JP2015500002A - 抗体を精製する方法 - Google Patents
抗体を精製する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2015500002A JP2015500002A JP2014535821A JP2014535821A JP2015500002A JP 2015500002 A JP2015500002 A JP 2015500002A JP 2014535821 A JP2014535821 A JP 2014535821A JP 2014535821 A JP2014535821 A JP 2014535821A JP 2015500002 A JP2015500002 A JP 2015500002A
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2011年10月10日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/545,498号、および2012年2月14日に出願された同第61/598,686号、および2012年2月1日に出願された同第61/593,846号の利益を主張するものであり、また、2012年8月6日に出願された米国特許出願第13/568,028の一部継続出願でもある(参照により、それらの全体が本明細書に組み込まれる)。
抗体技術における継続的な問題は、一般に、2つの異なる抗原に同時に結合して、異なる抗原を近接させ、新しい機能性および新しい治療薬をもたらす「二重特異性」抗体への要望である。一般に、これらの抗体は、各重鎖および軽鎖の遺伝子を宿主細胞に含めることによって作製される。これにより、通常、所望のヘテロ二量体(A−B)ならびに2つのホモ二量体(A−AおよびB−B)が形成される。しかしながら、多重特異性抗体の形成における大きな障害は、ホモ二量体抗体からヘテロ二量体抗体を精製する際の困難性である。
ここには、いくつかの定義を記載する。そのような定義は、文法上の均等物を包含することが意図される。
本発明は、抗体、通常は治療用抗体のpI変異体の生成に関する。後述するように、用語「抗体」は一般的に使用される。本発明において使用される抗体は、従来の抗体、ならびに後述する抗体の誘導体、断片、および模倣物を含む、本明細書に記載されるような多くの形式をとることができる。一般に、本発明の目的のための用語「抗体」は、限定されないが、CH1、CH2、CH3、およびCLを含む、少なくとも1つの定常ドメインを含む任意のポリペプチドを含む。すなわち、定常領域のpIの改変は、多重特異性抗体を形成するための可変領域等の「従来の」抗体技術とともに用いることができるか、または該技術は、二重特異性結合タンパク質を作製するための融合パートナーとともに用いることができる。別途記載のない限り、「抗体」は、可変領域を含む融合パートナーを含む多重特異性タンパク質を作製するための、pIを改変した定常領域の使用を含む。
いくつかの実施形態において、抗体は、異なる種からの混合体、例えば、キメラ抗体および/またはヒト化抗体であってもよい。一般に、「キメラ抗体」および「ヒト化抗体」の両方は、1つより多くの種に由来する領域を組み合わせた抗体を指す。例えば、「キメラ抗体」は、従来、マウス(または場合によってはラット)由来の可変領域(複数可)と、ヒト由来の定常領域(複数可)とを含む。「ヒト化抗体」は、通常、可変ドメインフレームワーク領域を、ヒト抗体に見られる配列と交換した非ヒト抗体を指す。通常、ヒト化抗体では、CDRを除く全抗体が、ヒト由来のポリヌクレオチドによってコードされるか、またはそのCDR内を除いて、そのような抗体と同一である。非ヒト生物に由来する核酸によって一部または全部がコードされるCDRを、ヒト抗体可変領域のベータシートフレームワーク内に移植して抗体を作製し、移植されたCDRによってその特異性が決定される。そのような抗体の作製は、例えば、国際公開第WO92/11018号、Jones,1986、Nature 321:522−525、Verhoeyen et al、1988,Science 239:1534−1536(全て、参照により全体が組み込まれる)に記載されている。最初の移植構築物において失われた親和性を回復するために、選択されたアクセプターフレームワーク残基の対応するドナー残基への「逆変異」が必要であることが多い(米国特許第5530101号、同第5585089号、同第5693761号、同第5693762号、同第6180370号、同第5859205号、同第5821337号、同第6054297号、同第6407213号(全て、参照により全体が組み込まれる))。ヒト化抗体は、免疫グロブリンの定常領域(典型的にはヒト免疫グロブリンの定常領域である)の少なくとも一部も含むことが最適であり、よって、典型的にはヒトFc領域を含む。また、ヒト化抗体は、遺伝子組み換えした免疫系を有するマウスを用いて生成することもできる。Roque et al.,2004,Biotechnol.Prog.20:639−654(参照により全体が組み込まれる)。非ヒト抗体をヒト化および再形成するための様々な技術および方法が、当該技術において周知である(Tsurushita & Vasquez, 2004, Humanization of Monoclonal Antibodies Molecular Biology of B Cells,533−545,Elsevier Science (USA)、およびその中に引用される参考文献(全て、参照により全体が組み込まれる)を参照のこと)。ヒト化方法は、限定されないが、Jones et al.,1986,Nature 321:522−525;Riechmann et al.,1988;Nature332:323−329;Verhoeyen et al.,1988,Science,239:1534−1536;Queen et al.,1989,Proc Natl Acad Sci,USA 86:10029−33;He et al.,1998,J.Immunol.160:1029−1035;Carter et al.,1992,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:4285−9,Presta et al.,1997,Cancer Res.57(20):4593−9;Gorman et al.,1991,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 88:4181−4185;O’Connor et al.,1998,Protein Eng 11:321−8(全て、参照により全体が組み込まれる)に記載される方法を含む。ヒト化方法、または非ヒト抗体の可変領域の免疫原性を減少させる他の方法は、例えば、Roguska et al.,1994,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 91:969−973(参照により全体が組み込まれる)に記載されるような表面再処理方法を含み得る。一実施形態において、親抗体は、当該技術分野において周知のように、親和性成熟されている。ヒト化および親和性成熟には、たとえば米国特許出願第11/004,590号に記載されるような構造に基づく方法が利用されてもよい。限定されないが、Wu et al.,1999,J.Mol.Biol.294:151−162;Baca et al.,1997,J.Biol.Chem.272(16):10678−10684;Rosok et al.,1996,J.Biol.Chem.271(37):22611−22618;Rader et al.,1998,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 95:8910−8915;Krauss et al.,2003,Protein Engineering16(10):753−759(全て、参照により全体が組み込まれる)に記載される方法を含む選択に基づく方法を利用して、抗体の可変領域をヒト化および/または親和性成熟させてもよい。限定されないが、米国特許出願第09/810,510;Tan et al.,2002,J.Immunol.169:1119−1125;De Pascalis et al.,2002,J.Immunol.169:3076−3084(全て、参照により全体が組み込まれる)に記載される方法を含む他のヒト化方法は、CDRの一部分のみの移植を伴う場合がある。
したがって、本発明は、第1のドメインとして変異体重鎖定常領域を含む単量体の使用に基づいて、ヘテロ二量体タンパク質を提供する。本明細書における「単量体」は、ヘテロ二量体タンパク質の半分を意味する。抗体は、実際には四量体(2つの重鎖および2つの軽鎖)であることに留意されたい。本発明の文脈において、1セットの重鎖−軽鎖が「単量体」であるとみなされる。同様に、一本鎖Fv領域(scFv)を有する重鎖定常領域もまた「単量体」であるとみなされる。Fv領域が一方の融合パートナー(例えば、重鎖および軽鎖)であり、非抗体タンパク質がもう一方の融合パートナーである場合、各「半分」が「単量体」であるとみなされる。
本明細書に記載されるように、本発明のいくつかの実施形態は、2つの異なる重鎖pI変異体、例えば、一緒になって、ホモ二量体のいずれかと異なるpIを有するヘテロ二量体を形成する、2つの異なる単量体の使用を含む。
いくつかの実施形態において、pI変異体は、IgG抗体の少なくとも軽鎖ドメインにおいて作製される。この実施形態において、突然変異は、126、145、152、156、169、199、202、および207位から独立してかつ任意選択的に選択することができる。これらの8個の位置の全ての可能な組み合わせを作製することができる。例えば、pI抗体は、1、2、3、4、5、6、7個の軽鎖定常ドメインのpI突然変異を有してもよい。さらに、本明細書に記載されるように、任意の単一のまたは組み合わせたCLドメイン突然変異を、任意の重鎖定常ドメインpI変異体と組み合わせることができる。
さらに、本発明の多くの実施形態は、あるIgGアイソタイプから別のIgGアイソタイプへの、特定の位置におけるよりpIアミノ酸の「組み込み」に依存しており、そうすることで、不要な免疫原性が変異体に導入される可能性を減少させるかまたは排除する。すなわち、高いエフェクター機能を含む様々な理由のために、IgG1は、治療用抗体のための一般的なアイソタイプである。しかしながら、IgG1の重鎖定常領域は、IgG2の重鎖定常領域よりも高いpIを有する(8.10対7.31)。IgG1骨格の特定の位置にIgG2残基を導入することにより、結果として得られる単量体のpIが低下し(または増加し)、付加的により長い血清半減期を示す。例えば、IgG1は137位にグリシン(pI5.97)を有し、IgG2はグルタミン酸(pI3.22)を有する:グルタミン酸を組み込むことは、結果として得られるタンパク質のpIに影響を与える。後述するように、多くのアミノ酸置換が、通常、変異体抗体のpIに著しい影響を与えることが要求される。しかしながら、後述するように、たとえIgG2分子における変化であっても血清半減期の増加を可能にすることに留意されたい。
各単量体のpIは、変異体重鎖定常ドメインのpIと、変異体重鎖定常ドメインおよび融合パートナーを含む全単量体のpIとに依存し得る。よって、いくつかの実施形態において、pIの変化は、図中のチャートを使用して、変異体重鎖定常ドメインに基づいて計算される。代替として、各単量体のpIを比較することもできる。
図37に示すように、多くのpI抗体が、重鎖および軽鎖のpI変異体を用いて作製された。本明細書に概説されるように、また本発明に含まれることが具体的に意図されるように、図37および配列表に示される任意のpIを改変した重鎖を、野生型軽鎖定常ドメインまたはpIを改変軽鎖定常ドメインのいずれとも組み合わせることができる。同様に、たとえ図37に具体的に示されていない場合であっても、pIを改変した軽鎖定常ドメインを、野生型重鎖定常ドメインまたはpIを改変した重鎖定常ドメインのいずれとも組み合わせることができる。すなわち、「HCの名称」および「LCの名称」のカラムは、全ての可能な組み合わせを含むマトリックスを形成することを意味する。
本発明のpI抗体は、変化したpIを有する異なる重鎖ドメインを有するため、結果としてヘテロ二量体抗体の精製がしやすい。一般に、少なくとも0.1〜0.5logの差(例えば、pHポイントの10%〜半分に相当する)がこの精製の利点を可能にし、少なくとも約1、1.5、2、2.5、および3の変化が本発明において特に使用される。当該技術分野で周知のように、pIは、計算することができるか、または経験的に決定することができるかのいずれかである。さらに、5.0〜5.5〜6の範囲に及ぶpIを有するpI抗体が、良好な長期の血清半減期を示すと考えられる。当業者には理解されるように、また図30に示すように、これよりも低いpIを達成することは、ますます多くの突然変異が必要であり、物理的限界に達するため、困難である。
当業者には理解されるように、本発明のpI抗体は、pI変異体に加えてさらなるアミノ酸置換を含むことができる。
上述のpI変異体に加えて、立体変異体の付加により、ヘテロ二量体の形成を促進することができる。すなわち、各重鎖においてアミノ酸を変更することにより、異なる重鎖は、同じFcアミノ酸配列を有するホモ二量体を形成するよりも、ヘテロ二量体構造を形成するために会合する確率が高い。よって、ここでも同様に、pI精製変異体の場合、これらの変異体は、「対」または「セット」として使用されることが意図され、1つの重鎖は、1セットの置換を含むように変更され、他方の鎖は、対応するセットを含むように変更される。
FcRnの修飾
いくつかの実施形態において、本発明のpI変異体は、FcRn結合ドメインのアミノ酸置換と組み合わせることができる。驚くべきことに、本発明は、pI変異体を、良好な二重特異性の形成、FcRn受容体へのより高い結合性、および半減期の増加をもたらすFc変異体と、独立してかつ任意選択的に組み合わせることができることを示す。
FcRnへの結合親和性を増加させるためおよび/または血清半減期を増加させるために行われる置換に加えて、概してFcγR受容体への結合を変化させるようにFc領域において他の置換を行うことができる。
親和性成熟
いくつかの実施形態において、アミノ酸修飾は、抗体のCDRのうちの1つ以上において行われる。一般に、いずれか1つのCDRにおいて、1個または2個または3個のアミノ酸のみが置換され、通常、CDRのセット内で多くても4、5、6、7、8、9、または10個の変更が行われる。しかしながら、いずれのCDRにおいても、ゼロ個の置換、1個、2個、または3個の置換の任意の組み合わせが、いずれの他の置換とも独立してかつ任意選択的に組み合わされてもよいことを認識されたい。
いくつかの実施形態において、本発明のpI抗体は、抗体−薬物コンジュゲート(ADC)を形成するように薬物と複合体化される。一般に、ADCは、腫瘍学用途において用いられ、細胞傷害性剤または細胞静止剤を局所送達するための抗体−薬物コンジュゲートの使用により、薬物部分の腫瘍への標的送達が可能となり、より高い有効性、より低い細胞毒性等を実現することができる。この技術の概要は、Ducry et al.,Bioconjugate Chem.,21:5−13(2010)、Carter et al.,Cancer J.14(3):154(2008)、およびSenter,Current Opin.Chem.Biol.13:235−244(2009)(これは全て、参照によりそれらの全体が本明細書に組み込まれる)に提供される。
メイタンシノイド薬物部分として使用するのに好適なメイタンシン化合物は、当該技術分野で周知であり、既知の方法に従って天然の源から単離することができ、遺伝子工学技術を用いて生成することができる(Yu et al(2002)PNAS99:7968−7973を参照)か、または既知の方法に従って合成的に調製されたメイタンシノールおよびメイタンシノール類似体であってもよい。後述するように、薬物は、抗体への複合体化のために、チオールまたはアミン基等の機能的に活性な基の組み込みによって修飾されてもよい。
いくつかの実施形態において、ADCは、ドラスタチンまたはドラスタチンペプチド類似体および誘導体であるアウリスタチンと複合体化されたpI抗体を含む(米国特許第5,635,483号;同第5,780,588号)。ドラスタチンおよびアウリスタチンは、微小管の動態、GTP加水分解、ならびに核および細胞の分裂に干渉すること(Woyke et al(2001)Antimicrob.Agents and Chemother.45(12):3580−3584)、抗癌活性(米国特許第5,663,149号)および抗真菌活性(Pettit et al (1998)Antimicrob.Agents Chemother.42:2961−2965)を有することが示されている。ドラスタチンまたはアウリスタチン薬物部分は、ペプチド薬物部分のN(アミノ)末端またはC(カルボキシル)末端を介して抗体に付着してもよい(国際公開第WO02/088172号)。
他の実施形態において、ADCは、1つ以上のカリチアマイシン分子と複合体化された本発明の抗体を含む。例えば、Mylotargは、最初に市販されたADC薬物であり、カリチアマイシンγ1をペイロードとして用いる(参照によりその全体が組み込まれる米国特許第4,970,198号を参照のこと)。さらなるカリチアマイシン誘導体は、米国特許第5,264,586号、同第5,384,412号、同第5,550,246号、同第5,739,116号、同第5,773,001号、同第5,767,285号、同第5,877,296号(参照により全て明示的に組み込まれる)に記載される。カリチアマイシンファミリーの抗生物質は、ピコモル濃度未満で二本鎖DNAの切断を生じさせることができる。カリチアマイシンファミリーのコンジュゲートの調製については、米国特許第5,712,374号、同第5,714,586号、同第5,739,116号、同第5,767,285号、同第5,770,701号、同第5,770,710号、同第5,773,001号、同第5,877,296号(全てAmerican Cyanamid Company)を参照のこと。使用され得るカリチアマイシンの構造的類似体は、限定されないが、γ1I、α2I、α2I、N−アセチル−γ1I、PSAG、およびθI1を含む(Hinman et al.,Cancer Research 53:3336−3342(1993),Lode et al.,Cancer Research 58:2925−2928(1998)およびAmerican Cyanamidに対する前述の米国特許)。抗体を複合体化させることができる別の抗腫瘍薬は、葉酸代謝拮抗剤であるQFAである。カリチアマイシンおよびQFAは、どちらも細胞内の作用部位を有し、形質膜を容易に横断しない。したがって、抗体媒介性の内部移行によるこれらの薬剤の細胞取込みは、これらの細胞毒性効果を大きく増強する。
CC−1065(参照により組み込まれる4,169,888を参照)およびデュオカルマイシンは、ADCに用いられる抗腫瘍性抗生物質のファミリーのメンバーである。これらの抗生物質は、副溝内のアデニンのN3でDNAを配列選択的にアルキル化し、アポトーシスを引き起こす事象のカスケードを開始することによって作用すると考えられる。
本発明の抗体と複合体化させることができる他の抗腫瘍剤は、BCNU、ストレプトゾイシン、ビンクリスチン、および5−フルオロウラシル、米国特許第5,053,394号、同第5,770,710号に記載される集合的にLL−E33288複合体として知られる薬剤のファミリー、ならびにエスペラミシン(米国特許第5,877,296号)を含む。
典型的には、抗体−薬物コンジュゲート化合物は、薬物単位と抗体単位との間にリンカー単位を含む。いくつかの実施形態において、リンカーの切断により、適切な環境において抗体から薬物単位が放出されるように、リンカーは、細胞内または細胞外条件下で切断可能である。例えば、特定のプロテアーゼを分泌する固体腫瘍は、切断可能なリンカーの標的として機能し得、他の実施形態において、細胞内プロテアーゼが用いられる。さらに他の実施形態において、リンカー単位は切断可能ではなく、薬物は、例えば、リソソームにおける抗体の分解によって放出される。
薬物負荷は、pによって表され、分子中の抗体当たりの薬物部分の平均数である。薬物負荷(「p」)は、抗体当たり1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20個またはそれ以上の部分(D)であり得るが、平均数は高い頻度で分数または小数である。通常、1〜4の薬物負荷が有用であることが多く、また1〜2も有用である。本発明のADCは、1〜20個に及ぶ薬物部分と複合体化された抗体の集合を含む。複合体化反応からのADCの調製における抗体当たりの薬物部分の平均数は、質量分析法およびELISAアッセイ等の従来の手段によって特徴付けることができる。
薬物または抗体−薬物コンジュゲートが、細胞に対して細胞静止作用および/または細胞傷害作用を発揮するかどうかを確認する方法は既知である。一般に、抗体薬物コンジュゲートの細胞傷害活性または細胞静止活性は、抗体薬物コンジュゲートの標的タンパク質を発現する哺乳類細胞を細胞培養培地に曝露し、約6時間〜約5日の期間細胞を培養し、細胞生存率を測定することによって測定することができる。細胞ベースのin vitroアッセイを用いて、生存率(増殖)、細胞傷害性、および抗体薬物コンジュゲートのアポトーシスの誘導(カスパーゼ活性化)を測定することができる。
別の種類の共有結合修飾は、グリコシル化における変化である。別の実施形態において、本明細書に開示される抗体は、1つ以上の改変されたグリコフォームを含むように修飾することができる。本明細書において使用される「改変されたグリコフォーム」は、抗体に共有結合的に付着した炭水化物組成物を意味し、前記炭水化物組成物は、親抗体の組成物とは化学的に異なる。改変されたグリコフォームは、限定されないが、エフェクター機能の増強または低減を含む、様々な目的に有用であり得る。改変されたグリコフォームの好ましい形態は脱フコシル化であり、恐らくはFcγRIIIa受容体へのより密接な結合によって、ADCC機能の増加と相関することが示されている。この文脈において、「脱フコシル化」とは、宿主細胞において生成される抗体の大半が実質的にフコースに欠けており、例えば、生成された抗体の90−95−98%が、抗体の炭水化物部分(通常、Fc領域のN297に付着する)の成分として認識できるフコースを有しないことを意味する。機能的に定義すると、脱フコシル化された抗体は、通常、FcγRIIIa受容体に対して少なくとも50%またはそれよりも高い親和性を示す。
本発明には、本発明のpI抗体をコードする核酸が含まれる。重鎖および軽鎖の両方の定常ドメインがpI抗体に含まれる場合、通常、これらは、四量体構造の抗体を生成するために標準的な宿主細胞(例えば、CHO細胞等)内に組み合わされる、各々をコードする核酸を用いて作製される。唯一のpIを改変した定常ドメインが作製される場合、単一の核酸のみが用いられる。
当業者には理解されるように、多様な抗原結合ドメイン、例えば、Fv領域が、本発明において使用されてもよい。限定されないが、サイトカイン等の可溶性因子および膜結合因子の両方を含む以下に列挙する標的抗原に属する、タンパク質、サブ単位、ドメイン、部分、および/またはエピトープを含む、実質的にいずれの抗原がIgG変異体によって標的とされてもよい:膜貫通受容体:17−IA、4−1BB、4Dc、6−ケト−PGF1a、8−イソ−PGF2a、8−オキソ−dG、A1アデノシン受容体、A33、ACE、ACE−2、アクチビン、アクチビンA、アクチビンAB、アクチビンB、アクチビンC、アクチビンRIA、アクチビンRIA ALK−2、アクチビンRIB ALK−4、アクチビンRIIA、アクチビンRIIB、ADAM、ADAM10、ADAM12、ADAM15、ADAM17/TACE、ADAM8、ADAM9、ADAMTS、ADAMTS4、ADAMTS5、アドレシン、aFGF、ALCAM、ALK、ALK−1、ALK−7、α−1−アンチトリプシン、α−V/β−1アンタゴニスト、ANG、Ang、APAF−1、APE、APJ、APP、APRIL、AR、ARC、ART、アルテミン、抗Id、ASPARTIC、心房性ナトリウム利尿因子、av/b3インテグリン、Axl、b2M、B7−1、B7−2、B7−H、Bリンパ球刺激因子(BlyS)、BACE、BACE−1、Bad、BAFF、BAFF−R、Bag−1、BAK、Bax、BCA−1、BCAM、Bcl、BCMA、BDNF、b−ECGF、bFGF、BID、Bik、BIM、BLC、BL−CAM、BLK、BMP、BMP−2 BMP−2a、BMP−3オステオゲニン、BMP−4 BMP−2b、BMP−5、BMP−6 Vgr−1、BMP−7(OP−1)、BMP−8(BMP−8a、OP−2)、BMPR、BMPR−IA(ALK−3)、BMPR−IB(ALK−6)、BRK−2、RPK−1、BMPR−II(BRK−3)、BMPs、b−NGF、BOK、ボンベシン、骨由来神経栄養因子、BPDE、BPDE−DNA、BTC、補体因子3(C3)、C3a、C4、C5、C5a、C10、CA125、CAD−8、カルシトニン、cAMP、癌胎児抗原(CEA)、癌関連抗原、カテプシンA、カテプシンB、カテプシンC/DPPI、カテプシンD、カテプシンE、カテプシンH、カテプシンL、カテプシンO、カテプシンS、カテプシンV、カテプシンX/Z/P、CBL、CCI、CCK2、CCL、CCL1、CCL11、CCL12、CCL13、CCL14、CCL15、CCL16、CCL17、CCL18、CCL19、CCL2、CCL20、CCL21、CCL22、CCL23、CCL24、CCL25、CCL26、CCL27、CCL28、CCL3、CCL4、CCL5、CCL6、CCL7、CCL8、CCL9/10、CCR、CCR1、CCR10、CCR10、CCR2、CCR3、CCR4、CCR5、CCR6、CCR7、CCR8、CCR9、CD1、CD2、CD3、CD3E、CD4、CD5、CD6、CD7、CD8、CD10、CD11a、CD11b、CD11c、CD13、CD14、CD15、CD16、CD18、CD19、CD20、CD21、CD22、CD23、CD25、CD27L、CD28、CD29、CD30、CD30L、CD32、CD33(p67タンパク質)、CD34、CD38、CD40、CD40L、CD44、CD45、CD46、CD49a、CD52、CD54、CD55、CD56、CD61、CD64、CD66e、CD74、CD80(B7−1)、CD89、CD95、CD123、CD137、CD138、CD140a、CD146、CD147、CD148、CD152、CD164、CEACAM5、CFTR、cGMP、CINC、ボツリヌス菌毒素、ウェルシュ菌毒素、CKb8−1、CLC、CMV、CMV UL、CNTF、CNTN−1、COX、C−Ret、CRG−2、CT−1、CTACK、CTGF、CTLA−4、CX3CL1、CX3CR1、CXCL、CXCL1、CXCL2、CXCL3、CXCL4、CXCL5、CXCL6、CXCL7、CXCL8、CXCL9、CXCL10、CXCL11、CXCL12、CXCL13、CXCL14、CXCL15、CXCL16、CXCR、CXCR1、CXCR2、CXCR3、CXCR4、CXCR5、CXCR6、サイトケラチン腫瘍関連抗原、DAN、DCC、DcR3、DC−SIGN、崩壊促進因子、des(1−3)−IGF−I(脳IGF−1)、Dhh、ジゴキシン、DNAM−1、デオキシリボヌクレアーゼ、Dpp、DPPIV/CD26、Dtk、ECAD、EDA、EDA−A1、EDA−A2、EDAR、EGF、EGFR(ErbB−1)、EMA、EMMPRIN、ENA、エンドセリン受容体、エンケファリナーゼ、eNOS、Eot、エオタキシン1、EpCAM、エフリンB2/EphB4、EPO、ERCC、E−セレクチン、ET−1、ファクターIIa、ファクターVII、ファクターVIIIc、ファクターIX、線維芽細胞活性化タンパク質(FAP)、Fas、FcR1、FEN−1、フェリチン、FGF、FGF−19、FGF−2、FGF3、FGF−8、FGFR、FGFR−3、フィブリン、FL、FLIP、Flt−3、Flt−4、卵胞刺激ホルモン、フラクタルカイン、FZD1、FZD2、FZD3、FZD4、FZD5、FZD6、FZD7、FZD8、FZD9、FZD10、G250、Gas6、GCP−2、GCSF、GD2、GD3、GDF、GDF−1、GDF−3(Vgr−2)、GDF−5(BMP−14、CDMP−1)、GDF−6(BMP−13、CDMP−2)、GDF−7(BMP−12、CDMP−3)、GDF−8(ミオスタチン)、GDF−9、GDF−15(MIC−1)、GDNF、GDNF、GFAP、GFRa−1、GFR−α1、GFR−α2、GFR−α3、GITR、グルカゴン、Glut4、糖タンパク質IIb/IIIa(GP IIb/IIIa)、GM−CSF、gp130、gp72、GRO、成長ホルモン放出因子、ハプテン(NP−capもしくはNIP−cap)、HB−EGF、HCC、HCMV gB外被糖タンパク質、HCMV)gH外被糖タンパク質、HCMV UL、造血成長因子(HGF)、Hep B gp120、ヘパラナーゼ、Her2、Her2/neu(ErbB−2)、Her3(ErbB−3)、Her4(ErbB−4)、単純ヘルペスウイルス(HSV)gB糖タンパク質、HSV gD糖タンパク質、HGFA、高分子量メラノーマ関連抗原(HMW−MAA)、HIV gp120、HIV IIIB gp120V3ループ、HLA、HLA−DR、HM1.24、HMFG PEM、HRG、Hrk、ヒト心筋ミオシン、ヒトサイトメガウイルス(HCMV)、ヒト成長ホルモン(HGH)、HVEM、I−309、IAP、ICAM、ICAM−1、ICAM−3、ICE、ICOS、IFNg、Ig、IgA受容体、IgE、IGF、IGF結合タンパク質、IGF−1R、IGFBP、IGF−I、IGF−II、IL、IL−1、IL−1R、IL−2、IL−2R、IL−4、IL−4R、IL−5、IL−5R、IL−6、IL−6R、IL−8、IL−9、IL−10、IL−12、IL−13、IL−15、IL−18、IL−18R、IL−23、インターフェロン(INF)−α、INF−β、INF−γ、インヒビン、iNOS、インスリンA鎖、インスリンB鎖、インスリン様成長因子1、インテグリンα2、インテグリンα3、インテグリンα4、インテグリンα4/β1、インテグリンα4/β7、インテグリンα5(αV)、インテグリンα5/β1、インテグリンα5/β3、インテグリンα6、インテグリンβ1、インテグリンβ2、インターフェロンγ、IP−10、I−TAC、JE、カリクレイン2、カリクレイン5、カリクレイン6、、カリクレイン11、カリクレイン12、カリクレイン14、カリクレイン15、カリクレインL1、カリクレインL2、カリクレインL3、カリクレインL4、KC、KDR、ケラチノサイト増殖因子(KGF)、ラミニン5、LAMP、LAP、LAP(TGF−1)、潜在型TGF−1、潜在型TGF−1 bp1、LBP、LDGF、LECT2、レフティー、ルイス−Y抗原、ルイス−Y関連抗原、LFA−1、LFA−3、Lfo、LIF、LIGHT、リポタンパク質、LIX、LKN、Lptn、L−セレクチン、LT−a、LT−b、LTB4、LTBP−1、肺表面活性剤、黄体ホルモン、リンホトキシンβ受容体、Mac−1、MAdCAM、MAG、MAP2、MARC、MCAM、MCAM、MCK−2、MCP、M−CSF、MDC、Mer、METALLOプロテアーゼ、MGDF受容体、MGMT、MHC(HLA−DR)、MIF、MIG、MIP、MIP−1−α、MK、MMAC1、MMP、MMP−1、MMP−10、MMP−11、MMP−12、MMP−13、MMP−14、MMP−15、MMP−2、MMP−24、MMP−3、MMP−7、MMP−8、MMP−9、MPIF、Mpo、MSK、MSP、ムチン(Muc1)、MUC18、ミュラー管抑制因子、Mug、MuSK、NAIP、NAP、NCAD、N−カドヘリン、NCA90、NCAM、NCAM、ネプリライシン、ニューロトロフィン−3,−4、または−6、ニュールツリン、神経成長因子(NGF)、NGFR、NGF−β、nNOS、NO、NOS、Npn、NRG−3、NT、NTN、OB、OGG1、OPG、OPN、OSM、OX40L、OX40R、p150、p95、PADPr、副甲状腺ホルモン、PARC、PARP、PBR、PBSF、PCAD、P−カドヘリン、PCNA、PDGF、PDGF、PDK−1、PECAM、PEM、PF4、PGE、PGF、PGI2、PGJ2、PIN、PLA2、胎盤性アルカリホスファターゼ(PLAP)、PlGF、PLP、PP14、プロインスリン、プロレラキシン、プロテインC、PS、PSA、PSCA、前立腺特異的膜抗原(PSMA)、PTEN、PTHrp、Ptk、PTN、R51、RANK、RANKL、RANTES、RANTES、レラキシンA鎖、レラキシンB鎖、レニン、呼吸器多核体ウイルス(RSV)F、RSV Fgp、Ret、リウマトイド因子、RLIP76、RPA2、RSK、S100、SCF/KL、SDF−1、SERINE、血清アルブミン、sFRP−3、Shh、SIGIRR、SK−1、SLAM、SLPI、SMAC、SMDF、SMOH、SOD、SPARC、Stat、STEAP、STEAP−II、TACE、TACI、TAG−72(腫瘍関連糖タンパク質−72)、TARC、TCA−3、T−cell受容体(例えば、T細胞受容体α/β)、TdT、TECK、TEM1、TEM5、TEM7、TEM8、TERT、精巣PLAP様アルカリホスファターゼ、TfR、TGF、TGF−α、TGF−β、TGF−β汎特異的、TGF−β RI(ALK−5)、TGF−β RII、TGF−β RIIb、TGF−β RIII、TGF−β1、TGF−β2、TGF−β3、TGF−β4、TGF−β5、トロンビン、胸腺Ck−1、甲状腺刺激ホルモン、Tie、TIMP、TIQ、組織因子、TMEFF2、Tmpo、TMPRSS2、TNF、TNF−α、TNF−αβ、TNF−β2、TNFc、TNF−RI、TNF−RII、TNFRSF10A(TRAIL R1 Apo−2、DR4)、TNFRSF10B(TRAIL R2 DR5、KILLER、TRICK−2A、TRICK−B)、TNFRSF10C(TRAIL R3 DcR1、LIT、TRID)、TNFRSF10D(TRAIL R4 DcR2、TRUNDD)、TNFRSF11A(RANK ODF R、TRANCE R)、TNFRSF11B(OPG OCIF、TR1)、TNFRSF12(TWEAK R FN14)、TN
FRSF13B(TACI)、TNFRSF13C(BAFF R)、TNFRSF14(HVEM ATAR、HveA、LIGHT R、TR2)、TNFRSF16(NGFR p75NTR)、TNFRSF17(BCMA)、TNFRSF18(GITR AITR)、TNFRSF19(TROY TAJ、TRADE)、TNFRSF19L(RELT)、TNFRSF1A(TNF RI CD120a、p55−60)、TNFRSF1B(TNF RII CD120b、p75−80)、TNFRSF26(TNFRH3)、TNFRSF3(LTbR TNF RIII、TNFC R)、TNFRSF4(OX40 ACT35、TXGP1 R)、TNFRSF5(CD40 p50)、TNFRSF6(Fas Apo−1、APT1、CD95)、TNFRSF6B(DcR3 M68、TR6)、TNFRSF7(CD27)、TNFRSF8(CD30)、TNFRSF9(4−1BB CD137、ILA)、TNFRSF21(DR6)、TNFRSF22(DcTRAIL R2 TNFRH2)、TNFRST23(DcTRAIL R1 TNFRH1)、TNFRSF25(DR3 Apo−3、LARD、TR−3、TRAMP、WSL−1)、TNFSF10(TRAIL Apo−2リガンド、TL2)、TNFSF11(TRANCE/RANKリガンドODF、OPGリガンド)、TNFSF12(TWEAK Apo−3リガンド、DR3リガンド)、TNFSF13(APRIL TALL2)、TNFSF13B(BAFF BLYS、TALL1、THANK、TNFSF20)、TNFSF14(LIGHT HVEMリガンド、LTg)、TNFSF15(TL1A/VEGI)、TNFSF18(GITRリガンドAITRリガンド、TL6)、TNFSF1A(TNF−aコネクチン、DIF、TNFSF2)、TNFSF1B(TNF−b LTa、TNFSF1)、TNFSF3(LTb TNFC、p33)、TNFSF4(OX40リガンド gp34、TXGP1)、TNFSF5(CD40リガンド CD154、gp39、HIGM1、IMD3、TRAP)、TNFSF6(Fasリガンド Apo−1リガンド、APT1リガンド)、TNFSF7(CD27リガンド CD70)、TNFSF8(CD30リガンド CD153)、TNFSF9(4−1BBリガンド CD137リガンド)、TP−1、t−PA、Tpo、TRAIL、TRAIL R、TRAIL−R1、TRAIL−R2、TRANCE、トランスフェリン受容体、TRF、Trk、TROP−2、TSG、TSLP、腫瘍関連抗原 CA 125、腫瘍関連抗原を発現するルイスY関連炭水化物、TWEAK、TXB2、Ung、uPAR、uPAR−1、ウロキナーゼ、VCAM、VCAM−1、VECAD、VE−カドヘリン、VE−カドヘリン−2、VEFGR−1(flt−1)、VEGF、VEGFR、VEGFR−3(flt−4)、VEGI、VIM、ウイルス抗原、VLA、VLA−1、VLA−4、VNRインテグリン、フォン・ヴィルブランド因子、WIF−1、WNT1、WNT2、WNT2B/13、WNT3、WNT3A、WNT4、WNT5A、WNT5B、WNT6、WNT7A、WNT7B、WNT8A、WNT8B、WNT9A、WNT9A、WNT9B、WNT10A、WNT10B、WNT11、WNT16、XCL1、XCL2、XCR1、XCR1、XEDAR、XIAP、XPD、ならびにホルモンおよび成長因子の受容体。
いくつかの実施形態において、本明細書に記載されるpIの改変は、治療用抗体に対して行われる。臨床試験または開発における使用が承認されている多くの抗体は、本発明のpI変異体の恩恵を受け得る。これらの抗体は、本明細書において「臨床用製品および候補」と称される。よって、好ましい実施形態において、本発明のpIを改変した定常領域(複数可)は、幅広い臨床用製品および候補に用いることができる。例えば、CD20を標的とする多くの抗体は、本発明のpIの改変の恩恵を受け得る。例えば、本発明のpI変異体は、非ホジキンリンパ腫を治療するために承認されたキメラ抗CD20抗体であるリツキシマブ(Rituxan(登録商標)、IDEC/Genentech/Roche)(例えば米国特許第5,736,137号を参照のこと);Genmabが現在開発中の抗CD20であるHuMax−CD20、米国特許第5,500,362号に記載される抗CD20抗体、AME−133(Applied Molecular Evolution)、hA20(Immunomedics,Inc.)、HumaLYM(Intracel)、およびPRO70769(国際公開特許PCT/米国特許出願第2003/040426号、表題「Immunoglobulin Variants and Uses Thereof」)と実質的に同様の抗体に使用され得る。EGFR(ErbB−1)、Her2/neu(ErbB−2)、Her3(ErbB−3)、Her4(ErbB−4)を含む上皮成長因子受容体のファミリーのメンバーを標的とする多くの抗体は、本発明のpIを改変した定常領域(複数可)の恩恵を受け得る。例えば、本発明のpIを改変した定常領域(複数可)は、トラスツズマブ(Herceptin(登録商標)、Genentech)(例えば米国特許第5,677,171号を参照)、乳癌を治療するために承認されたヒト化抗Her2/neu抗体;Genentechが現在開発中のペルツズマブ(rhuMab−2C4、Omnitarg(商標);米国特許第4,753,894号に記載の抗Her2抗体;セツキシマブ(Erbitux(登録商標)、Imclone)(米国特許第4,943,533号;国際公開特許PCT WO96/40210号)、様々な癌について臨床治験中のキメラ抗EGFR抗体;Abgenix−Immunex−Amgenが現在開発中のABX−EGF(米国特許第6,235,883)号;Genmabが現在開発中のHuMax−EGFr(米国特許出願第10/172,317);425、EMD55900、EMD62000、およびEMD72000(Merck KGaA)(米国特許第5,558,864号;Murthy et al.1987,Arch Biochem Biophys.252(2):549−60;Rodeck et al.,1987,J Cell Biochem.35(4):315−20;Kettleborough et al.,1991,Protein Eng.4(7):773−83);ICR62(Institute of Cancer Research)(国際公開特許PCT WO95/20045号;Modjtahedi et al.,1993,J.Cell Biophys.1993,22(1−3):129−46;Modjtahedi et al.,1993,Br J Cancer.1993,67(2):247−53;Modjtahedi et al,1996,Br J Cancer,73(2):228−35;Modjtahedi et al,2003,Int J Cancer,105(2):273−80);TheraCIM hR3(YM Biosciences,Canada and Centro de Immunologia Molecular,Cuba(米国特許第5,891,996号;米国特許第6,506,883号;Mateo et al,1997,Immunotechnology,3(1):71−81);mAb−806(Ludwig Institue for Cancer Research,Memorial Sloan−Kettering)(Jungbluth et al.2003,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.100(2):639−44);KSB−102(KS Biomedix);MR1−1(IVAX、National Cancer Institute)(国際公開特許PCT WO0162931A2号);およびSC100(Scancell)(国際公開特許PCT WO01/88138号)に実質的に類似する抗体に使用され得る。別の好ましい実施形態において、本発明のpIを改変した定常領域(複数可)は、B細胞慢性リンパ性白血病の治療のために現在承認されているヒト化モノクローナル抗体であるアレムツズマブ(Campath(登録商標)、Millenium)に使用され得る。本発明のpIを改変した定常領域(複数可)は、限定されないが、Ortho Biotech/Johnson&Johnsonによって開発された抗CD3抗体であるムロモナブ−CD3(Orthoclone OKT3(登録商標))、IDEC/Schering AGによって開発された抗CD20抗体であるイブリツモマブチウキセタン(Zevalin(登録商標))、Celltech/Wyethによって開発された抗CD33(p67タンパク質)抗体であるゲムツズマブオゾガマイシン(Mylotarg(登録商標))、Biogenによって開発された抗LFA−3Fc融合体であるアレファセプト(Amevive(登録商標))、Centocor/Lillyによって開発されたアブシキ(ReoPro(登録商標))、Novartisによって開発されたバシリキシマブ(Simulect(登録商標))、MedImmuneにより開発されたパリビズマブ(Synagis(登録商標))、Centocorによって開発された抗TNFα抗体であるインフリキシマブ(Remicade(登録商標))、Abbottによって開発された抗TNFα抗体であるアダリムマブ(Humira(登録商標))、Celltechによって開発された抗TNFα抗体であるHumicade(商標)、Immunex/Amgenによって開発された抗TNFα Fc融合体であるエタネルセプト(Enbrel(登録商標))、Abgenixが開発中の抗CD147抗体であるABX−CBL、Abgenixが開発中の抗IL8抗体であるABX−IL8、Abgenixが開発中の 抗MUC18抗体であるABX−MA1、Antisomaが開発中の抗MUC1であるペンツモマブ(R1549、90Y−muHMFG1)、Antisomaが開発中の抗MUC1抗体であるTherex(R1550)、Antisomaが開発中のAngioMab(AS1405)、Antisomaが開発中のHuBC−1、Antisomaが開発中のThioplatin(AS1407)、Biogenが開発中の抗α−4−β−1(VLA−4)およびα−4−β−7であるAntegren(登録商標)(ナタリズマブ)、Biogenが開発中の抗VLA−1インテグリン抗体であるVLA−1 mAb、Biogenが開発中の抗リンホトキシンβ受容体(LTBR)抗体であるLTBR mAb、Cambridge Antibody Technologyが開発中の抗TGF−β2抗体であるCAT−152、Cambridge Antibody TechnologyおよびAbbottが開発中の抗IL−12抗体であるJ695、Cambridge Antibody Technology and Genzymeが開発中の抗TGFβ1抗体であるCAT−192、Cambridge Antibody Technologyが開発中の抗Eotaxin1抗体であるCAT−213、Cambridge Antibody TechnologyおよびHuman Genome Sciences Inc.が開発中の抗Blys抗体であるLymphoStat−B(商標)、Cambridge Antibody TechnologyおよびHuman Genome Sciences,Inc.が開発中の抗TRAIL−R1抗体であるTRAIL−R1mAb、Genentechが開発中の抗VEGF抗体であるAvastin(商標)(ベバシズマブ、rhuMAb−VEGF)、Genentechが開発中の抗HER受容体ファミリー抗体、Genentechが開発中の抗組織因子抗体である抗組織因子(ATF)、Genentechが開発中の抗IgE抗体であるXolair(商標)(オマリズマブ)、Genentech and Xomaが開発中の抗CD11a抗体であるRaptiva(商標)(Efalizumab)、Genentech and Millenium Pharmaceuticalsが開発中のMLN−02抗体(以前はLDP−02であった)、Genmabが開発中の抗CD4抗体であるHuMax CD4、GenmabおよびAmgenが開発中の抗IL15抗体であるHuMax−IL15、GenmabおよびMedarexが開発中のHuMax−Inflam、GenmabおよびMedarexおよびOxford GcoSciencesが開発中の抗ヘパラナーゼI抗体であるHuMax−Cancer、GenmabおよびAmgenが開発中のHuMax−Lymphoma、Genmabが開発中のHuMax−TAC、IDEC Pharmaceuticalsが開発中の抗CD40L抗体であるIDEC−131、IDEC Pharmaceuticalsが開発中の抗CD4抗体であるIDEC−151(Clenoliximab)、IDEC Pharmaceuticalsが開発中の抗CD80抗体であるIDEC−114、IDEC Pharmaceuticalsが開発中の抗CD23であるDEC−152、IDEC Pharmaceuticalsが開発中の抗マクロファージ遊走因子(MIF)抗体、Imcloneが開発中の抗イディオタイプ抗体であるBEC2、Imcloneが開発中の抗KDR抗体であるIMC−1C11、Imcloneが開発中の抗flk−1抗体であるDC101、Imcloneが開発中の抗VEカドヘリン抗体、Immunomedicsが開発中n抗癌胎児抗原(CEA)抗体であるCEA−Cide(商標)(ラベツズマブ)、Immunomedicsが開発中の抗CD22抗体であるLymphoCide(商標)(エプラツズマブ)、Immunomedicsが開発中のAFP−Cide、Immunomedicsが開発中のMyelomaCide、Immunomedicsが開発中のLkoCide、Immunomedicsが開発中のProstaCide、Medarexが開発中の抗CTLA4抗体であるMDX−010、Medarexが開発中の抗CD30抗体であるMDX−060、Medarexが開発中のMDX−070、Medarexが開発中のMDX−018、MedarexおよびImmuno−Designed Moleculesが開発中の抗Her2抗体であるOsidem(商標)(IDM−1)、MedarexおよびGenmabが開発中の抗CD4抗体であるHuMax(商標)−CD4、MedarexおよびGenmabが開発中の抗IL15抗体であるHuMax−IL15、MedarexおよびCentocor/J&Jが開発中の抗TNFα抗体であるCNTO 148、Centocor/J&Jが開発中の抗サイトカイン抗体であるCNTO 1275、MorphoSysが開発中の抗細胞間接着分子接着分子−1(ICAM−1)(CD54)抗体であるMOR101およびMOR102、MorphoSysが開発中の抗線維芽細胞成長因子受容体3(FGFR−3)抗体であるMOR201、Protein Design Labsが開発中の抗CD3抗体であるNuvion(登録商標)(ビシリズ
マブ)、Protein Design Labsが開発中の抗γインターフェロン抗体であるHuZAF(商標)、Protein Design Labsが開発中の抗α5β1インテグリン、Protein Design Labsが開発中の抗IL−12、Xomaが開発中の抗Ep−CAM抗体であるING−1、ならびにXomaが開発中の抗β2インテグリン抗体であるMLN01、Seattle Geneticsが開発中のpI−ADC抗体(この段落において上に引用した参考文献の全ては、参照により明示的に本明細書に組み込まれる)を含む、他の臨床用製品および候補に実質的に類似する様々な抗体において使用され得る。
治療における本発明のpI抗体の使用は、抗原結合成分に依存する:例えば、標準的な全長治療用抗体の場合、抗体のFvが結合する抗原に依存する。すなわち、当業者には理解されるように、特定の疾患の治療は、分子の多重特異性および/または半減期の増加といったさらなる利益を伴って行うことができる。これにより、限定されないが、新規治療処置および機序、投薬頻度の減少(より良好な患者コンプライアンスにつながる可能性がある)、用量の減少、ならびに生産コストの削減を含む様々な利益をもたらすことができる。
本発明の抗体および化学療法剤は、既知の方法に従って、例えば、ボーラスとしての静脈内投与、または、筋肉内、腹腔内、脳脊髄内、皮下、関節内、滑膜内、髄腔内、経口、局部、もしくは吸入経路による一定期間にわたる連続注入によって、対象に投与される。抗体の静脈内投与または皮下投与が好ましい。
本発明の方法において、疾患または状態に対して好ましい治療効果を提供するために治療が用いられる。「好ましい治療効果」とは、疾患もしくは状態における改善、および/または疾患もしくは状態に付随する症状の改善を意味する。例えば、好ましい治療効果は、以下の疾患における改善のうちの1つ以上を指す:(1)腫瘍細胞数の減少、(2)腫瘍細胞死の増加、(3)腫瘍細胞生存の阻害、(5)腫瘍増殖の阻害(すなわち、ある程度の減速、好ましくは停止)、(6)患者生存率の増加、および(7)疾患または状態に付随する1つ以上の症状のある程度の緩和。
定常ドメインにおいて置換を改変することにより、より低いpIを有するように抗体の定常鎖を修飾した。pIの低下は、塩基性アミノ酸(KまたはR)から酸性アミノ酸(DまたはE)に置換を行うことにより改変することができ、それによりpIの最も大幅な低下がもたらされる。また、塩基性アミノ酸から中性アミノ酸へ、および中性アミノ酸から酸性アミノ酸への突然変異によっても、pIの低下がもたらされる。アミノ酸のpK値の一覧は、Bjellqvist et al.,1994,Electrophoresis 15:529−539の表1に見出だすことができる。
抗体のpIを低下させるために、IgG1抗体のCH1およびCKドメインにおいてアミノ酸修飾を改変した。上記分析に基づいて、重鎖CH1のために選択された置換は、119E、133E、164E、205E、208D、および210Eであり、軽鎖Cκの置換のための置換は、126E、145E、152D、156E、169E、および202Eであった。これらの変異体定常鎖は、それぞれ、IgG1−CH1−pI(6)およびCK−pI(6)と称され、これらのアミノ酸配列を図4に提供する。
上述のように、huFcRnマウスにおいてベバシズマブのIgG1およびIgG2アイソタイプ型のPK試験を実行した。4つの別個のPK試験からのIgG1の結果を図14に示す。4つの試験からの半減期は、3.0、3.9、2.8、および2.9日であり、平均半減期は3.2日であった。IgG2試験からのPKの結果を図15に示す。IgG2の半減期は5.9日であった。
抗体またはタンパク質のpIの低下は、様々な手法を用いて実行することができる。最も基本的なレベルでは、高いpKaを有する残基(リジン、アルギニン、またある程度のヒスチジン)が中性または陰性の残基で置き換えられ、かつ/または中性残基がpKaの低い残基(アスパラギン酸およびグルタミン酸)で置き換えられる。特定の置き換えは、構造内の位置、機能における役割、および免疫原性を含む様々な要因に依存し得る。
bmAb pI=ベバシズマブのFvを含む全長モノクローナル抗体のpI
pIの低さと半減期の伸長との間の関係の2つの局面を調べるために、一連の新しいpIを改変した変異体を生成した。最初に、9493 IgG1−pI(12)変異体に基づいて、制御された変異体のセットを作製することにより、電荷のパラメータを調べた。これらの変異体、10017、10018、および10019を、それらのpI、ならびにベバシズマブIgG1 WTと比較した正荷電残基および負荷電残基における違いとともに表4に記載する。
Ck−pI(6)=K126E K145E N152D S156E K169E S202E
Fv=ベバシズマブで計算したpI
上述のように、IgGのサブクラス(IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、およびIgG4)間のアイソタイプの違いを利用することにより、pIを低下させる置換が免疫原性を誘発するリスクを最小限に抑えるための努力を行うことができる。この原理に基づいて新規アイソタイプの新しいセットを設計した。ここでも同様に、免疫認識が局所的な配列レベルで起こるため、すなわち、MHC IIおよびT細胞受容体が典型的には9残基長のエピトープを認識するため、pIを変化させる置換が、配列内で近接するアイソタイプの置換を伴った。このように、天然のアイソタイプにマッチするようにエピトープを伸長した。よって、そのような置換は、他のヒトIgGアイソタイプに存在するエピトープを構成し、寛容化されることが予想される。
CK−pI(4)=K126E/K145E/K169E/K207E
Fv=ベバシズマブで計算したpI
IgG1−pI(11)=K133E/K205E/K210E/K274E/K320E/K322E/K326E/K334E/R355E/K392E/K447#
IgG1/2−pI(7)=K133E/K205E/K210E/Q274E/R355E/K392E/K447#
IgG1/2−pI(11)=K133E/K205E/K210E/Q274E/K320E/K322E/K326E/K334E/R355E/K392E/K447#
CK−pI(4)=K126E/K145E/K169E/K207E
Fv=ベバシズマブで計算したpI
(図18に示すように)CKとCλとの間の相同性は、IgGサブクラス間ほど高くないが、配列および存在する構造上の相同性は、アイソタイプ低pI軽鎖定常領域を作製するための置換を誘導するためになおも使用され得る。図18では、より高いpIに寄与する残基(K、R、およびH)またはより低いpIに寄与する残基(DおよびE)を有する位置が太字で強調されている。グレーは、等電点を低下させるために、好ましくは、アスパラギン酸またはグルタミン酸で置換されてもよいリジン、アルギニン、およびヒスチジンを示す。いくつかのCK/Cλアイソタイプ変異体を作製するためのガイドとして、CKおよびCλの構造アラインメントを構築し(図35)、配列アラインメントとともに使用した。これらのpIを改変した変異体を表8に記載し、アミノ酸配列を図28に提供する。
分析および精製を容易にするために、抗体の等電点を調節する置換が、抗体変異体の1つ以上の鎖の中に導入されてもよい。例えば、米国特許出願第2011/0054151A1号に記載されるもの等のヘテロ二量体抗体は、1つの鎖の等電点を調節することによって精製することができ、そのため、発現後およびプロテインAの精製後に存在する複数の種を、イオン交換クロマトグラフィー等の電荷の違いに基づいてタンパク質を分離する方法によって精製することができる。2つの異なる重鎖―1つは未修飾のIgG1であり、1つは調節された等電点を有する―を使用するプロセスの概要を図38に示す。
定常ドメインにおいて置換を改変することにより、抗体の定常鎖のpIを変化させた。pIの低下は、塩基性アミノ酸(KまたはR)から酸性アミノ酸(DまたはE)に置換を行うことにより改変することができ、最も大幅なpIの低下がもたらされる。また、塩基性アミノ酸から中性アミノ酸へ、および中性アミノ酸から酸性アミノ酸への突然変異によっても、pIの低下がもたらされる。反対に、pIの増加は、酸性アミノ酸(DまたはE)から塩基性アミノ酸(KまたはR)に置換を行うことにより改変することができ、最も大幅なpIの増加がもたらされる。酸性アミノ酸から中性アミノ酸へ、および中性アミノ酸から塩基性アミノ酸への突然変異によっても、pIの増加がもたらされる。アミノ酸のpK値の一覧は、Bjellqvist et al.,1994,Electrophoresis 15:529−539の表1に見出だすことができる。
は、所与のpHでのタンパク質の正味電荷であり、
は、タンパク質中に存在するアミノ酸
(またはNもしくはC末端)の数であり、
は、アミノ酸
(またはNもしくはC末端)のpKである。
上記のように、IgGのサブクラス(IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、およびIgG4)間のアイソタイプの違いを利用することにより、pIを増加または低下させる置換が免疫原性を誘発するリスクを最小限に抑えるための努力を行うことができる。この原理に基づいて新規アイソタイプの新しいセットを設計した。可能な場合、pIを変化させる置換には、配列内で近接するアイソタイプの置換を付随させた。このようにして、天然のアイソタイプにマッチするようにエピトープを伸長した。よって、そのような置換は、他のヒトIgGアイソタイプに存在するエピトープを構成し、寛容化されることが予想される。これらの新しい変異体は、ISO(−)、ISO(+)、およびISO(+RR)と称される。ISO(−)は低いpIを有し、一方、ISO(+)およびISO(+RR)は高いpIを有する。IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、およびIgG4におけるアイソタイプ変異体、ならびに新しいアイソタイプpI変異体の配列を示す配列アラインメントを図52に示す。また、これらの新しい変異体の配列を、単独で、かつ抗VEGF抗体に関連して示す(図53〜57)。IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、およびIgG4に由来するpIを低下させるアイソタイプ突然変異の全ての可能な組み合わせを図58に示す。pIを増加させるアイソタイプ突然変異の全ての可能な組み合わせを図59に示す。
前述のように、分析および精製を容易にするために、抗体の等電点を調節する置換が抗体変異体の1つ以上の鎖の中に導入されてもよい。これは、ヘテロ二量体とホモ二量体との混合物を生成するヘテロ二量体構築物および/または二重特異性構築物の場合のように、非常に類似する種の混合物を含む抗体を調製する時に特に有用である。対応するホモ二量体からの、ほぼ同一の抗体ヘテロ二量体種の精製を実証するために、我々は、抗体ベバシズマブに関連して、アイソタイプのpI変異体を構築した。2つの異なる重鎖DNA(ISO(−)、ISO(+)、ISO(+RR)、またはIgG1(WT))をベバシズマブの軽鎖でトランスフェクトすることにより変異体を構築した。変異体は、最初にプロテインAにより精製し、次いで、50mM MES(pH6.0)中のGE Healthcare HiTrap SP HP陽イオン交換カラムに負荷し、NaClの勾配で溶出した。溶出後、各ピークからの画分を分析のためにLonza IsoGel IEFプレート(pH範囲7〜11)に負荷した。図60〜63にデータを示す。各場合において中央のpIヘテロ二量体の分離が達成され、ヘテロ二量体がホモ二量体とのより大きいpI差を有する場合に分離が向上した。
各鎖の等電点を改変することによって抗体を精製するこの方法は、種々の二重特異性抗体構築物を精製する方法に適用することができる。この方法は、混合物中の所望の種が同様の分子量および他の特性を有するため、通常の精製技術では所望の種を高収率で分離することができない場合に、特に有用である。一般的なヘテロ二量体免疫グロブリン変異体の略図を図64に示す。ヘテロ二量体免疫グロブリン変異体は、それらの鎖のうちの1つ以上にVHまたはVL可変領域を含んでもよい。ヘテロ二量体免疫グロブリン変異体の構築に使用することができるVHおよびVL領域のいくつかの例を図65に列挙する。容易な精製のために改変された等電点を有する特定のヘテロ二量体構築物および/または二重特異性構築物と配列を図66〜79に示す。
対応するホモ二量体からの、ほぼ同一の二重特異性ヘテロ二量体種の精製をさらに実証するために、我々は、抗CD19×抗CD3二重scFv−Fc(XENP11355、図80を参照)、抗CD19×抗CD32b二重scFv−Fc(XENP11139、図82を参照)、および第2の抗CD19×抗CD3二重scFv−Fc(XENP11338、図84を参照)に関連して、アイソタイプpI変異体を構築した。変異体は、2つの異なる重鎖DNA(ISO(−)、ISO(+)、またはISO(+RR))を共トランスフェクトすることにより構築した。変異体は、最初にプロテインAにより精製し、次いで50mM MES(pH6.0)中のGE Healthcare HiTrap SP HP陽イオン交換カラムに負荷し、NaClの勾配で溶出した。溶出後、各ピークからの画分を分析のためにLonza IsoGel IEFプレート(pH範囲3〜10)に負荷した。図81、83、および85にデータを示す。データから分かるように、各場合において中央のpIヘテロ二量体の効率的な分離が達成されている。
対応するホモ二量体からの、ほぼ同一の単一特異性一価ヘテロ二量体種の精製をさらに実証するために、我々は、一価性抗CD40mAb(XENP11233、図86を参照)および1アーム抗CD40mAb(XENP11238、図88を参照)に関連して、アイソタイプpI変異体を構築した。変異体は、2つの異なる重鎖DNA(ISO(−)、ISO(+)、またはISO(+RR))をコトランスフェクトすることにより構築した。変異体は、最初にプロテインAにより精製し、次いで分析のためにLonza IsoGel IEFプレート(pH範囲3〜10)に負荷した。図86および88にデータを示す。データから分かるように、各場合において中央のpIヘテロ二量体の効率的な分離が達成されている。
Claims (27)
- ヘテロ二量体タンパク質を含む組成物であって、
a)
i)第1の変異体重鎖定常領域と、
ii)第1の融合パートナーと、を含む、第1の単量体と、
b)
i)第2の変異体重鎖定常領域と、
ii)第2の融合パートナーと、を含む、第2の単量体と、を含み、
前記第1および第2の変異体重鎖定常領域のpIは、少なくとも0.5log離れている、組成物。 - 前記第1および第2の単量体の前記pIは、少なくとも0.5log離れている、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記第1の単量体は、第3の融合パートナーを含む、請求項1または2に記載の組成物。
- 前記第2の単量体は、第4の融合パートナーを含む、請求項1、2、または3に記載の組成物。
- 前記融合パートナーは、免疫グロブリン成分、ペプチド、サイトカイン、ケモカイン、免疫受容体、および血液因子からなる群から独立して選択される、請求項1、3、および4に記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫グロブリン成分は、Fab、VH、VL、scFv、scFv2、dAbからなる群から選択される、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- 前記サイトカインは、IL−2、IL−10、IL−12、およびGM−CSFからなる群から選択される、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- 前記ケモカインは、RANTES、CXCL9、CXCL10、およびCXCL12からなる群から選択される、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫受容体は、CTLA−4、TNFRI、TNFRII、TNFSFタンパク質、およびTNFRSFからなる群から選択される、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- 前記血液因子は、第VII因子、第VIII因子、および第IX因子からなる群から選択される、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- 前記変異体重鎖定常領域のうちの1つは、Q196K、P217R、P228R、N276K、H435R、およびY436Fからなる群から選択されるアミノ酸置換を含む、いずれかの先行請求項に記載の組成物。
- 前記変異体重鎖定常領域のうちの1つは、S119E、K133E、K133Q、R133E(IgG2〜4の場合)、R133Q(IgG2〜4の場合)、T164E、K205E、K205Q、N208D、K210E、K210Q、K274E、K320E、K322E、K326E、K334E、R355E、K392E、K447の欠失、C末端でのペプチドDEDEの付加、G137E、N203D、K274Q、R355Q、K392N、およびQ419E、349A、349C、349E、349I、349K、349S、349T、349W、351E、351K、354C、356K、357K、364C、364D、364E、364F、364G、364H、364R、364T、364Y、366D、366K、366S、366W、366Y、368A、368E、368K、368S、370C、370D、370E、370G、370R、370S、370V、392D、392E、394F、394S、394W、394Y、395T、395V、396T、397E、397S、397T、399K、401K、405A、405S、407T、407V、409D、409E、411D、411E、411K、439D、349C/364E、349K/351K、349K/351K/394F、349K/354C、349K/394F、349K/394F/401K、349K/394Y、349K/401K、349K/405A、349T/351E/411E、349T/394F、349T/394F/401K、349T/394F/411E、349T/405A、349T/411E、351E/364D、351E/364D/405A、351E/364E、351E/366D、351K/364H/401K、351K/366K、364D/370G、364D/394F、364E/405A、364E/405S、364E/411E、364E/411E/405A、364H/394F、364H/401K、364H/401K/405A、364H/405A、364H/405A/411E、364Y/370R、370E/411E、370R/411K、395T/397S/405A、ならびに397S/405Aからなる群から選択される変異体をさらに含む、請求項11に記載の組成物。
- a)第1の変異体重鎖定常領域を含む第1の重鎖と、
b)第2の変異体重鎖定常領域を含む第2の重鎖と、を含むヘテロ二量体抗体を含み、
前記第1および第2の変異体重鎖定常領域のpIは、少なくとも0.5log離れている、組成物。 - 前記変異体重鎖定常領域のうちの1つは、Q196K、P217R、P228R、N276K、H435R、およびY436Fからなる群から選択されるアミノ酸置換を含む、いずれかの先行請求項に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗体は、第1および第2の軽鎖をさらに含む、請求項13または14に記載の組成物。
- 前記軽鎖のうちの1つは、K126E、K126Q、K145E、K145Q、N152D、S156E、K169E、S202E、K207E、C末端でのDEDEの付加、R108Q、Q124E、K126Q、N138D、K145T、およびQ199Eからなる群から選択されるアミノ酸置換を含む変異体軽鎖である、15に記載の組成物。
- 前記第1および第2の変異体重鎖定常領域の前記pIは、少なくとも0.5log離れている、請求項13に記載のヘテロ二量体抗体を含む組成物。
- 前記第1および前記第2の変異体重鎖定常領域は、CH2およびCH3を含む、先行請求項のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 前記第1および前記第2の変異体重鎖定常領域は、CH1、CH2、およびCH3を含む、先行請求項のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 前記第1の重鎖と前記第2の重鎖とは、少なくとも4つのアミノ酸だけ異なる、請求項13に記載の組成物。
- 前記第1の重鎖は4つのアミノ酸置換を含み、前記第2の鎖は1つも含まない、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 前記第1の重鎖は、少なくとも2つのアミノ酸置換を含み、前記第2の重鎖は、少なくとも2つのアミノ酸置換を含み、前記置換は異なる、請求項20に記載の組成物。
- 請求項1〜22に記載のタンパク質のうちのいずれかをコードする核酸。
- 請求項23に記載の核酸をコードする、宿主細胞。
- a)先行請求項のいずれかに記載の組成物を提供することと、
b)前記組成物をイオン交換カラムに負荷することと、
c)ヘテロ二量体の画分を収集することと、を含む、ヘテロ二量体タンパク質を精製する方法。 - いずれかの先行請求項の組成物を、それを必要とする個体/個人に投与することを含む、治療の方法。
- Q196K、P217R、P228R、N276K、H435R、およびY436Fからなる群から選択されるアミノ酸置換を含む抗体の変異体重鎖定常領域を含む、組成物。
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JP2019536438A (ja) * | 2016-10-05 | 2019-12-19 | アクセルロン ファーマ, インコーポレイテッド | ALK4:ActRIIBヘテロ多量体およびその使用 |
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AU2023270275A1 (en) | 2024-02-08 |
JP2018088938A (ja) | 2018-06-14 |
AU2020207803A1 (en) | 2020-08-06 |
JP6310394B2 (ja) | 2018-04-11 |
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CA3182462A1 (en) | 2013-04-18 |
CA2851534A1 (en) | 2013-04-18 |
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CA2851534C (en) | 2023-02-14 |
WO2013055809A1 (en) | 2013-04-18 |
AU2018202978B2 (en) | 2020-04-23 |
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EP2766392A1 (en) | 2014-08-20 |
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R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
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LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |