JP2016113635A - 金属ナノ粒子非水性分散体の製造方法 - Google Patents
金属ナノ粒子非水性分散体の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2016113635A JP2016113635A JP2014250756A JP2014250756A JP2016113635A JP 2016113635 A JP2016113635 A JP 2016113635A JP 2014250756 A JP2014250756 A JP 2014250756A JP 2014250756 A JP2014250756 A JP 2014250756A JP 2016113635 A JP2016113635 A JP 2016113635A
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- acid
- metal
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- metal nanoparticle
- resin
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 51
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Abstract
【解決手段】有機酸の金属塩化合物とアミン化合物とを溶解させた非水性溶媒である第一溶液と、カルボジヒドラジド又は多塩基酸ポリヒドラジドを分散若しくは溶解させた、水溶性溶媒である第二溶液とを混合し、前記金属塩化合物を還元させる金属ナノ粒子非水性分散体の製造方法。
【選択図】なし
Description
さらにこのような回路における微細配線形成技術においては回路への負荷を低減し、より融点の低い基材を利用するために低温で焼結・配線形成可能な素材が求められている。
一般に、金属ナノ粒子の平均粒子径が数nm〜数10nm程度であるとき、粒子を形成する原子中において、粒子表面に存在するエネルギー状態の高い原子の占める割合が大きくなり、金属原子の表面拡散が極度に大きくなったことに起因し、バルクの金属の融点よりも格段に低い温度で焼結が起こることが知られている。近年、この現象を利用し、金属ナノ粒子を低温で焼結させて導電性被膜物を得る試みが注目を浴びており、様々な金属ナノ粒子の製造方法が提案されている。例えば銀(Ag)、銅(Cu)などの金属ナノ粒子は従来から上記のような微細配線材料として注目されてきた。
金属ナノ粒子の製造方法では、コスト的に液相法が有利であるといわれているが、その際、還元剤が重要な役割を果たすことが知られている。還元剤としては、一般的に水素、ジボラン、水素化ホウ素アルカリ金属塩、水素化ホウ素4級アンモニウム塩、ヒドラジン、クエン酸、アルコール類、アスコルビン酸、アミン化合物等がよく用いられている。しかし、ジボラン、水素化ホウ素アルカリ金属塩、水素化ホウ素4級アンモニウム塩、ヒドラジン等の還元剤の還元力は非常に強力で、金属化合物との反応が激しく進行するため、反応速度の制御が難しく、生成した金属ナノ粒子が凝集沈殿してしまい、微小な金属ナノ粒子分散体を収率良く得ることは困難であった。また、これら還元力の強い還元剤は強塩基や毒性を有するものも多く、作業上危険であった。クエン酸、アスコルビン酸、アルコール類は、緩やかに反応は進行するものの、還元時に還流などの高温条件下で反応を行う必要があり、生成した金属ナノ粒子が高い熱エネルギーを持つため、不安定で凝集が起こりやすく、高濃度化が困難であった。比較的温和に反応が進行するアルコールアミンを用いて還元する方法も報告されているが、この方法を用いても粒子径分布が広く、収率の良い金属ナノ粒子分散体は得られなかった。また、アミン化合物は金属種によってはアミン錯体を形成するのみで還元反応が進行しない場合があるため、使用できる金属種に制限があり、汎用性に欠けるという問題があった。
さらに銅などの卑金属においてはイオン化傾向が比較的大きいことから、金属銅へと還元させるためには強力な還元作用をもった還元剤を使用する必要があった。しかしやはり上記の理由により反応速度の制御が困難であり粒径分布が広くなりやすく、凝集沈殿しやすいという問題があった。
また、生産性の高い高濃度系において金属ナノ粒子を合成する方法として、ポリオール法が知られている。これは、金属塩などの前駆体をポリオール中で加熱還元する方法であり、ポリオールは溶媒、還元剤、場合によっては表面保護剤としての役割も兼ねている。多くの場合はポリオールの沸点付近で加熱するため150〜200℃以上の高温で反応を行う。
特許文献2には、ポリオールを還元剤として用い脂肪酸ならびに脂肪族アミンで被覆した金属ナノ粒子を得ている。ところが反応温度はポリオールの沸点近くの200℃以上と高温であり、系が高温になることに起因して粒子が凝集してしまう可能性があるばかりか、副生成物や反応残基(カウンターアニオン)などとの再反応が促進してしまうことが考えられる。
また特許文献3には、脂肪酸の金属塩化合物を、カルボジヒドラジドまたは多塩基酸ポリヒドラジドを用いて還元する金属微粒子分散体の製造方法が開示されている。この方法では、特に銅などの卑な金属については還元力が不足し、反応が十分に進行しない場合もあった。
いずれの還元剤を用いる場合も、均一で高濃度な金属ナノ粒子分散体を得ることが困難であり、昨今、安全で還元性に優れ、粒子径分布の狭い金属ナノ粒子を生成できる還元方法の開発が求められていた。
(式中Rは、n価の多塩基酸残基を表す。)
有機酸の金属塩化合物とアミン化合物とを溶解させた非水性溶媒である第一溶液と、還元剤である下記式(1)で示されるカルボジヒドラジドまたは下記式(2)で示される多塩基酸ポリヒドラジドを分散もしくは溶解させた、水溶性溶媒である第二溶液とを混合し、前記金属塩化合物を還元させて得られるものである。
第一溶液は非水性溶媒に有機酸の金属塩化合物とアミン化合物とを溶解させ、必要に応じて分散剤を添加した非水溶性溶液であることが好ましい。
金属塩化合物を構成する金属としては、特に限定されないが、導電性インキとしての物性、低温焼結性を考慮すると金、銀、銅、であることが好ましい。さらにコスト面を考慮すると銀、銅がより好ましい。
また、非水性溶媒としては、反応性有機溶剤を用いることもできる。反応性有機溶媒としては特に限定されないが、例えば、(メタ)アクリル酸、(メタ)アクリレート化合物、ビニルエーテル化合物、ポリアリル化合物等のエチレン性不飽和単量体等が挙げられる。非水性溶媒は1種類を単独で使用しても、2種類以上を組み合わせて使用してもよい。
有機酸の中でも、低温分解性や非水性溶媒への溶解度を考慮すると脂肪酸が好ましく、さらに脂肪酸を構成するアルキル基の炭素数は3〜22であることが好ましい。有機酸は1種類で用いても複数種類を混合して金属塩としても良い。
脂肪酸とは、カルボキシル基1個以上を有するカルボン酸であり、鎖式構造を有するものであり、直鎖構造のものとアルキル基に分岐した側鎖を有するものとがあり、また飽和脂肪酸と不飽和脂肪酸とがある。
好ましくは炭素数3〜22の脂肪族アミン、炭素数3〜22のアルカノールアミンを挙げることができる。
これらアミンは金属塩化合物と錯体を形成し、安定化させ、局所的な反応を抑制するだけでなく、液−液界面における相間移動剤(抽出剤)としての役割も兼ねる。
上記分散安定化機能を有する化合物としては、特に限定されず、公知のものを自由に選択し用いることができるが、例えば、アミノ基、4級アンモニウム塩、水酸基、シアノ基、カルボキシル基、チオール基、スルホン酸基等の顔料親和性基を1個または複数個有する化合物であることが好ましい。さらに、低温分解性や非水溶性溶媒への親和性等を考慮すると、炭素数が3〜22の脂肪酸であることが好ましい。非水溶性溶媒中での分散安定性の観点から、より好ましくは炭素数18〜22の脂肪酸である。
脂肪酸としては、特に限定されず、一般に知られているものを使用することができる。例えば、直鎖飽和脂肪酸としては、例えば、プロピオン酸、酪酸、吉草酸、カプロン酸、エナント酸、カプリル酸、ペラルゴン酸、カプリン酸、ウンデシル酸、ラウリン酸、トリデシル酸、ミリスチン酸、ペンタデシル酸、パルミチン酸、ヘプタデシル酸、ステアリン酸、ノナデカン酸、アラキン酸、ベヘン酸、リグノセリン酸、セロチン酸、ヘプタコサン酸、モンタン酸、メリシン酸、ラクセル酸等があげられる。直鎖不飽和脂肪酸としては、例えば、アクリル酸、クロトン酸、イソクロトン酸、ウンデシレン酸、オレイン酸、エライジン酸、セトレイン酸、エルカ酸、ブラシジン酸、ソルビン酸、リノール酸、リノレン酸、アラキドン酸、プロピオール酸、ステアロール酸等があげられる。中でも、安定性や低温分解性を考慮するとカプロン酸、エナント酸、カプリル酸、ミリスチン酸、オレイン酸、ステアリン酸等があげられる。溶剤に対する溶解性の観点から、直鎖不飽和脂肪酸が好ましい。
本発明における第二溶液は、水溶性溶媒またはその水溶液に、還元剤である下記式(1)で示されるカルボジヒドラジドまたは下記式(2)で示される多塩基酸ポリヒドラジドを溶解させた水溶液であることが好ましい。
(式中Rは、n価の多塩基酸残基を表す。)
三塩基酸トリヒドラジドとしては、例えば、クエン酸トリヒドラジド、トリメリット酸トリヒドラジド、ニトリロ酢酸トリヒドラジド、シクロヘキサントリカルボン酸トリヒドラジド等があげられる。四塩基酸テトラヒドラジドとしては、エチレンジアミン四酢酸テトラヒドラジド、ピロメリット酸テトラヒドラジド等があげられる。
本発明の金属ナノ粒子分散体の製造方法において、反応を通じて大気中で行っても差し支えないが、生成した金属ナノ粒子の酸化や硫化を防ぐため、例えば、窒素やアルゴン等の不活性ガス雰囲気下で行ってもよい。
本発明の金属ナノ粒子分散体は、必要に応じて第二溶液を除去した後に加熱や減圧蒸留等の方法を用いて非水性溶媒の一部を除去し、任意の濃度まで濃縮することができる。また、非水性溶媒を完全に除去した後、目的に応じて合成時と異なる溶媒を加えて再分散させ、任意の濃度の金属ナノ粒子分散体に調整することも可能である。このときの溶媒は非水性溶媒でも水性溶媒でもよいが、金属ナノ粒子近傍に存在する脂肪酸、または分散剤を用いる場合には該化合物が溶解する溶媒であることが好ましい。
また、本発明の方法で製造される金属ナノ粒子分散体の金属含有量は、固形分全体の85重量%以上であることが好ましい。より好ましくは87重量%以上、さらに好ましくは90重量%以上である。本発明でいう金属含有量とは分散体における固形分中の金属含有量のことであり、分散体中の固形分をサンプルとして熱分析測定装置等による測定で求めることができる。具体的には、例えば熱分析測定装置TG/DTA6200(セイコーインスツル株式会社製)等で測定することができる。
本発明の導電性インキは、本発明の方法で製造される金属ナノ粒子分散体を含むものであり、良好な導電性を得るためには、できるだけ金属ナノ粒子分散体以外の成分は含まないほうが好ましいが、そのインキとしての物性を向上させるために、必要に応じて金属粉、樹脂、その前駆体、またはそれらの混合物からなる担体を含ませたり、可塑剤、滑剤、分散剤、レベリング剤、消泡剤、帯電防止剤、酸化防止剤、キレート剤等の通常用いられる各種添加剤を含ませたり、金属ナノ粒子を被覆している分散剤の溶解性を損なわない範囲で、各種の液状媒体を使用してもよい。
上記樹脂、その前駆体、またはそれらの混合物からなる担体は、金属ナノ粒子や金属粉を各種基材に固着させたり、物性を付与したり、印刷インキとしての性能を維持する働きをする。
本発明の導電性インキを用いることにより、通常の印刷方法によって導電回路が形成できるため、既存の設備を生かした設計が可能である。すなわち、絵柄等の非接触メディアの意匠性を高めるための通常の印刷を施した後に、そのまま導電回路を印刷、形成することが可能なため、従来、エッチング法や転写法で行っていた回路パターン形成法と比較して、生産性、初期投資コスト、ランニングコストの点ではるかに優れている。
金属ナノ粒子の収率は、得られた非水溶液中の溶媒を除去し、残った固形分中の金含有属量と理論収量を比較算出することにより求めた。
金属含有量は、金属ナノ粒子分散体を、120℃にて乾燥させた後、残った固形分中の金属含有量を熱分析測定装置TG/DTA6200(セイコーインスツル株式会社製)での測定より求めた。
粒径は、透過型電子顕微鏡装置JEM101(日本電子株式会社製)により観察した粒子300個の一次粒子径を計測して求めた平均粒子径である。
還元剤としてヒドラジン2.0部を精製水10部に溶解した水溶液を用いた以外は実施例1と同様の条件にて合成を行い、銀ナノ粒子を得た。得られた銀ナノ粒子は粗大粒子を多く含み、凝集沈殿が見られた。
還元剤としてEG5.0部を精製水5.0部に溶解し、アミン化合物としてDMAEをDAEに変更した以外は実施例2と同様の条件にて合成を行った。得られた銅ナノ粒子を含む分散体濃度は非常に希薄で、反応途中であると思われた。
還元剤としてSUDHを精製水10部に溶解した水溶液に変更し、アミン化合物を添加しなかった点以外は実施例3と同様の条件に合成を行った。
得られた銅ナノ粒子を含む分散体濃度は希薄で、反応途中であると思われた。
を用いて留去し、固形分50%に濃縮し、調製した導電性インキを基板上にスピンコート法によって塗布した。実施例1の場合は、120℃設定の熱風オーブン中で60分乾燥、焼成させて導電性被膜物を得た。実施例2,3については、350℃設定のオーブン中にて、窒素97%、水素3%気流下において60分乾燥、焼成させて導電性被膜物を得た。
[膜厚]
導電性被膜物の膜厚を膜厚計(株式会社仙台ニコン製「M H−15M型」)で測定した。
[体積抵抗値]
導電性被膜物を3mm幅に加工した後、導電性被膜物を30mm感覚で4箇所はさみ、その抵抗値を四探針抵抗測定器(三和電気計器株式会社製「DR−1000CU型」)で測定し、得られた抵抗値と膜厚から体積抵抗値を算出した。結果を表1に示す。
Claims (9)
- 有機酸が、脂肪酸であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の金属ナノ粒子非水性分散体の製造方法。
- アミン化合物が、炭素数3〜22である脂肪族アミンおよび炭素数3〜22であるアルカノールアミンから選ばれる少なくとも1種であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の金属ナノ粒子非水性分散体の製造方法。
- 有機酸の金属塩化合物を構成する金属が、銀および銅から選ばれる金属である請求項1〜3いずれか一項に記載の金属ナノ粒子非水性分散体の製造方法。
- 水溶性溶媒が、多価アルコールであることを特徴とする請求項1〜4いずれか一項に記載の金属ナノ粒子非水性分散体の製造方法。
- 多塩基酸ポリヒドラジドが、二塩基酸ジヒドラジドである請求項1〜5いずれか一項に記載の金属ナノ粒子非水性分散体の製造方法。
- 請求項1〜6いずれか記載の金属ナノ粒子分散体の製造方法により製造されてなる金属ナノ粒子非水性分散体。
- 請求項7記載の金属ナノ粒子非水性分散体を含有することを特徴とするインキ。
- 基材と、請求項8記載のインキから形成されてなる導電性パターンとからなる導電性部材。
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