽出した後、PCRによって増幅し、最後にシーケンシングによって腸内微生物の種類を同定した。
3.2.1 抹竹と抹茶のダイエット・脂質降下の効果
マウスの体重増加の状況、各臓器指数および血液の生化学指標で抹竹と抹茶のダイエット・脂質降下の効果を評価した。
高脂飼料モデル群では、マウスは肥満の特徴を示し、基礎飼料群では、マウスの体重増加が顕著に高脂飼料群よりも高く、飼料における抹竹と抹茶の強化後の体重に対する影響は図5を参照する。
試験終了時、それぞれ6群のマウスの一部の組織および肝臓、腎臓、脾臓、腎周囲脂肪および副睾丸脂肪を含む器官を取り、さらにこれらの器官の重量をそれぞれ量り、結果は図6を参照する。
飼育終了時、マウスの血清を採取し、トリグリセリド(TG)、総コレステロール(TC)、低密度リポタンパク質コレステロール(LDL-c)、高密度リポタンパク質コレステロール(HDL-c)、遊離脂肪酸(FFA)を含む血液生化学指標を検出し、結果を表13に示す。
12週間の試験終了時のマウスの空腹時血糖(FBG)および空腹時インスリン(FINS)の測定結果は表14に示す。
抹竹と抹茶の12週間の食事関与のマウスの肝臓の酸化ストレスの評価指標に対する影響を表15に示す。
抹竹と抹茶の12週間の食事関与の肥満マウスの血清における炎症性因子の発現に対する影響を図8に示す。
抹竹と抹茶の12週間の食事関与の肥満マウスの血清におけるサイトカインレベルに対する影響を表16に示す。
図9は、異なる群のマウスの肝臓組織のH&E染色切片である。そこから、正常群(A)のマウスと比べ、高脂モデル群(B)のマウスの肝臓切片に多くの異なる大きさの白色の脂肪滴が現れたことがわかり、高脂食事は肝臓の脂質代謝に障害を生じさせ、摂取された大量の脂肪は順調に分解されて肝臓に徐々に蓄積することができないことが示された。抹竹を添加した高脂食事群(C、D、 E)および抹茶を添加した高脂食事群(F)では、マウスの肝臓の脂肪滴数がいずれも顕著に高脂モデル群よりも少なく、かつ体積が大きい白色の脂肪滴が見られなかった。抹竹と抹茶はいずれも顕著に肝臓の脂質代謝を改善し、高脂食事による脂肪肝のリスクを低下させることができることが示された。
正常群、高脂モデル群、2.5%添加量の抹竹および抹茶の試験群(苦竹-抹竹、冷箭竹-抹竹および一級抹茶)を選択し、ハイスループットシーケンシング技術によって、この5群の実験マウスの腸内細菌叢の構成を分析・測定し、結果は図11に示すように、各列において、下から上への順でフィルミクテス門(Firmicutes)、バクテロイデス門(Bacteroidetes)、放線菌門(Actinobacteria)、プロテオバクテリア門(Proteobacteria)およびウェルコミクロビウム門(Verrucomicrobia)である。
健康で成熟の体重18〜22gのICRマウスを20匹選択し、雄と雌は同じ数であった。
5.1 焼成食品における抹竹の応用
5.1.1 ケーキにおける抹竹の応用
苦竹-抹竹を原料とし、表18のケーキの配合に従って抹竹シフォンケーキを製作した。ケーキ製作のプロセスのフローは図12の通りである。
苦竹-抹竹を原料とし、表20の原料の配合に従って抹竹クッキーを製作した。
伊利「暢軽」有機風味発酵乳のプレーン味を抹竹ヨーグルトのベースとし、さらに1.0%の苦竹-抹竹を入れ、抹竹の粒が見られなくなるまで均一に撹拌した。同時に、同様の添加量の抹茶(一級)ヨーグルトを製作した。その後、この2種類のヨーグルトを原料のヨーグルトと比較した。
苦竹-抹竹をヌガーの製作に使用し、配合は表22の通りで、製造方法は通常の技術を参照した。
苦竹-抹竹を味付けソースの製作に使用し、配合は表23の通りである。
(1)100gの牛乳を沸騰直前まで加熱した。
ハチク-抹竹を固形飲料の製作に使用し、配合は表24の通りである。
すべての粉末を均一に混合し、検査で合格したら、包装した。
ハチク-抹竹を麺の製作に使用し、配合は表25の通りである。
(1)篩に通された抹竹および115gの水をスラリーに調製し、均一に撹拌した。
苦竹-抹竹を味付け塩の製作に使用し、配合は表26の通りである。
(1)80gの粗製塩を篩に通された抹竹、竹葉エッセンスと均一に混合した。
5.1 試験方法
実施例1.6で製造された苦竹-抹竹を4g/袋のミニパックに小分けし、温水で服用し、あるいは牛乳、蜂蜜水に入れて撹拌してから服用した。毎日、午前と午後、1袋ずつ服用した。
5.2.1 抹竹の血中脂質および体脂肪に対する調節作用
16名の被験者の3か月の試験前後の体脂肪および血中脂質の変動状況を表28に示す。
以上の8名の被験者の試験前後の骨密度の変動状況を表30に示す。結果から、抹竹に豊富に含まれるミネラル、特に有機ケイ素や有機ゲルマニウムなどの特徴的成分は有効に中高年の骨質の流失を改善し、特に更年期の女性に顕著な効果があることがわかる。
Claims (17)
- イネ科(Graminae)、タケ亜科(Bambusoideae)植物の葉を原料として製造され、安定したエメラルドグリーンの色合いを有し、粉体の平均粒子径が800〜10000メッシュの間にあり、食物繊維の合計量が≧60%で、リグニンの含有量が≧20%で、ミネラルが≧7%で、かつ少なくとも3種またはそれ以上の竹葉の特徴的成分を含有し、
前記竹葉の特徴的成分はオリエンチン、イソオリエンチン、ビテキシン、イソビテキシン、アデノシン、δ-ヒドロキシリシン、p-クマル酸であることを特徴とする竹の粉末。 - 前記安定したエメラルドグリーンの色合いを有することは、前記竹の粉末の色彩値は、L*が46〜60の間、Δa*が-16〜-8の間にあることであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の竹の粉末。
- 前記安定したエメラルドグリーンの色合いを有することは、前記竹の粉末の180℃の温度で30min焙じた後の色彩値は、L*が40〜50の間、Δa*が-7〜-5の間にあることであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の竹の粉末。
- 前記安定したエメラルドグリーンの色合いを有することは、前記竹の粉末の紫外線で180min照射した後の色彩値は、Δa*が-6〜-3の間にあることであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の竹の粉末。
- 前記安定したエメラルドグリーンの色合いを有することは、前記竹の粉末の色彩値は、L*が47〜59の間、Δa*が-15〜-9の間にあることであることを特徴とする請求項2に記載の竹の粉末。
- 前記原料は、ハチク[Phyllostachys nigra var.Hnonis(Bean)Stepf ex Rendle]、モウハイチク(Phyllostachys meyeri McClure)、モウソウチク(Phyllostachys heterocycla var.pubescens(Mazel)Ohwi)、慈竹(N.affinis(Rendle)Keng f.)、綿竹(B.intermedia Hsueh et Yi)、ユシャニア(Yushania Keng f.)、苦竹(P.amarus(keng)Keng f.)、冷箭竹(B.fangiana Keng f.et Wen)、黄条金剛竹(Pleioblastus kongosanensisf.aureostriaus)、イブキザサ(Sasa tsuboiana)およびインドカラマスデコラス(Indocalamus decorus)由来の新鮮な葉であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の竹の粉末。
- 竹の粉末の製造方法であって、
原料に対してブランチングによる変色防止、乾燥、超微粉砕を順に行い、平均粒子径が800〜10000メッシュの竹の粉末を得、
前記原料は、イネ科(Graminae)、タケ亜科(Bambusoideae)植物の葉であり、
前記ブランチングによる変色防止を行うことは、原料である竹葉を温度が80〜100℃の変色防止液に入れて浸漬した後、取り出し、水を切ることを含み、
前記ブランチングによる変色防止を行う際に使用される変色防止液は、濃度0.5〜2.0g/100mLの硫酸亜鉛水溶液またはグルコン酸亜鉛水溶液あるいはこれらの組み合わせであることを特徴とする方法。 - 前記ブランチングによる変色防止を行うことは、原料である竹葉を温度が85〜95℃の変色防止液に入れて30〜90s浸漬した後、取り出し、水を切ることを含み、
竹葉と変色防止液との仕込み比は、1g:50〜100mLであることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の竹の粉末の製造方法。 - 前記乾燥を行うことは、ブランチングによる変色防止処理がされた後の葉を含水率が≦11%になるように乾燥させることを含み、
前記乾燥は、熱風乾燥、マイクロ波乾燥、真空乾燥、凍結乾燥のうちの少なくとも一つまたはこれらの組み合わせであることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の竹の粉末の製造方法。 - 超微粉砕を行う前に、さらに、ブランチングによる変色防止処理がされた後の葉を含水率が≦10%になるように乾燥させることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の竹の粉末の製造方法。
- 超微粉砕を行う前に、さらに、ブランチングによる変色防止処理がされた後の葉を含水率が≦7%になるように乾燥させることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の竹の粉末の製造方法。
- 前記超微粉砕を行うことは、乾燥後の葉を平均粒子径が1000〜3000メッシュになるように粉砕することを含むことを特徴とする請求項7に記載の竹の粉末の製造方法。
- 前記超微粉砕を行うことは、乾燥後の葉を平均粒子径が1500〜2500メッシュになるように粉砕することを含むことを特徴とする請求項7に記載の竹の粉末の製造方法。
- 前記原料は、ハチク[Phyllostachys nigra var.Hnonis(Bean)Stepf ex Rendle]、モウハイチク(Phyllostachys meyeri McClure)、モウソウチク(Phyllostachys heterocycla var.pubescens(Mazel)Ohwi)、慈竹(N.affinis(Rendle)Keng f.)、綿竹(B.intermedia Hsueh et Yi)、ユシャニア(Yushania Keng f.)、苦竹(P.amarus(keng)Keng f.)、冷箭竹(B.fangiana Keng f.et Wen)、黄条金剛竹(Pleioblastus kongosanensisf.aureostriaus)、イブキザサ(Sasa tsuboiana)およびインドカラマスデコラス(Indocalamus decorus)由来の新鮮な葉であることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の竹の粉末の製造方法。
- 前記超微粉砕は、
高エネルギーボールミルを使用し、ボールにジルコニアボールを用い、前記ボールと原料との比が10:1であり、あるいは、
気流粉砕を使用し、あるいは、
気流粉砕および高エネルギーボールミルを使用する
ことを特徴とする請求項7に記載の竹の粉末の製造方法。 - 請求項7〜15のいずれかに記載の方法で製造される竹の粉末の使用であって、竹の粉末の熱安定性および光安定性を利用し、それを食品原料、機能性配合成分、または食事サプリメントとし、乾燥物質で計算すると、竹の粉末の食品システムにおける添加量は1〜10%であることを特徴とする使用。
- 安定な天然の緑色素、
人体の食物繊維を補充し、胃腸管の機能を改善することで、体重のコントロールおよび便秘の予防に貢献すること、
腸内細菌叢を改善および調節することで、人体のインスリンに対する感受性を向上させ、インスリン耐性を予防・治療し、代謝症候群を予防すること、
人体の微循環の改善、心脳血管の有効な保護に貢献すること、
糖質・脂質代謝およびエネルギー代謝の調節、代謝症候群の予防・治療に貢献すること、または
骨質粗しょう症の防止、皮膚の若い状態の維持、人体の老衰の遅延に貢献すること
に使用されることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の竹の粉末の使用。
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