JP2016063159A - 多接合型太陽電池 - Google Patents
多接合型太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2016063159A JP2016063159A JP2014191861A JP2014191861A JP2016063159A JP 2016063159 A JP2016063159 A JP 2016063159A JP 2014191861 A JP2014191861 A JP 2014191861A JP 2014191861 A JP2014191861 A JP 2014191861A JP 2016063159 A JP2016063159 A JP 2016063159A
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- solar cell
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 211
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 75
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 75
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 39
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- SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N selenium;zinc Chemical compound [Se]=[Zn] SBIBMFFZSBJNJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
なお、図面は模式的または概念的なものであり、各部分の厚みと幅との関係、部分間の大きさの比率などは、必ずしも現実のものと同一とは限らない。また、同じ部分を表す場合であっても、図面により互いの寸法や比率が異なって表される場合もある。
なお、本願明細書と各図において、既出の図に関して前述したものと同様の要素には同一の符号を付して詳細な説明は適宜省略する。
実施形態の多接合型太陽電池10は、図1に示すように、第1の太陽電池100と、絶縁層300と、第2の太陽電池200と、を備える。絶縁層300は、第1の太陽電池100と、第2の太陽電池200と、の間に存在する。実施形態では、2接合の太陽電池を例に挙げ説明する。但し、実施形態の多接合型太陽電池10は、3接合以上の太陽電池でもよい。第1の太陽電池100は、第2の太陽電池200と並列に接続される。
実施形態の下部電極111は、第1の光電変換素子110の電極であって、絶縁層300上に形成された導電性膜である。絶縁層300上に一体に形成された導電性膜は、例えば、スクライブによって、第1の光電変換素子110の素子数に応じた下部電極111に分割される。下部電極111としては、導電性と透光性とを有する膜を用いることができる。その中でも、下部電極111は、例えば、透明でかつ導電性を有する透明導電膜であれば何ら限定されるものではないが、ITO(酸化インジウムスズ((In,Sn)Ox):Indium Tin Oxide)膜を含んでいることが望ましい。実施形態では、下部電極111(透明電極)がITO電極である場合を例に挙げ説明する。但し、下部電極111(透明電極)は、ITO電極には限定されない。下部電極111の膜厚は、例えば、100ナノメートル(nm)以上1000nm以下である。下部電極111は、隣の上部電極113と接続される。下部電極111と上部電極113との接続によって、複数の第1の光電変換素子110は、互いに直列に接続される。
実施形態の光電変換層112は、p形化合物半導体層とn形化合物半導体層とがホモ接合した化合物半導体層や、p形化合物半導体層とn形バッファ層とがヘテロ接合した化合物半導体層である。下部電極111上に一体に形成された光電変換層112は、スクライブによって、第1の光電変換素子110の素子数に応じた光電変換層112に分割される。
実施形態の上部電極113は、太陽光のような光を透過し尚且つ導電性を有する膜である。光電変換層112上に一体に形成された上部電極113は、スクライブによって、第1の光電変換素子110の素子数に応じた上部電極113に分割される。上部電極113は、下部電極111と接続して、複数の第1の光電変換素子110を直列に接続する。
実施形態の窓層(図示せず)は、上部電極113と光電変換層112との間に設けられたi型の高抵抗(半絶縁)層である。窓層は、ZnO、MgO、(ZnaMg1−a)O、InaGabZncO、SnaO、InaSnbO、TiO2およびZrO2のうちのいずれかの化合物を含む層又は前記1種乃至複数種の化合物からなる層である。a、bおよびcは、それぞれ、0<a<1、0<b<1および0<c<1を満たすことが好ましい。
CVD法は、次の方法によって、窓層の酸化物薄膜を得る。光電変換層112まで形成した部材をチャンバーに導入して、加熱した状態にし、Zn、Mg、In、Ga、Sn、TiおよびZrのうちの少なくともいずれかを含む有機金属化合物と水等とをチャンバーに更に導入して、n形化合物半導体層上で反応させて、酸化物薄膜を得る。
スピンコート法は、次の方法によって、窓層の酸化物薄膜を得る。光電変換層112まで形成した部材上に、Zn、Mg、In、Ga、Sn、TiおよびZrのうちの少なくともいずれかを含む有機金属化合物又は酸化物粒子を含む溶液をスピンコート塗布する。塗布後、乾燥機で加熱又は反応させ、酸化物薄膜を得る。
ディップ法は、次の方法によって、窓層の酸化物薄膜を得る。スピンコート法と同様の溶液に、光電変換層112まで形成した部材のn形化合物半導体層側を浸す。所要時間後に溶液から、部材を引き上げる。引き上げ後、加熱又は反応させて、酸化物薄膜を得る。 蒸着法は、次の方法によって、窓層の化合物薄膜を得る。抵抗加熱、レーザー照射などで、窓層材料を昇華させ、酸化物薄膜を得る方法である。
スパッタ法は、ターゲットにプラズマを照射することで、窓層を得る方法である。
CVD法、スピンコート法、ディップ法、蒸着法、スパッタ法の中でも、スピンコート法およびディップ法は、光電変換層へのダメージが少ない成膜方法であり、光電変換層に再結合中心を生じさせない点で、高効率化の観点から好ましい製法である。
実施形態の中間層(図示せず)は、光電変換層112と上部電極113との間に又は光電変換層112と窓層との間に設けられた化合物薄膜層である。実施形態において、中間層を有する第1の光電変換素子110が好ましいが、中間層を省略してもよい。中間層は、ZnS、Zn(OαSβSe1−α−β)、Zn(OαS1−α)、(ZnβMg1−β)(OαS1−α)、(ZnβCdγMg1−β−γ)(OαS1−α)、CdS、Cd(OαS1−α)、(CdβMg1−β)S、(CdβMg1−β)(OαS1−α)、In2S3、In2(OαS1−α)、CaS、Ca(OαS1−α)、SrS、Sr(OαS1−α)、ZnSe、ZnIn2−δSe4−ε、ZnTe、CdTeおよびSi(α、β、γ、δおよびεは、それぞれ、0≦α≦1、0≦β≦1、0≦γ≦1、0≦δ≦2、0≦ε≦4およびβ+γ≦1を満たすことが好ましい。)のいずれかの化合物を含む薄膜又は前記1種乃至複数種の化合物からなる薄膜である。
実施形態の反射防止膜は、光電変換層112へ光を導入しやすくするための膜であって、上部電極113上に形成されている。反射防止膜としては、例えば、MgF2やマイクロレンズ(例えば、オプトメイト社製)を用いることが望ましい。反射防止膜の膜厚は、例えば、90nm以上120nm以下である。反射防止膜は、例えば、電子ビーム蒸着法により成膜することができる。市販のマイクロレンズを用いる場合は、そのマイクロレンズの厚さとなる。
第2の太陽電池200は、複数の第2の光電変換素子210を有する。第2の太陽電池200は、多接合型太陽電池10のボトムセルとなる。図1では、複数の第2の光電変換素子210が直列に接続されている。図1に表した第2の太陽電池200は、任意の数の第2の光電変換素子210が直列に接続された形態を有する。第2の光電変換素子210の数は、設計に応じる。
なお、図1では、説明の便宜上、隣り合う複数の第2の光電変換素子210同士の間に二点鎖線を描いている。但し、複数の第2の光電変換素子210は、物理的に分割されているわけではない。つまり、シリコン層211は、一体的に形成されている。
p+領域212およびn+領域213の形成方法については、イオン注入以外に熱拡散法などを用いることもコスト面から好ましい。
図2は、実施形態にかかる素子分離の形態を表す模式的平面図である。
なお、図2は、実施形態にかかる多接合型太陽電池を図1に表した矢視A1に方向にみたときの模式的平面図である。
図2では、第2の太陽電池200の4つの第2の光電変換素子210を素子分離する形態の多接合型太陽電池10aの概念図を示す。図2の多接合型太陽電池10aでは、隣り合う第2の光電変換素子210の間が電気的にほぼ遮断されている。言い換えれば、素子分離領域207では、隣り合う第2の光電変換素子210が互いに電気的に分離されており、物理的に分離されているわけではない。一般的なバックコンタクト方式のシリコン太陽電池では、1つのp電極214と1つのn電極215とが1組として存在する。例えば、図2に表した例において一般的なバックコンタクト方式のシリコン太陽電池を説明すると、複数のp電極214のうちで最も左側に配置された1つのp電極214と、複数のn電極215のうちで最も左側に配置された1つのn電極215と、が1組として存在し、左側の素子分離領域207においてシリコン層211が物理的に分離されている。この場合には、配線部217は、例えばリード線として設けられる。実施形態によれば、従来の製造においてセル毎に分割する工程が不要であり、さらに、分割され小片となったセルを取り扱う必要が無く、製造上も好ましい。
第1の実施例では、図2の概念図に示す形態の多接合型太陽電池10aを作製する。まず、絶縁層300の一部となるソーダライムガラス上に第1の太陽電池100を作製する。厚さ200nmのITO膜(下部電極111)が形成された1cm×1cmのソーダライムガラスを用い、光電変換層112となるCu0.85(In0.12Ga0.59Al0.29)(S0.1Se0.9)2薄膜を蒸着法(3段階法)により堆積する。まず、基板温度を300℃に加熱し、Al及びInとGaとSとSeを堆積する(第1段階目)。その後、基板温度を500℃まで加熱し、Cu及びSとSeを堆積する。吸熱反応の開始を確認し、一旦、Cuが過剰の組成でCuの堆積を停止する(第2段階目)。堆積停止直後、再びAl及びInとGaとSとSeを堆積する(第3段階目)ことで、Cu欠損状態になるようにAl又はIn又はGa等の第13族元素過剰組成にする。光電変換層112の膜厚は、約2000nm程度とする。
なお、同極の電極同士が対向している素子分離領域207における電極同士の距離D1は、より近い方が好ましい。しかしながら、電極同士の距離D1が所定の距離よりも近いとリーク電流が存在することがある。そのため、実施形態では、電極同士の距離D1は、リーク電流が存在しない距離とする。
素子分離を行わないこと、すなわち図2に示すような隣り合う2つの第2の光電変換素子210において、いずれか一方のn電極215は、いずれか他方のp電極214と配線部217により接続されていないこと以外は、第1の実施例と同様に多接合型太陽電池を作製する。第1の比較例の多接合型太陽電池についても、第1の実施例と同様に、開放電圧、短絡電流及び変換効率を測定する。測定した結果を表1に示す。
なお、電圧整合に限らず、電流整合も可能である。すなわち、電圧が等しくなるように素子を分割するのではなく、セル面積当たりに吸収するフォトン量が等しくなるように素子を分割することで電流整合も可能である。
図3では、多接合型太陽電池10bの概念図と回路とを併せて表している。
12cm×12cmの基板上に、スクライブによりITO電極(下部電極111)を20素子分に分割し、光電変換層112をITO電極上に堆積する。第1の光電変換素子110が20等分になるように光電変換層112をスクライブし、20の第1の光電変換素子110が直列に接続されるように上部電極113を形成し、スクライブしてから、さらに反射防止膜を形成して第1の光電変換素子110が20直列に接続した第1の太陽電池100を作製する。
第2の比較例では、下地のシリコン太陽電池を直列化しない。つまり、第2の太陽電池200において、素子分離を行わない。その他は、第2の実施例と同様に多接合型太陽電池を作製する。測定した結果を表3に示す。
図5は、実施形態にかかるさらに他の素子分離の形態を表す模式的平面図である。
なお、配線部217の下側を通過する領域は、n+領域213であってもよく、配線部217の下側を通過する電極は、n電極であってもよい。
図6に表した例では、第1の実施例と同様に多接合型太陽電池10eを作製する。図6に表したように、隣り合う2つの第2の光電変換素子210において、いずれか一方のn電極215は、いずれか他方のp電極214と配線部217により接続されている。
図8は、測定結果の例を表す表およびグラフ図である。
図9に表した例では、第1の実施例と同様に多接合型太陽電池10gを作製する。図7〜図8(b)に関して前述した測定結果に基づいて、図9に表した例では、p電極214は、n電極215の周囲を囲む配置パターンを有する。言い換えれば、p電極214は、電極が一周にわたって配置された一周電極パターンを有する。なお、p電極214ではなく、n電極215が一周電極パターンを有していてもよい。
なお、図9では、p電極214またはn電極215が一周電極パターンを有する場合を例示した。p電極214またはn電極215は、一周電極パターンではなく櫛形電極パターンを有していてもよい。この場合でも、変換効率を向上させることができる。
2cm×2cmの基板上に、スクライブによりITO電極(下部電極111)を4素子分に分割し、光電変換層112をITO電極上に堆積する。ITO電極の寸法L2(図1参照)は、光電変換層112の移動度などの関係上、例えば約5ミリメートル(mm)程度である。ITO電極の寸法L2は、第1の光電変換素子110の幅の寸法と等価である。光電変換層112として、CuGa(S,Se)2(以下必要により「CGSS」という。)のカルコパイライト化合物を用いる。
一方で、第1の太陽電池100が形成された状態での第2の太陽電池200単独で測定した開放電圧Vocは、4.7(V)である。第1の太陽電池100が形成された状態での第2の太陽電池200単独で測定した短絡電流密度Jscは、3.4(mA/cm2)である。
変換効率ηは27(%)となり、比較的高い変換効率を有する多接合型太陽電池が得られる。
変換効率ηは、26(%)となる。
図12は、図11に表した例における配線パターンを表す模式図である。
図11(a)は、実施形態にかかる第1の太陽電池100を表す模式的平面図である。図11(b)は、実施形態にかかる第2の太陽電池200を表す模式的平面図である。図11(c)は、参考例にかかる第2の太陽電池200aを表す模式的平面図である。図12(a)は、図11に表した例における配線パターンを表す模式的断面図である。図12(b)は、図11に表した例における配線パターンを表す模式的平面図である。
なお、図12(a)では、第2の太陽電池200を省略している。
より具体的には、12cm×12cmのシリコン層211が12枚使用された場合を例に挙げ説明する。
図11(a)に表したように、この場合において、第1の太陽電池100の一辺の長さは、400mmである。第1の太陽電池100の他の一辺の長さは、500mmである。
すなわち、図12(a)および図12(b)に表したように、33直列に接続された第1の光電変換素子110の群を2つ形成し、その2つの群を互いに並列接続する。図12(a)および図12(b)に表した境界部120では、隣り合う第1の光電変換素子110は、互いに電気的に切断されている。
Claims (10)
- 第1の光電変換素子を有する第1の太陽電池と、
直列に接続された複数の第2の光電変換素子を有し前記第1の太陽電池と並列に接続された第2の太陽電池と、
前記第1の太陽電池と前記第2の太陽電池との間に設けられた絶縁層と、
を備え、
前記第2の光電変換素子は、光入射面とは反対側の面を含むp+領域に接続されたp電極と、光入射面とは反対側の面を含むn+領域に接続されたn電極と、を有し、
前記複数の第2の光電変換素子が互いに隣り合う領域においては、前記p電極同士または前記n電極同士が対向する多接合型太陽電池。 - 前記第2の光電変換素子は、前記複数の第2の光電変換素子が互いに隣り合う領域において前記p電極と前記n電極とを互いに接続する配線部をさらに有する請求項1記載の多接合型太陽電池。
- 前記p+領域および前記n+領域のそれぞれは、櫛形の形状を有し、
前記p+領域は、前記n+領域と噛み合うように配置された請求項1または2に記載の多接合型太陽電池。 - 前記p電極および前記n電極のいずれか一方は、前記p電極および前記n電極のいずれか他方の周囲を囲むように配置された請求項1または2に記載の多接合型太陽電池。
- 前記第2の光電変換素子は、前記p+領域および前記n+領域を有するシリコン層と、前記配線部と前記シリコン層との間に設けられた絶縁膜と、を有し、
前記p電極または前記n電極は、前記配線部の下側を通過して配置された請求項2記載の多接合型太陽電池。 - 前記第2の太陽電池は、複数設けられ、
複数の前記シリコン層は、第1の方向において直列に接続され、
前記第1の方向において直列に接続された前記複数の前記シリコン層の群は、前記第1の方向とは異なる第2の方向において、前記第1の方向において直列に接続された前記複数の前記シリコン層の他の群と並列に接続された請求項5記載の多接合型太陽電池。 - 前記複数の第2の光電変換素子のうちの一部は、第1の方向において前記直列に接続され、
前記複数の第2の光電変換素子のうちの他の一部は、第1の方向とは異なる第2の方向において前記直列に接続された請求項1〜3のいずれか1つに記載の多接合型太陽電池。 - 前記第1の太陽電池は、複数の前記第1の光電変換素子を有し、
前記複数の前記第1の光電変換素子は、直列に接続された請求項1〜7のいずれか1つに記載の多接合型太陽電池。 - 前記第1の光電変換素子が有する光電変換層は、CuGa(S,Se)2を含み、
前記直列に接続された前記複数の前記第1の光電変換素子の群は、前記直列に接続された前記複数の前記第1の光電変換素子の他の群と並列に接続された請求項8記載の多接合型太陽電池。 - 前記第1の光電変換素子は、カルコパイライト化合物、ステナイト化合物、およびケステナイト化合物のうちのいずれかを含む請求項1〜9のいずれか1つに記載の多接合型太陽電池。
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