JP2016105861A - 機能的α1,3ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼを欠く動物に由来する組織生成物 - Google Patents
機能的α1,3ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼを欠く動物に由来する組織生成物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、機能的α1,3ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼ(α1,3GT)のいずれの発現も欠く動物に由来する組織を提供する。そのような組織は整形外科再構築および修復、皮膚の修復および内部組織の修復のような異種移植の分野において、または医療機器として用いることができる。
ブタ、ヒツジおよびウシのような反芻動物は異種移植器官および組織のありそうな源と考えられる。ブタ異種移植片は最も注目されている。というのは、ブタの供給は豊富であり、育種プログラムがよく確立されており、それらのサイズおよび病理学がヒトに適合するためである。ウシまたはヒツジのような他の反芻動物源もまた硬いおよび柔軟な組織異種移植片のための源として提唱されてきた。しかしながら、これらの器官または組織のヒトへの導入が成功する前に克服しなければならないいくつかの障害がある。最も重要なのは免疫拒絶である。最初の免疫学的ハードルは「過剰急性拒絶」(HAR)である。HARは、外来性組織に結合する予め形成された天然抗体の高い力価の普遍的な存在によって定義される。これらの天然抗体のドナー組織内皮上の標的エピトープの結合は、HARにおいて開始事象であると信じられている。この結合に続いて、受容者血液でのドナー組織の灌流から数分以内に、補体活性化、血小板およびフィブリン沈着が起こり、最終的には、ドナー器官において間隙浮腫および出血が起こり、その全ては受容者における組織の拒絶を引き起こす(非特許文献1)。
本発明は、異種移植片として用いられる機能的α−1,3−ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼのいずれの発現も欠く動物からの組織生成物である。該組織は骨のような硬い組織、または皮膚のような柔軟な組織であり得る。この硬いおよび柔軟な組織は、例えば、整形外科的再構築および修復、皮膚の修復および/または内部組織修復のために使用される補綴として用いることができる。該動物はウシ、ブタまたはヒツジのような反芻動物または有蹄動物であり得る。特定の実施形態において、該動物はブタである。α−1,3−GT遺伝子のいずれの機能的発現も欠く動物からの組織は、ブタ、ウシまたはヒツジのような出生前、新生、または未成熟または十分に成熟した動物から得ることができる。該組織は、ヒト組織修復のような動物において用いられる本明細書中に記載された方法に従って調製することができる。
例えば、本願発明は以下の項目を提供する。
(項目1)
α−1,3−ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼのいずれの発現も欠く動物に由来する、組織生成物を含む補綴。
(項目2)
前記組織が硬い組織である、項目1に記載の補綴。
(項目3)
前記組織が柔軟な組織である、項目1に記載の補綴。
(項目4)
前記動物が有蹄動物である、項目1に記載の動物。
(項目5)
前記有蹄動物がブタ動物である、項目4に記載の動物。
(項目6)
前記硬い組織が骨またはその断片または誘導体である、項目2に記載の補綴。
(項目7)
前記柔軟な組織が皮膚、真皮、粘膜下、靭帯、腱および軟骨またはその断片もしくは誘導体よりなる群から選択される、項目3に記載の補綴。
(項目8)
前記組織が硬い組織および柔軟な組織の組合せである、項目1に記載の補綴。
(項目9)
前記組織が骨−腱−骨移植片である、項目8に記載の組織。
(項目10)
α−1,3−ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼのいずれの発現も欠く動物に由来する、脱細胞化組織生成物。
(項目11)
前記動物が有蹄動物である、項目9に記載の組織。
(項目12)
前記動物がブタ動物である、項目10に記載の組織。
(項目13)
前記組織が柔軟な組織である、項目9に記載の脱細胞化組織。
(項目14)
前記柔軟な組織が真皮組織である、項目9に記載の組織。
(項目15)
前記柔軟な組織が粘膜下組織である、項目9に記載の組織。
(項目16)
前記粘膜下組織が小腸から由来する、項目11に記載の組織。
(項目17)
足場としての、項目9に記載の組織の使用。
(項目18)
ヒト身体の一部を再構築し、または修復するための、α−1,3−ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼのいずれの発現も欠く動物に由来する、組織生成物の使用。
(項目19)
前記動物が有蹄動物である、項目18に記載の組織。
(項目20)
前記動物がブタ動物である、項目18に記載の組織。
(項目21)
前記組織がヒト整形外科的再構築または修復のために使用される、項目18に記載の組織の使用。
(項目22)
回旋腱板修復のための、項目21に記載の組織の使用。
(項目23)
骨、腱、靭帯および軟骨よりなる群から選択される組織の修復または再構築のための、項目21に記載の組織の使用。
(項目24)
前記組織が骨−腱−骨移植片である、項目21に記載の組織の使用。
(項目25)
前記組織がヒト皮膚修復のために使用される、項目18に記載の組織の使用。
(項目26)
前記組織がヒト軟組織の修復のために使用される、項目18に記載の組織の使用。
(項目27)
前記組織が脱細胞化される、項目18に記載の組織の使用。
(項目28)
前記組織が、ヒト身体の一部を再構築または修復するための足場として使用される、項目27に記載の脱細胞化組織の使用。
本発明は、異種移植片として用いられる機能的α−1,3−ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼのいずれの発現も欠く動物からの組織生成物である。該組織は骨のような硬い組織、または皮膚のような柔軟な組織であり得る。この硬いおよび柔軟な組織は、整形外科的再構築および修復、皮膚修復、および内部組織修復のような異種移植で用いることができる。該動物はウシ、ブタまたはヒツジのような反芻動物または有蹄動物であり得る。特定の実施形態において、動物はブタである。α−1,3−GT遺伝子のいずれの機能的発現も欠く動物からの組織は、ブタ、ウシまたはヒツジのような誕生前、新生、未成熟、または十分に成熟した動物から得ることができる。
本明細書中で使用される場合、(例えば、「遺伝子的に修飾された(または改変された)動物」などにおいて)用語「動物」は、特に限定されるものではないが、ブタ、ヒツジ、ヤギ、ウシ、シカ、ラバ、ウマ、サル、イヌ、ネコ、ラット、マウス、鳥類、ニワトリ、爬虫類、魚類および昆虫を含めた任意の非−ヒト動物を含むことを意味する。本発明の1つの実施形態において、遺伝子的に改変されたブタおよびその生産方法が提供される。
α−1,3−GT遺伝子のいずれの機能的発現も欠く動物からの組織は、ブタ、ウシまたはヒツジのような誕生前、新生、未成熟、または十分に成熟した動物から得ることができる。
本発明の1つの実施形態において、機能的α−1,3−ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼのいずれの発現も欠く動物からの硬いおよび柔軟な組織を外科的適用で用いることができる。1つの実施形態において、組織は整形外科的再構築および修復で用いることができる。そのような組織は結合組織、腱、靭帯、筋肉、および軟骨のような柔軟な組織、ならびに骨および骨誘導体のような硬い組織を含む。1つの実施形態において、組織は前十字靭帯(ACL)または後十字靭帯(PCL)置換のような膝修復で用いることができる。別の実施形態において、組織は骨−腱−骨移植片、回旋腱板修復で、または縫合プラグとして用いることができる。骨組織は全または部分的骨置換、骨プラグ、骨スクリューまたは骨チップ(骨チップがペーストとして調製できる製剤を含む)として用いることができる。骨組織は歯周適用、美容、および/または顎顔面再構築のために用いることもできる。組織は脊椎修復のための脊髄スペーサーとして用いることもできる。組織は、小骨、鼓膜、槌骨付の鼓膜、耳骨プラグ、側頭骨、肋骨軟骨および硬膜のような耳の組織を置き換えるのに用いることもでき、所望により、内耳の再構築に用いることもできる。
1つの実施形態において、本発明は、動物からの骨の少なくとも一部または骨の全ピースを摘出して、異種移植片を供することを含む、ヒトへの移植または植付け用の骨異種移植片を調製する方法を提供する。
本発明の他の実施形態において、機能的α−1,3−GTのいずれの発現も欠く動物からの骨セメントおよび骨プラグが提供される。
別の実施形態において、機能的α−1,3−GTのいずれの発現も欠く動物から由来する骨スクリューが提供される。
本発明の他の実施形態において、機能的α−1,3−GTのいずれの発現も欠く動物からの脊髄のいずれかの成分が提供される。そのような成分は、限定されるものではないが、脊髄スペーサー、椎間円板、髄性核および/または線維輪を含む。
柔軟な組織は身体の他の構造および器官を連結し、支持し、または囲う。柔軟な組織は、例えば、関節皮膚または骨以外のいずれかの他の組織の周りの筋肉、腱、脂肪、血管、リンパ管、神経、組織を含む。
別の実施形態において、本発明のコラーゲン組織を用いて、コラーゲン障害を治療することができる。異常な遺伝子またはコラーゲン蛋白質の異常なプロセッシングに由来するコラーゲン構造の変化の結果、ラーセン症候群、壊血病、骨形成不全およびエーレルス−ダンロー症候群のような多数の病気がもたらされる。エーレルス−ダンロー症候群は、現実には、生化学的かつ臨床的には別個の少なくとも10の別個の障害に関連した名称であるが、全ては、コラーゲンの構造における欠陥の結果として結合組織において構造的弱点を呈する。骨形成不全もまた1を超える障害を含む。少なくとも4つの生化学的にかつ臨床的に識別可能な障害が同定されており、その全ては多数の骨折および結果としての骨変形によって特徴付けられる。マルファン症候群がそれ自体を結合組織の障害として現し、異常なコラーゲンの結果と考えられていた。しかしながら、最近の証拠は、マルファンが、細胞外マトリックスの非−コラーゲン性ミクロフィブリルの一体的成分である細胞外蛋白質であるフィブリリンにおける突然変異に由来することを示している。
他の実施形態において、機能的α−1,3−GTの発現を欠く動物から得られた軟骨プラグが提供される。軟骨プラグを用いて、天然軟骨中のボイドを充填することができる。天然軟骨中のボイドは、外傷負傷または慢性病によるものであり得る。別法として、該プラグを用いて、流動可能ポリマーを軟骨下骨に繋留することができる。該プラグは任意のサイズ、形状、および所望の移植体に適した輪郭とすることもできる。該プラグは単独または複数で利用して、任意の適用でも任意のサイズのボイドも充填することができる。該プラグは、修復部位の生理学的要件に適合する積層構造より形成することができ、あるいは積層構造を含むことができる。加えて、各プラグの周囲に隆起を形成して、周囲の軟骨、骨および/または隣接プラグへのその繋留を容易とすることができる(例えば、米国特許第6,632,246号参照)。
本発明で提供される軟組織を用いて、縫合アンカーを形成することができ、これを用いて、関節再構築外科的処置および関節鏡外科手法の間に骨に形成された開口内の縫合を確実とすることができる。アンカーを骨に入れ、そうでなければ、密な骨材料に締め付けることができない縫合に連結することができる。そのような縫合アンカーを用いて、例えば、靭帯または腱を膝、肩および踝再構築および修復手術において骨に繋留することができる。骨アンカーの重要な属性は、挿入するのが容易であって、しっかりとした繋留を提供することである。外科処置後のアンカーの意図しない外れは深刻な有害な結果を有しかねず、よって、かなりの重要性が、付着された縫合によって適用される摘出または取り出し力に抵抗するアンカーの能力に置かれる(例えば、米国特許第4,738,255号、第4,013,071号、第4,409,974号、第4,454,875号、および第5,236,445号参照)。
ある実施形態において、組織を調製するプロセスは、全ての生きた細胞をストリップし、または殺して(脱細胞化)、後に、組織修復および再形成、ならびに所望により、架橋および滅菌のための処理のために使用される無細胞マトリックスまたは足場のみを残す工程を含むことができる。特定の実施形態において、いずれかの脱細胞化された硬いまたは柔軟な組織が提供され、これは本明細書中に開示された動物に由来する。1つの実施形態において、脱細胞化柔軟皮膚組織が提供される。別の実施形態において、脱細胞化粘膜下組織が提供される。他の実施形態において、そのような脱細胞化材料は免疫原性が低くすることができる。さらなる実施形態において、そのような脱細胞化組織は足場またはマトリックスとして用いて、特定のヒト身体部分を修復しおよび/または再構築することができる。1つの実施形態において、脱細胞化組織は、限定されるものではないが、以下のヘルニア、腹部壁、回旋腱板、美容整形または当業者に知られたもしくは本明細書中に開示されたいずれかの他の軟組織欠陥を含めた修復で用いることができる。特定の実施形態において、粘膜下および/または皮膚脱細胞化材料が提供される。
本発明の別の実施形態において、骨腱骨移植片が提供され、これは整形外科処置で有用であり得る。骨腱骨移植片は1つまたは複数の骨ブロック、および該骨ブロックに付着した腱を含有することができる。骨ブロックを切断して、固定スクリューを終了するのに十分な溝を供することができる。別法として、1つまたは複数の骨ブロックを含有する骨腱骨移植片が提供され、ここに、骨ブロックはジベルに予め形成され、腱は骨ブロックに付着される。骨腱骨移植片を得るための方法もまた提供され、それにより、それに付着された腱または靭帯を有する第一の骨プラグがまず切除され、次いで、それに付着した腱または靭帯を有する第二の骨プラグが切除され;従って、第一の骨プラグおよび第二の骨プラグは連続骨ストックに由来し、第一の骨プラグまたは第二の骨プラグの切除が、他方に続いて切除される骨プラグ中に溝を形成するように重ねられる。
本発明のさらなる実施形態において、機能的α−1,3−ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼのいずれの発現も欠く動物からの硬いおよび柔軟な組織を皮膚修復で用いることができる。
本発明の別の実施形態において、機能的α−1,3−ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼのいずれの発現も欠く動物からの硬いおよび柔軟な組織を、ヘルニア修復、腱プーリー、グライディング表面、血管吻合、心臓弁修復または置換および硬膜修復のような内部組織修復で用いることができる。内部組織が心臓周辺組織、心臓弁および粘膜下組織を含む。1つの実施形態において、粘膜下組織を用いて、結合組織を修復し、または置換することができる。
1つの実施形態において、心臓弁は、α−1,3−Galのいずれの発現も欠く動物から摘出される。α−1,3−Galのいずれの機能的発現も欠く動物からの、ウシ、ヒツジまたはブタ心臓、特にブタ心臓は心臓弁の源として働かすことができる。心臓弁は繊維軟骨細胞、およびコラーゲンおよび弾性繊維の細胞外マトリックス、ならびに種々のプロテオグリカンから構成される。心臓弁のタイプは、限定されるものではないが、僧帽弁、心房弁、大動脈弁、三尖弁、胚動脈弁、プルモニック(Plumonic)パッチ、下降胸大動脈、大動脈非−弁導管、LPAおよびRPAを持つプルモニック非−弁導管、無傷尖頭を含むまたは含まない右または左肺半−動脈、伏在静脈、大動脈(Aortoiliac)、大腿静脈、大腿動脈および/または半月弁を含む。ある実施形態において、ツールを用いて、心臓弁補綴を大動脈壁に固定することができる。ツールはファスナーおよび/または補強剤を含むことができる。特定の実施形態において、心臓弁補綴はフレキシブルな小葉を有することができる。1つの実施形態において、心臓弁補綴は組織のような天然材料、ポリマーまたはその組合せのような合成材料から構築することができる。別の実施形態において、弁補綴は組織弁とすることができ、加えて、ステントを含むことができ、または無ステントとすることができ、ブタ、ウシまたは他の動物組織源のものとすることができる。本発明に従って調製された心臓弁異種移植片は、天然心臓弁異種移植片の一般的な外観を有することができる。心臓弁異種移植片は、その各々を受容者心臓に移植することができる個々の小葉のような弁セグメントでもあり得る。別法として、ブタ心膜を用いて、本発明の心臓弁異種移植片を形成することができる。
SPV.RTM弁は大動脈弁の位置における移植用に設計される。例えば、Davidら,J.Heart Valve Dis.1:244−248(1992)参照。本発明のツールはいずれかの弁、特に、患者における移植に適合させたいずれかの組織弁補綴に適用可能である。
本発明のさらなる実施形態において、機能的α−1,3−GTの発現を欠く動物に由来する組織生成物を用いて、ヒトの身体の一部を再構築することができる。ある実施形態において、脱細胞化または細胞化された皮膚組織、骨、靭帯、腱、心臓弁、髄性核、軟骨、半月、血管、心膜または本明細書中に記載された他の組織を、例えば、表6に記載したように用いることができる。特定の実施形態において、組織は回旋腱板修復、ヒト皮膚修復、および/またはヒト軟組織修復のようなヒト整形外科的再構築または修復で用いることができる。異種移植片は、霊長類、あるいはヒツジ、モデルのような非−霊長類のような種々の動物モデルでテストすることができる。
α−1,3−ガラクトシルトランスフェラーゼのいずれの機能的発現も欠く動物からの組織が提供される。1つの実施形態において、動物はブタである。別の実施形態において、動物はウシまたはヒツジである。他の実施形態において、α−1,3−GT遺伝子の1つの対立遺伝子が遺伝子標的化事象を介して不活化された動物が提供される。本発明の別の実施形態において、α−1,3−GT遺伝子の双方の対立遺伝子が遺伝子標的化事象を介して不活化された動物が提供される。1つの実施形態において、遺伝子は相同組換えを介して標的化することができる。他の実施形態において、遺伝子を破壊することができ、すなわち、遺伝子暗号の一部を変化させることができ、それにより、遺伝子のそのセグメントの転写および/または翻訳に影響する。例えば、遺伝子の破壊は置換、欠失(「ノックアウト」)または挿入(「ノックイン技術」)を介して起こり得る。存在する配列の転写を変調する所望の蛋白質または調節配列についてのさらなる遺伝子を挿入することができる。
遺伝子的に修飾することができる動物細胞は、限定されるものではないが、皮膚、間葉、肺、膵臓、心臓、腸、胃、膀胱、血管、腎臓、尿道、生殖器官、および胚、胎児または成体動物の全部または一部の解離された調製物のような種々の異なる器官および組織から得ることができる。本発明の1つの実施形態において、細胞は、限定されるものではないが、上皮細胞、線維芽細胞、神経細胞、ケラチノサイト、造血系細胞、メラノサイト、軟骨細胞、リンパ球(BおよびT)、マクロファージ、単球、単核細胞、心筋細胞、他の筋肉細胞、顆粒層細胞、丘細胞、表皮細胞、内皮細胞、ランゲルハンス島細胞、血液細胞、血液前駆体細胞、骨細胞、骨前駆体細胞、ニューロン幹細胞、原基幹細胞、肝細胞、ケラチノサイト、臍静脈内皮細胞、大動脈内皮細胞、微小血管内皮細胞、線維芽細胞、肝臓星状細胞、大動脈平滑筋細胞、心筋細胞、ニューロン、クッパー細胞、平滑筋細胞、シュワン細胞および上皮細胞、赤血球、血小板、好中球、リンパ球、単球、好酸球、好塩基球、脂肪細胞、軟骨細胞、膵臓島細胞、甲状腺細胞、副甲状腺細胞、耳下腺細胞、腫瘍細胞、神経膠細胞、神経星状膠細胞、赤血球細胞、白血球細胞、マクロファージ、上皮細胞、体細胞、下垂体細胞、副腎細胞、毛髪細胞、膀胱細胞、腎臓細胞、網膜細胞、棹細胞、錐体細胞、心臓細胞、ペースメーカー細胞、脾臓細胞、抗原提示細胞、記憶細胞、T細胞、B細胞、原形質膜細胞、筋肉細胞、卵巣細胞、子宮細胞、前立腺細胞、膣上皮細胞、精子細胞、精巣細胞、生殖細胞、卵細胞、ライディッヒ細胞、管周囲細胞、セルトリ細胞、ルテイン細胞、頸細胞、内膜細胞、胸細胞、小胞細胞、粘膜細胞、線毛を持つ細胞、非ケラチン化上皮細胞、ケラチン化上皮細胞、肺細胞、ゴブレ細胞、柱状上皮細胞、扁平上皮細胞、骨細胞、骨芽細胞および破骨細胞よりなる群から選択することができる。
相同組換え
相同組換えは内因性遺伝子における部位−特異的修飾を可能とし、かくして、新規な変化がゲノムに作成することができる。相同組換えにおいて、入力DNAは、実質的に相同なDNA配列を含むゲノム中の部位と相互作用し、該部位に組み込まれる。非−相同(「ランダム」または「不正」)組込みにおいて、入力DNAは、ゲノム中の相同配列で見出されないが、他の箇所にて、非常に多数の潜在的位置の1つで組み込まれる。一般には、高等真核生物細胞での研究は、相同組換えの頻度がランダム組込みの頻度よりもはるかに低いことを明らかにしている。これらの頻度の比率は、相同組換え(すなわち、外来性「標的化DNA」および対応するゲノム中の「標的DNA」の間の組換え)を介する組込みに依存する「遺伝子標的化」のための直接的密接な関係を有する。
細胞の標的化遺伝子座の修飾は、DNAを細胞に導入することによって生じさせることができ、ここに、該DNAは標的遺伝子座に対して相同性を有し、組み込まれたコンストラクトを含む細胞の選択を可能とするマーカー遺伝子を含む。標的ベクターにおける相同DNAは標的遺伝子座における染色体DNAと組み換えられるであろう。マーカー遺伝子は、その両側が、相同DNA配列、3’組換えアームおよび5’組換えアームが近接し得る。標的化ベクターの構築のための方法は当該分野で記載されている。例えば、Daiら,Nature Biotechnology 20:251−255,2002;WO
00/51424参照。
0130992;Alexion,Inc.に対するWO 01/123541参照)。
次いで、細胞を適切に選択された培地中で増殖させて、適切な組込みを供する細胞を同定することができる。α−1,3−GT遺伝子に挿入された選択マーカー遺伝子の存在は、宿主ゲノムへの標的コンストラクトの組込みを確立する。次いで、所望の表現型を示す細胞を、制限分析、電気泳動、サザーン分析、ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応などによってさらに分析して、DNAを分析し、相同または非−相同組換えが起こったか否かを確立することができる。これは、インサート用のプローブを使用し、次いで、コンストラクトのフランキング領域を超えて延びるα−1,3−GT遺伝子の存在につきインサートに近接する5’および3’領域を配列決定し、あるいは欠失が導入された場合に、そのような欠失の存在を同定することによって決定することができる。コンストラクト内の配列に相補的であって、コンストラクト外部であって、標的遺伝子座における配列に相補的であるプライマーを用いることもできる。このようにして、ただ、相同組換えが起こった場合、相補的鎖に存在するプライマーの双方を有するDNA二重鎖を得ることができる。プライマー配列の存在、または予測されるサイズ配列の存在を証明することによって、相同組換えの発生が裏付けられる。
and Berg(1983)in Teratocarcinoma Stem Cell,eds.Siver,Martin and Strikland(Cold Spring Harbor Lab.,Cold Spring Harbor,N.Y.(pp.469−497);およびLinney and Donerly,Cell 35:693−699,1983によると、胚性幹細胞およびEC細胞双方において活性であることが示されている。
ある他の実施形態において、本発明の方法は、突然変異誘発剤を介する突然変異の意図的な導入を含む。当該分野で知られ、かつ本発明で用いるのに適した突然変異誘発剤の例は、限定されるものではないが、化学的突然変異原(例えば、N−エチル−N−ニトロソ尿素(ENU)、エチルメタンスルホネート(EMS)、マスタードガス、ICR191等のようなDNA−インターカレーティングまたはDNA−結合化学物質;例えば、E.C.Friedberg,G.C.Walker,W.Siede,DNA Repair and Mutagenesis,ASM Press,Washington DC(1995)、物理的突然変異原(例えば、UV照射、放射線、x−線)、生化学的突然変異原(例えば、制限酵素、DNA修復突然変異原、DNA修復阻害剤、およびエラー−傾向DNAポリメラーゼおよび複製蛋白質)、ならびにトランスポゾン挿入を含む。本発明の方法によると、培養中の細胞をこれらの薬剤の1つに暴露することができ、細胞表面のガラクトースα1,3−ガラクトースの枯渇をもたらすいずれかの突然変異を、例えば、トキシンAへの暴露を介して選択することができる。
1つの実施形態において、選択手法は細菌トキシンに基づいて、機能的α1,3GTの発現を欠く細胞につき選択することができる。別の実施形態において、Clostridium difficileによって生産されたトキシンAである細菌トキシンを用いて、細胞表面エピトープガラクトースα1,3−ガラクトースを欠く細胞につき選択することができる。C.difficileトキシンへの暴露は、その表面にこのエピトープを呈する細胞のラウンディングを引き起こし、該細胞をプレートマトリックスから放出することができる。酵素の機能または発現を無能とする標的化遺伝子ノックアウトおよび突然変異は共に、この選択方法を用いて検出することができる。次いで、記載されたトキシンA媒介選択を用いて同定された、または遺伝子標的化を含めた遺伝子不活化の標準方法を用いて生産された、ガラクトースα1,3−ガラクトースエピトープの細胞表面発現を欠く細胞を用いて、α1,3GT遺伝子の双方の対立遺伝子が不活性である動物を生産することができる。
本発明は、体細胞核導入を介する、機能的α−1,3−GT遺伝子を欠く、ブタのような、動物をクローン化する方法を提供する。一般に、該動物は、以下の工程:ドナー核の源として用いるべき所望の分化された細胞を入手し;動物から卵母細胞を得;該卵母細胞を脱核し;所望の分化した細胞または細胞核を、例えば、融合または注入によって脱核された卵母細胞に導入して、NTユニットを形成させ;得られたNTユニットを活性化し;次いで、NTユニットが胎児まで発生するように該培養されたNTユニットを宿主動物に導入することを含む核導入プロセスによって生産することができる。
別の実施形態において、本発明は、α−1,3−GT遺伝子につきヘテロ接合性であるメスをα−1,3−GT遺伝子につきヘテロ接合性である雌と交配させることによって、機能的α−1,3−GTのいずれの発現も欠く生きた動物を生産する方法を提供する。1つの実施形態において、該動物は、1つの対立遺伝子の発現を妨げるためのα−1,3−GT遺伝子のその対立遺伝子の遺伝的修飾によりヘテロ接合性である。別の実施形態において、動物は、α−1,3−GT遺伝子の1つの対立遺伝子における点突然変異の存在のためヘテロ接合性である。別の実施形態において、該点突然変異はα−1,3−GT遺伝子のエクソン9の第二の塩基におけるT−G間点突然変異であり得る。1つの特定の実施形態において、機能的α−1,3−GTのいずれの発現も欠く動物を生産する方法が提供され、ここに、α−1,3−GT遺伝子のエクソン9の第二の塩基においてT−G間点突然変異を含む雄ブタを、α−1,3−GT遺伝子のエクソン9の第二の塩基においてT−G間点突然変異を含む雌ブタと交配させる。
本発明の1つの実施形態において、α−1,3−GT遺伝子の1つの対立遺伝子が遺伝子標的化事象を介して不活化された動物が提供される。本発明の別の実施形態において、α−1,3−GT遺伝子の双方の対立遺伝子が遺伝子標的化事象を介して不活化された動物が提供される。1つの実施形態において、該遺伝子は相同組換えを介して標的化することができる。他の実施形態において、該遺伝子を破壊することができ、すなわち、遺伝子暗号の一部を改変し、それにより、遺伝子のそのセグメントの転写および/または翻訳に影響させることができる。例えば、遺伝子の破壊は置換、欠失(「ノックアウト」)または挿入(「ノックイン」)技術を介して起こり得る。所望の蛋白質についてのさらなる遺伝子、または存在する配列の転写を変調する調節配列を挿入することができる。
一次ブタ胎児線維芽細胞の単離およびトランスフェクション。胎児線維芽細胞(PCFF4−1〜PCFF4−10)を妊娠の33日において同一妊娠の10胎児から単離した。頭部および内臓の摘出の後に、胎児をハンクスの平衡塩溶液(HBSS;Gibco−BRL,Rockville,MD)で洗浄し、20mLのHBSSに入れ、小さな外科的ハサミで切断した。組織をペレット化し、胎児当たり40mLのDMEMおよび100U/mLのコラゲナーゼ(Gibco−BRL)を含む50−mLのチューブに再懸濁した。チューブを、37℃の振盪水浴中で40分間インキュベートした。消化された組織を3〜4分間沈降させ、細胞に富んだ上清を新しい50−mLのチューブに移し、ペレット化した。次いで、10%胎児子牛血清(FCS)、1×非必須アミノ酸、1mMピルビン酸ナトリウムおよび2ng/mLのbFGFを含有する40mLのDMEMに細胞を再懸濁させ、10cmのディッシュに接種した。全ての細胞をコンフルエンシーに達するに際して低温保存した。SLA−1〜SLA−10細胞を妊娠の28日において10胎児から単離した。胎児を曲がった外科ピンセットを用いて、過剰の熱を発生しないようにゆっくりと60−メッシュの金属スクリーンをゆっくりと通して潰した。次いで、細胞懸濁液をペレット化し、10%FCS、1×非必須アミノ酸、2ng/mLのbFGF、および10μg/mLのゲンタマイシンを含有する30mLのDMEMに再懸濁させた。細胞を10−cmのディッシュに接種し、1〜3日間培養し、低温保存した。トランスフェクションのために、10μgの線状化ベクターDNAをエレクトロポレーションによって200万細胞に導入した。トランスフェクションから48時間後に、トランスフェクトされた細胞をウェル当たり2,000細胞の密度にて40−ウェルプレートに接種し、250μg/mLのG418で選択した。
ヘテロ接合性α−1,3−GTノックアウト胎児線維芽細胞、(657A−I11 1−6)細胞は前記したように32日妊娠から単離した(Daiら,Nature Biotechnology 20:451(2002)も参照されたし)。頭部および内臓を摘出した後、いくつかの胎児をハンクスの平衡塩溶液(HBSS;Gibco−BRI,Rockville,MD)で洗浄し、20mLのHBSSに入れ、小さな外科的ハサミで切断した。組織をペレット化し、胎児当たり40mLのDMEMおよび100U/mLのコラゲナーゼ(Gibco−BRL)を含む50−mLのチューブに再懸濁させた。チューブを37℃の振盪水浴中で40分間インキュベートした。消化された組織を3〜4分間沈降させ、細胞に富んだ上清を新しい50−mLのチューブに移し、ペレット化した。次いで、細胞を、10%胎児子牛血清(FCS)、1×非必須アミノ酸、1mMピルビン酸ナトリウム(Gibco−BRL)、および2ng/mLの塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子(bFGF;Roche Molecular Biochemicals,Indianapolis,IN)を含有する40mLのDMEMに再懸濁させ、10−cmのディッシュに接種した。コンフルエンシーに到達するに際して全ての細胞を低温保存した。頭部および内臓を摘出した後、いくつかの胎児をハンクスの平衡塩溶液(HBSS;Gibco−BRI,Rockville,MD)で洗浄し、20mLのHBSSに入れ、小さな外科ハサミで切断した。曲がった外科ピンセットを用い、過剰の熱を生じないようにゆっくりと、胎児を60−メッシュの金属スクリーン(Sigma,St.Louis,MO)を通して潰した。次いで、細胞懸濁液をペレット化し、10%FCS、1×非必須アミノ酸、2ng/mLのbFGF、および10μg/mLのゲンタマイシンを含有する30mLのDMEMに再懸濁させた。細胞を10−cmのディッシュに接種し、1〜3日間培養し、低温保存した。トランスフェクションのために、10μgの線状化ベクターDNAをエレクトロポレーションによって200万細胞に導入した。トランスフェクションから48時間後に、トランスフェクトされた細胞をウェル当たり2,000細胞の密度にて480−ウェルプレートに接種し、250μg/mLのG418(Gibco−BRL)で選択した。ATG(開始コドン)−標的化α−1,3−GTノックアウトベクターを構築して(pPL680)(これはneo遺伝子も含有した)、α−1,3−GT遺伝子の第二の対立遺伝子をノックアウトした。これらの細胞をpPL680でのエレクトロポレーションによってトランスフェクトし、精製されたC.difficileトキシンAでα1,3Gal−陰性表現型について選択した(後記参照)。
トキシンA細胞傷害性曲線
ブタ細胞(PCFF4−6)をトキシンAの10倍系列希釈(0.00001μg/mL〜10μg/mL)に1時間〜一晩暴露した。細胞を24ウェルプレート中で培養し、トキシンと共に37Cにて1時間または一晩インキュベートした。この暴露の結果を表2に詳細に示す。明らかに、>1μg/mLにおけるトキシンAへの1時間暴露の結果、細胞の>90%に対する細胞傷害性効果がもたらされた。従って、1μg/mL、またはこれをわずかに超えるトキシンAの濃度を、遺伝子的に改変された細胞の選択のために選択した。
核導入のための細胞の調製
ドナー細胞を遺伝子的に操作して、一般的に前記したように、α1,3GT欠損につきホモ接合性である細胞を生じさせた。核導入は、当該分野で周知の方法によって行われた(例えば、Daiら,Nature Biotechnology 20:251−255,2002;およびPolejaevaら,Nature 407:86−90,2000参照)。
mL−1サイトカラシンB(Sigma)および7.5μg mL−1 Hoechst 33342(Sigma)を含有する無カルシウムリン酸−緩衝化NCSU−23倍地中で本発明者らは、卵母細胞を38℃にて20分間インキュベートした。次いで、第一の極体の直接真下からの少量の細胞質を、18μMガラスピペット(Humagen,Charlottesville,Virginia)を用いて吸引した。本発明者らは、吸引されたカリオプラストを紫外光に暴露して、中期プレートの存在を確認した。
核導入によって生きたα−1,3−GT dKOブタを生産するための最初の試みにおいて、合計16の胚導入を遺伝子的に操作されたドナー細胞で行った。9つの最初の妊娠が確立されたが、2つのみが妊娠の75日を超えた。5匹の子ブタが2002年7月25日に生まれた。1匹の子ブタは誕生後直ちに死亡し、他の4匹は生きたまま生まれ、正常に見えた(図4)。
尾繊維芽細胞および臍組織セクションを、全てで5匹の二重ノックアウト子ブタから入手し、前記したように、GS−IB4レクチンを用いて染色した。染色が観察されず、これは、これらの動物からの組織の表面でのガラクトースα1,3ガラクトースエピトープの完全な欠如を示す(データは示さず)。死亡した子ブタ(761−1)から単離下大動脈内皮細胞および筋肉および尾繊維芽細胞はGS−IB4レクチン染色で陽性であった。子ブタ761−1からの筋肉線維芽細胞のFACS分析は、GS−IB4結合についても陰性結果を示した。子ブタ761−1から得られた肝臓、腎臓、脾臓、皮膚、腸、筋肉、脳、心臓、膵臓、肺、大動脈、舌、臍および尾の組織セクションは、全てGS−IB4染色で陰性であり、これは、検出可能な細胞表面α1,3Galエピトープの完全な欠如を示す(図S3を含むPhelpsら,Science 299:411−414,2003)。
サザーンブロットによりクローン化されたGT−SKO雌および雄クローン化ブタが創製されたことが確認された。雄および雌へテロ接合体(単一遺伝子α1,3GTノックアウトブタ)は、天然交配によって、および人工授精(AI)によって交配させて、前臨床試験およびヒト臨床試験で用いるDKOブタの集団を創製した。
処理すべき生物学的組織をまず手に入れ、または前記したように、機能的α1,3GTが、例えば、ブタにおいて不活化された動物ドナーから収穫する。デルマトーム、または当業者に知られた他のデバイスを用い、皮膚組織をドナー動物から切り出す。該組織を、浸透圧、低酸素、自動溶解および蛋白質分解の分解を阻止し、妨げ、細菌汚染に対して保護し、起こり得る機械的損傷を低下させる安定化輸送溶液に入れる。安定化溶液は、一般に、本明細書中に記載するように、または当業者に知られているように、適切な緩衝液、1つまたは複数の抗酸化剤、1つまたは複数の腫膨剤抗生物質、1つまたは複数のプロテアーゼ阻害剤を含有する。
処理すべき生物学的組織をまず手に入れ、あるいは本明細書中に記載されたように機能的α1,3GTが不活化された動物ドナーから収穫する。適切な外科的技術を用い、靭帯組織をドナー動物から切り出す。最初の工程において、無傷靭帯を非−ヒト動物の膝から取り出す。靭帯の源として働く関節を新たに殺した動物から収集し、適切な滅菌等張または他の組織維持溶液に直ちに入れる。関節の収穫は動物の屠殺後できる限り早く行い、冷所において、すなわち、約5℃〜約20℃の近似的範囲において行って、靭帯組織の酵素分解を最小化する。靭帯は単独で収穫するか、靭帯は一旦または双方の端部に付着した骨のブロックと共に収穫する。直径がほぼ9〜10mmで長さが20〜40mmの円筒プラグを表す骨のブロックを靭帯に対して左に付着させる。靭帯を注意深く同定し、接着組織から切開して遊離させる。次いで、異種移植片を約10容量の滅菌冷水中で洗浄して、残存する血液蛋白質および水溶性物質を除去する。次いで、異種移植片を室温にて約5分間アルコールに浸漬させて、組織を滅菌し、非−コラーゲン性材料を除去する。
組織移植片材料は、α1,3GTのいずれの機能的発現も欠くブタのような動物に由来し、粘膜下組織を含み、十二指腸および回腸の間に伸びる小腸の一部である空腸のような小腸のセグメントから基底粘膜組織を離層させる。
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CN104721883A (zh) | 2015-06-24 |
HK1096555A1 (en) | 2007-06-08 |
US20150182664A1 (en) | 2015-07-02 |
CA2559720A1 (en) | 2005-09-29 |
ES2680569T3 (es) | 2018-09-10 |
AU2005223617A1 (en) | 2005-09-29 |
US20050260176A1 (en) | 2005-11-24 |
US20120282226A1 (en) | 2012-11-08 |
WO2005089411A2 (en) | 2005-09-29 |
DK1734814T3 (en) | 2015-04-07 |
KR20070002057A (ko) | 2007-01-04 |
EP2433492B1 (en) | 2018-04-25 |
CA2857051A1 (en) | 2005-09-29 |
WO2005089411A3 (en) | 2005-12-08 |
ES2537030T3 (es) | 2015-06-01 |
JP2013215615A (ja) | 2013-10-24 |
US10130737B2 (en) | 2018-11-20 |
EP2433492A1 (en) | 2012-03-28 |
AU2010200421A1 (en) | 2010-02-25 |
JP2020036923A (ja) | 2020-03-12 |
EP1734814B1 (en) | 2015-01-21 |
US8106251B2 (en) | 2012-01-31 |
EP1734814A2 (en) | 2006-12-27 |
US20190111180A1 (en) | 2019-04-18 |
JP2007529278A (ja) | 2007-10-25 |
AU2010200421B2 (en) | 2012-02-16 |
US10912863B2 (en) | 2021-02-09 |
EP1734814A4 (en) | 2009-08-26 |
NZ549953A (en) | 2010-11-26 |
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