JP2021158105A - 正極活物質およびこれを含むリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
正極活物質およびこれを含むリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2021158105A JP2021158105A JP2020196013A JP2020196013A JP2021158105A JP 2021158105 A JP2021158105 A JP 2021158105A JP 2020196013 A JP2020196013 A JP 2020196013A JP 2020196013 A JP2020196013 A JP 2020196013A JP 2021158105 A JP2021158105 A JP 2021158105A
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- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
- lithium
- secondary particles
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- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
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- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002733 tin-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ε-Caprolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCCO1 PAPBSGBWRJIAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
本願で使用された用語「リチウム系複合酸化物」は、リチウムイオンを吸蔵および放出することが可能な酸化物であって、リチウムおよび金属元素を含み、特に本願で使用されるリチウム系複合酸化物は、リチウムとニッケルを含むリチウム−ニッケル系複合酸化物でありうる。また、本願で使用された用語「リチウム系複合酸化物”は、正極活物質を構成する一次粒子として定義され得る。
正極活物質に含まれた二次粒子の表面積および前記二次粒子内に存在する一次粒子により定義される粒界面は、正極活物質と電解液の界面および表面間の副反応が起こり得る領域である。ここで、前記二次粒子内に存在する前記一次粒子により定義される粒界面は、例えば、互いに隣り合った2つの一次粒子間の界面と理解され得る。
LiaNi1−(b+c+d+e)CobM1cM2dM3eOf
LigNi1−(h+i+j+k)CohM4iM5jM6kOl
LimNinOl
(0.0≦m≦0.5、0.0<n≦1、1.0≦l≦2.0)。
本発明のさらに他の態様によれば、正極集電体と、前記正極集電体上に形成された正極活物質層とを含む正極が提供され得る。ここで、前記正極活物質層は、本発明の多様な実施例による正極活物質を含むことができる。したがって、 正極活物質は、前述したところと同一なので、便宜上、具体的な説明を省略し、以下では、残りの前述しない構成のみについて説明することとする。
実施例1
共沈反応により製造されたNiCoAl(OH)2(d(50)=3.0μm)とリチウム化合物としてLi2CO3およびLiOH(Li/M ratio=1.05±0.05)を計量および混合した後、800℃で12時間の間第1熱処理して、Li1.0Ni0.9Co0.078Al0.022O2の組成のリチウム系複合酸化物を製造した。
実施例1で第1熱処理温度が850℃であることを除いて、実施例1と同一に正極活物質を製造した。
実施例1で第1熱処理温度が900℃であることを除いて、実施例1と同一に正極活物質を製造した。
実施例1で第1熱処理温度が730℃であることを除いて、実施例1と同一に正極活物質を製造した。
実施例1で第1熱処理温度が750℃であることを除いて、実施例1と同一に正極活物質を製造した。
第1熱処理前にBa含有化合物(Ba(OH)2)0.25モル%を追加的に混合した後、770℃で第1熱処理することを除いて、実施例1と同一に正極活物質を製造した。
第1熱処理前にBa含有化合物(Ba(OH)2)0.3モル%を追加的に混合した後770℃で第1熱処理することを除いて、実施例1と同一に正極活物質を製造した。
第1熱処理前にBa含有化合物(Ba(OH)2)0.4モル%を追加的に混合した後770℃で第1熱処理することを除いて、実施例1と同一に正極活物質を製造した。
第1熱処理前にSr含有化合物(Sr(OH)2)0.3モル%を追加的に混合した後770℃で第1熱処理することを除いて、実施例1と同一に正極活物質を製造した。
第1熱処理前にZr含有化合物(ZrO2)0.05モル%を追加的に混合した後、770℃で第1熱処理することを除いて、実施例1と同一に正極活物質を製造した。
第1熱処理前にZr含有化合物(ZrO2)0.1モル%を追加的に混合した後、770℃で第1熱処理することを除いて、実施例1と同一に正極活物質を製造した。
第1熱処理前にZr含有化合物(ZrO2)0.2モル%を追加的に混合した後、770℃で第1熱処理することを除いて、実施例1と同一に正極活物質を製造した。
共沈反応により製造されたNiCoMn(OH)2(d(50)=3.0μm)とリチウム化合物としてLi2CO3およびLiOH(Li/M ratio=1.05±0.05)、KCl2.0モル%を計量および混合した後、770℃で12時間の間第1熱処理して、Li1.0Ni0.9Co0.078Mn0.022O2の組成のリチウム系複合酸化物を製造した。前記で製造されたリチウム系複合酸化物を蒸留水に投入して温度を維持させながら水洗した。脱水工程後、150℃真空雰囲気下で乾燥した。次に、乾燥したリチウム系複合酸化物を700℃で12時間の間第2熱処理して、正極活物質を収得した。
第1熱処理前にKCl2.0モル%の代わりにNH4H2PO41.0モル%を追加的に混合した後、770℃で第1熱処理することを除いて、実施例1と同一に正極活物質を製造した。
第1熱処理前にKCl2.0モル%の代わりにNaCl2.0モル%を追加的に混合した後、770℃で第1熱処理することを除いて、実施例1と同一に正極活物質を製造した。
実施例1で第1熱処理温度が650℃であることを除いて、実施例1と同一に正極活物質を製造した。
実施例1で第1熱処理温度が990℃であることを除いて、実施例1と同一に正極活物質を製造した。
(1)正極活物質のSEM写真分析
図4〜図6は、順に実施例1、実施例2および比較例1による正極活物質の断面SEM写真であり、それぞれ、前記正極活物質に含まれた二次粒子の結晶粒界の密度の測定結果を示すものである。
図15〜図20は、それぞれ、順に実施例1、実施例3、実施例4、実施例5、実施例7および実施例11による正極活物質のTEM写真であり、図21および図22は、それぞれ、比較例1および比較例2による正極活物質のTEM写真である。
製造例によって製造された正極活物質に対するXRD分析を通じて、X線回折によるリートベルト解析から正極活物質のLi3aサイトに挿入されたNi占有率(NiLi occupancy)を測定した。
(1)リチウム二次電池の製造
本発明の実施例による正極活物質を使用してリチウム二次電池を製造する場合、従来の正極活物質と同等または類似な水準の電気化学的特性を示すことができるか否かを確認するために、本実験例では、実施例および比較例による正極活物質を使用して製造された正極が適用されたリチウム二次電池を用意した。
上述した方法で製造されたリチウム二次電池を電気化学分析装置(Toyo、Toscat−3100)を利用して25℃、電圧範囲3.0V〜4.25V、0.5C〜4.0Cの放電率を適用して充放電実験を実施して、初期充電容量、初期放電容量、初期可逆効率およびレート特性を測定した。
(1)熱的安定性の評価
実施例および比較例による正極活物質の熱的安定性を評価する熱重量分析装置(TA Instruments、Q20)を使用して常圧のAr雰囲気下25℃から350℃まで10℃/minの昇温速度で重量損失を測定した。測定結果は、下記の表6に示す。
本発明の実施例および比較例による正極活物質を使用してリチウム二次電池を製造する場合、従来の正極活物質と同等または類似な水準の電気化学的特性を示すことができるか否かを確認するために、本実験例では、実施例および比較例による正極活物質を使用して製造された正極が適用されたリチウム二次電池を用意した。
上述した方法で製造されたリチウム二次電池を定電流0.2Cで4.25Vまで充電した後、60℃で14日間保管して、リチウム二次電池内ガス発生に起因したリチウム二次電池の体積変化を測定した。体積変化の測定結果は、下記の表7に示す。
Claims (14)
- 単結晶構造を有するリチウム系複合酸化物を含む正極活物質であって、
前記リチウム系複合酸化物の表面にカチオン混合層が存在し、
前記一次粒子の平均粒径(x1)に対する前記カチオン混合層の厚み(d1)の比(d1/x1)は、0.0008超過0.0052未満である、正極活物質。 - 前記正極活物質は、単結晶構造を有する前記リチウム系複合酸化物である一次粒子および前記一次粒子が凝集した二次粒子を含み、
前記カチオン混合層は、前記一次粒子および前記二次粒子から選ばれる少なくとも1つの表面に存在する、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。 - 前記カチオン混合層は、前記二次粒子の表面に存在し、
前記二次粒子の平均粒径(x2)に対する前記カチオン混合層の厚み(d2)の比(d2/x2)は、0.00014超過0.00281未満である、請求項2に記載の正極活物質。 - 前記カチオン混合層は、前記一次粒子および前記二次粒子の表面に存在し、
前記一次粒子の表面に存在する前記カチオン混合層の厚み(d1)は、前記二次粒子の表面に存在する前記カチオン混合層(d2)の厚みより小さい、請求項2に記載の正極活物質。 - 前記一次粒子の表面に存在する前記カチオン混合層の厚み(d1)と前記二次粒子の表面に存在する前記カチオン混合層(d2)の比(d1/d2)は、0.53超過1.0未満である、請求項4に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記正極活物質を構成する複数の二次粒子のうち結晶粒界の密度が0.5以下である二次粒子の比率は、30%以上である、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
結晶粒界の密度=(二次粒子内一次粒子間の境界面の数/二次粒子を構成する一次粒子の数) - 前記リチウム系複合酸化物の平均粒径は、1.0μm〜5.0μmである、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記二次粒子の平均粒径は、1.0μm〜20.0μmである、請求項2に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム系複合酸化物は、下記の化学式1で表される、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
[化学式1]
LiaNi1−(b+c+d+e)CobM1cM2dM3eOf
ここで、M1は、MnまたはAlであり、
M2およびM3は、それぞれ独立して、Al、Ba、B、Ce、Cr、Mg、Mn、Mo、Na、K、P、Sr、Ti、W、NbおよびZrから選ばれ、
M1〜M3は、互いに異なる金属である。
(0.90≦a≦1.05、0≦b≦0.20、0≦c≦0.20、0≦d≦0.05、0≦e≦0.05、1.0≦f≦2.0) - 前記カチオン混合層は、下記の化学式2で表される複合酸化物を含む、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
[化学式2]
LigNi1−(h+i+j+k)CohM4iM5jM6kOl
ここで、M4は、MnまたはAlであり、
M5およびM6は、それぞれ独立して、Al、Ba、B、Ce、Cr、Mg、Mn、Mo、Na、K、P、Sr、Ti、W、NbおよびZrから選ばれ、
M4〜M6は、互いに異なる金属である。
(0.0≦g≦1.05、0≦h≦0.20、0≦i≦0.20、0≦j≦0.05、0≦k≦0.05、1.0≦l≦2.0) - 前記化学式2で表される前記複合酸化物の結晶構造は、前記リチウム系複合酸化物と異なる、請求項10に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記カチオン混合層の厚みは、0.23nm超過12.04nm未満である、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
- 請求項1〜12のいずれかに1項に記載の正極活物質を含む正極。
- 請求項13に記載の正極を含むリチウム二次電池。
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