JP2014520572A - 患者由来の人工多能性幹細胞由来の心筋細胞および使用方法 - Google Patents
患者由来の人工多能性幹細胞由来の心筋細胞および使用方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、国立衛生研究所(National Institutes of Health)に授与された契約HL099776の下で、政府支援によりなされた。政府は本発明において一定の権利を有する。
拡張型心筋症(DCM)は、主に心筋に影響を及ぼす疾患の一群である心筋症の1つである。DCMでは、多くの場合、いかなる明白な原因も伴わずに心筋の一部が拡張する。心臓の左心室または右心室の収縮期のポンプ機能が損なわれ、リモデリングと称されるプロセスである進行性の心臓の腫大および肥大に至る。多くの場合、病因は明らかではないが、拡張型心筋症は、種々の毒性作用物質、代謝作用物質、または感染作用物質によって生じる可能性がある。患者の約25〜35%が、この疾患の家族型を有し、大多数の突然変異が細胞骨格タンパク質をコードする遺伝子に影響を及ぼし、いくつかが収縮に関与する他のタンパク質に影響を及ぼしている。この疾患は遺伝的に不均一であるが、その伝播の最も一般的な形態は、常染色体優性パターンである。DCMに関与する細胞骨格タンパク質としては、心筋トロポニンT(TNNT2)、α−心臓アクチン、デスミン、ならびに核ラミンAおよびC、ならびに種々の他の収縮性タンパク質が挙げられる。
上記の通り心疾患に関連する突然変異をコードする少なくとも1つの対立遺伝子を含むヒト人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)から分化させた疾患関連心筋細胞のin vitroにおける細胞培養物を獲得し、使用するための方法が提供される。対象の特定の突然変異としては、限定することなく、MYH7 R663H突然変異、TNNT2 R173W;PKP2 2013delC突然変異;PKP2 Q617X突然変異;およびKCNQ1 G269Sミスセンス突然変異が挙げられる。いくつかの実施形態では、そのような心筋細胞のパネルが提供され、パネルは、2つ以上の異なる疾患関連心筋細胞を含む。いくつかの実施形態では、そのような心筋細胞のパネルが提供され、心筋細胞は複数の候補作用剤、または複数の用量の候補作用剤に供される。候補作用剤としては、対象のRNAの発現を増加または減少させる小分子、すなわち、薬物、遺伝子構築物、電気的変化などが挙げられる。
患者特異的iPSCの誘導、培養、および特徴付け。この試験のプロトコールは全てStanford University Human Subjects Research Institutional Review Boardにより認可された。患者特異的iPSC株の生成、維持、および特徴付けを以前に記載されている通り実施した。
肥大型心筋症(HCM)は、心臓の筋節の常染色体優性疾患であり、世界中で最も蔓延している遺伝性の心臓の状態であると推定される。HCMの患者は、血行力学的負荷の増加の不在下で左心室の(LV)心筋の異常な肥厚を示し、進行性心不全、不整脈、および心臓突然死(SCD)などの臨床合併症リスクが高まっている。二十年前からの分子遺伝学的試験により、HCMは、心臓の筋節内のタンパク質をコードする遺伝子の突然変異によって引き起こされることが実証されている。特異的な突然変異の同定によりHCMの遺伝的原因は定義されているが、筋節の突然変異によって筋細胞肥大および心室性不整脈が導かれる経路は十分に理解されていない。HCMの発生の基礎をなす機構を解明するための試みにより、矛盾する結果がもたらされ、疾患の発生を説明するためのミオシン機能の損失とミオシン機能の獲得の両方のモデルが逆説的に支持されている。これらの不一致を解決するための試みは、ヒト心臓組織を得ることの難しさおよび心臓試料を培養物中で繁殖させることができないことによって妨げられている。
10個体全ての初代線維芽細胞から、再プログラミング因子であるOct−4、Sox−2、Klf−4およびc−Mycをレンチウイルスにより感染させることによって患者特異的iPSCを生成した。患者当たり最低3つの別個の株を生成し、一連の試験を通じて多能性についてアッセイした。樹立されたiPSCは、ESCマーカーであるSSEA−4、TRA−1−60、TRA−1−81、Oct4、Sox2、Nanog、およびアルカリホスファターゼについて陽性免疫染色、ならびに転写因子であるOct4、Sox2、およびNanogについてタンパク質の発現を示した。定量的バイサルファイトパイロシークエンスおよび定量的RT−PCRにより、NanogプロモーターおよびOct−4プロモーターの低メチル化、内在性多能性転写因子の活性化、およびレンチウイルス導入遺伝子のサイレンシングが実証された。皮膚線維芽細胞、iPSC、およびヒトESC(WA09株)の全ゲノムの発現プロファイルを比較したマイクロアレイ分析により、全ての細胞株が上首尾に再プログラミングされたことがさらに確認された。核型分析により、全てのiPSC株において30回の継代を通じて安定な染色体の完全性が実証された。自然発生胚様体(EB)および奇形腫形成アッセイにより、in vitroおよびin vivoで3つの胚葉全ての細胞誘導体がもたらされ、これにより、生成したiPSCの多能性が確認された。制限酵素消化および配列決定により、HCM iPSCのMYH7遺伝子座にArg663His突然変異が存在し、対照iPSCのMYH7遺伝子座にArg663His突然変異が存在しないことが検証された。
心臓分化および単一の拍動細胞への解離後、疾患iPSC−CMおよび対照である対応するiPSC−CMを、in vitroにおいてHCM表現型の発生反復について特徴付けた。肥大性iPSC−CMは、心臓分化を誘導した6週間後に始まる細胞の腫大および多核化などのHCMの特徴を示した(Aradら、2002)。誘導後40日目に、HCM iPSC−CMは対照である対応するiPSC−CM(1175+328画素;n=220、4つの患者株)よりも著しく大きくなり(1859+517画素;n=236、4つの患者株)、有意に高い多核化の発生頻度を示した(HCM:49.7+8.5%;n=236、4つの株対対照:23.0+3.7%;n=220、4つの株)(図31D〜F)。突然変異体iPSC−CMでは、免疫染色によって検出された通り、心房ナトリウム利尿性因子(ANF)の発現、β−ミオシン/α−ミオシン比の上昇、カルシニューリン活性化、および活性化されたT細胞の核因子(NFAT)の核移行を含めた他のHCMの特徴も実証された(図31G〜K)。カルシニューリン−NFATシグナル伝達は成体の心筋細胞における肥大の誘導に対する重要な転写活性化因子であるので、HCM iPSC−CMにおける肥大性の発生に対するこの経路の重要性を試験しようとした。シクロスポリンA(CsA)およびFK506によりHCM iPSC−CMにおけるカルシニューリン−NFAT相互作用を遮断することにより、肥大が40%超減少した(図31L)。阻害の不在下では、HCM iPSC−CMにおいて、GATA4およびMEF2Cなどの肥大のNFAT活性化メディエーターが有意に上方制御され、これは心臓分化の誘導後40日目に始まり、その時点より前には始まらないことが見いだされた。総合すると、これらの結果は、カルシニューリン−NFATシグナル伝達が、Arg663His突然変異によって引き起こされるHCM表現型の発生において中心的な役割を果たすことを示している。
HCMの臨床症状は、一般には、影響を受けた個体において数十年にわたって生じる。Arg663His突然変異のHCM発生に対する一時的な影響を細胞レベルで調査するために、HCM患者由来および対照患者由来の単一の精製されたiPSC−CMの両方における肥大性関連遺伝子の発現を評価した。分化の開始から20日目、30日目、および40日目に、単一の収縮心筋細胞を培養皿から手動で引き上げ、32種の心筋細胞関連転写物のパネルを使用した単一細胞定量的PCR分析に供した。40日目に始まり、GATA4、TNNT2、MYL2、およびMYH7などの肥大性関連遺伝子がHCM iPSC−CMにおいて上方制御されることが見いだされた(図31M)。この時点まではHCM関連遺伝子の発現に有意な増加は見いだされなかった。
不整脈はHCMの臨床的な特徴であり、心臓突然死を含めた疾患に関連する罹患率および死亡率の重要な部分に関与する。したがって、次に、Arg663His突然変異を有するiPSCCMの電気生理学的性質を細胞全体のパッチクランプによって検査した。HCM iPSC−CMと対照iPSC−CMはどちらも結節様電気波形、心室様電気波形、および心房様電気波形を特徴とする筋細胞集団を含有した。分化の誘導後最初の4週間に、両群由来の細胞は同様の活動電位頻度、ピーク振幅、および静止電位を示した。しかし、30日目に始まり、対照(5.1+7.1%;n=144、5つの患者株)と比較して大きなHCM筋細胞の細画分(40.4+12.9%;n=131、5つの患者株)が、活動電位のトリガーとなることができない遅延後脱分極(DAD)に似た頻繁な小さな脱分極および拍動の密集を含めた不整脈性の波形を示すことが観察された(図32A1、32A2、32B〜C)。光学顕微鏡の下での単一の拍動iPSC−CMの微速度撮影ビデオにより、電気生理学的欠損により収縮性不整脈がもたらされることが確認された。定期的な拍動間隔を有した対照iPSCCM(1.4+1.9%;n=68、5つの患者株)と比較して、HCM iPSC−CMは不規則な頻度で拍動する多数の細胞を含有した(12.4+5.0%;n=64、5つの患者株)。単一細胞ビデオ記録を画素数量化ソフトウェアによって分析することにより、HCM iPSC−CM収縮の不整脈性が確認された。総合すると、これらの所見は、筋節の突然変異は、単一細胞レベルで電気生理学的および収縮性不整脈を誘導することができることを実証している。
カルシウム(Ca2+)は、心臓における興奮収縮連関および電気生理学的シグナル伝達の調節において基本的な役割を果たす。次に、Arg663His突然変異を有する筋細胞における不整脈の基礎をなす可能性のある機構を調査するために、対照患者およびHCM患者由来のiPSC−CMのCa2+ハンドリング性を蛍光Ca2+色素であるFluo−4アセトキシメチルエステル(AM)を使用して分析した。健康な個体に由来するiPSC−CMと比較して、HCM iPSC−CMでは、有意なCa2+トランジェント不規則性、例えば、おそらく誘発された不整脈様電圧波形に関連する、対照細胞では実質的に存在しない多数の事象などが実証された(図32D〜E)。興味深いことに、HCM iPSC−CMにおいて、細胞の肥大が発症する前に不規則なCa2+トランジェントが起こることが観察され、これにより、異常なCa2+ハンドリングが肥大性表現型の誘導の原因因子である可能性があることが示唆される。自発性収縮に固有の変動によりCa2+トランジェントが潜在的に混乱する可能性があるので、ラインスキャニングの間、HCM iPSC−CMおよび対照iPSC−CMを1Hzのペーシングに供した。自発性収縮からのデータと一致して、異常なCa2+トランジェントがHCM iPSC−CMではよく見られ(12.5+4.9%;n=19、5つの患者株)、対照iPSC−CMでは存在しなかった(n=20、5つの患者株)。電気生理およびCa2+調節において観察された欠損がArg663His突然変異に起因することをさらに確実にするために、次に、突然変異体形態のミオシンをヒト胚性幹細胞由来心筋細胞(hESC−CM;WA09株)において過剰発現させた。Arg663His突然変異体MYH7転写物を過剰発現しているhESC−CMが同様の不整脈および異常なCa2+トランジェントを示すことが見いだされた(図32F〜I)。
Arg663His突然変異を有するiPSC−CMによりin vitroにおけるHCM表現型の多数の態様が再現されるので、我々のプラットフォームはHCMに対する医薬物の効果を単一細胞レベルで評価するためのスクリーニングツールとしても使用することができるという仮説を立てた。HCM iPSC−CMの、医薬物応答を正確にモデリングする能力を試験するために、まず、単一の対照iPSC−CMおよび疾患iPSC−CMを、筋細胞肥大および心室性頻脈のトリガーとなることが公知の陽性変力刺激に供した。分化の誘導の30日後に始めて5日間毎日、患者特異的心筋細胞をβ−アドレナリン作動性アゴニスト(200μMのイソプロテレノール)と一緒にインキュベートした。以前は、HCM iPSC−CMは、一般には、誘導後40日目まで細胞の肥大を示さなかったが(図31E)、イソプロテレノールで処理した場合、30日目から35日目の間で、対照対応物と比較して細胞サイズが1.7倍増加することが見いだされた(図33A)。β−アドレナリン作動性の刺激により、HCM iPSC−CMにおける不規則なCa2+トランジェントおよび不整脈の症状が著しく増悪することも見いだされた(図33B〜C)。重要なことに、β−アドレナリン作動性遮断薬(400μMのプロプラノロール)とイソプロテレノールの同時投与により、肥大、Ca2+ハンドリング欠損、および不整脈のカテコールアミン誘導性増悪が有意に改善された。
したがって、対照iPSC−CMおよび突然変異体iPSC−CMをL型Ca2+チャネル遮断薬であるベラパミルで処理することによるCa2+進入の薬学的阻害がHCM表現型の発生の予防に役立つかどうかを評価した。MEA用量応答実験によって検出された通り、対照細胞と比較して、HCM iPSC−CMにおける自然発生拍動数はベラパミルに対して比較的抵抗性であり(HCM IC50=930.61+80.0nM、対照IC50=103.0+6.0nM)、Arg663His突然変異を有するiPSC−CMにおいて[Ca2+]iが上昇することと一致した。驚くべきことに、ベラパミルを治療投与量(50〜100μM)で単一の疾患iPSC−CMに連続した10〜20日にわたって継続的に添加することにより、筋細胞肥大、Ca2+ハンドリング異常、および不整脈を含めたHCM表現型の全ての態様が有意に改善された(図34A〜C)。
HCMに対する現行の薬学的療法はCa2+チャネル遮断薬に加えてβ−遮断薬および抗不整脈薬の使用を含むので、HCMを治療するために臨床的に使用されている他の薬物12種のパネルを、HCM表現型を単一細胞レベルで改善するそれらの潜在性についてさらにスクリーニングした。ベラパミルが細胞の肥大を予防することができることが見いだされた唯一の作用剤であるが、Na+流入を阻害する抗不整脈薬、例えば、リドカイン、メキシレチン、およびラノラジンなども、HCM iPSC−CMにおいて、おそらくNa+/Ca2+交換体による細胞へのCa2+進入を制限することによって正常な拍動頻度を回復させる潜在性が実証されている。他の抗不整脈剤はK+チャネルを標的とし、変力刺激の不在下で投与されたβ−遮断薬は単一細胞においていかなる治療効果も有さなかった。総じて、これらの結果により、Ca2+調節の不均衡が細胞のレベルでのHCMの発生の基礎をなす中心的な機構として関連づけられ、HCMを治療するための新規の医薬品を同定するための有力なツールとしての患者特異的iPSC−CMの潜在性を実証している。
患者の採用。発端者および家族の臨床評価は、身体検査、ECG、心臓磁気共鳴画像法(MRI)、および24時間のホルター心電図を含んだ。結果により、発端者(II−1)および年長の2人の保因者(III−1およびIII−2)において収縮末期における頂端壁のほぼ完全な閉塞を伴う運動過多性心室収縮機能が明らかになった。発端者または保因者においてコントラスト増強MRIで増強の遅延は見いだされなかった。通院モニタリングにより、時々の心室期外収縮が明らかになった。年少の2人の保因者(III−3およびIII−8;年齢14歳および10歳)は運動過多性の心臓機能を示したが、他のHCMの臨床的特徴は示さず、これは年齢が低いことに起因する可能性が最も高い。
アントラサイクリン誘導心毒性(およびアントラサイクリン誘導毒性に対する抵抗性)。ドキソルビシンなどのアントラサイクリンは白血病、ホジキンリンパ腫、ならびに他の器官の中でも、乳房、膀胱、胃、肺、卵巣、甲状腺、および筋肉の固形腫瘍を治療するために使用されている最先端の化学療法剤である。アントラサイクリンの主な副作用は心毒性であり、これにより、この化学療法剤を利用するレジメンを受けているレシピエントの多くに重度の心不全が生じる。アントラサイクリン誘導心毒性に対して易罹患性である個体ならびにアントラサイクリン誘導心毒性に対して易罹患性ではない個体から患者特異的iPSC−心筋細胞(iPSC−CM)を得た。
不整脈源性右心室異形成症(ARVD)。ARVDは、右心室の不整脈および心臓突然死を生じる心臓デスモソームの常染色体優性疾患である。ARVDは、肥大型心筋症に次ぐ若年期の心臓突然死の主な原因である。ARVDに関する遺伝性の突然変異を有する患者のコホートならびに家族対応対照から患者特異的iPSC−心筋細胞(iPSC−CM)を得た。これらの細胞株は薬物スクリーニングのため、および疾患表現型に関与する分子標的を同定するために使用することができる。
左心室非圧縮(LVNC、aka非圧縮心筋症)。LVNCは、胚形成の間の心筋(myocardium)(心筋(heart muscle))の発生が損なわれることによって生じる遺伝性心疾患である。LVNCを引き起こす突然変異を有する患者では、若年期に心不全および異常な心臓の電気生理が発生する。
左室性単心室(DILV)。DILVは、左心房と右心房の両方が左心室に入り込む先天性心臓欠陥である。結果として、この欠陥を持って生まれた小児は機能的な心室腔を1つしか有さず、酸素添加血液を全身循環中に送り出すことが困難である。
QT延長(1型)症候群(LQT−1、KCNQ1突然変異)。QT延長症候群(LQT)は、心電図のQT期が持続し、その結果、不整脈および心臓突然死に対する易罹患性が増大する遺伝性不整脈性疾患である。LQTに関連する遺伝子が13種分かっている。
Claims (32)
- 候補作用剤を心疾患関連スクリーニングするための方法であって、候補作用剤を、心疾患に関連する突然変異をコードする少なくとも1つの対立遺伝子を含むヒト人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)から分化させた心筋細胞の1つまたはパネルと接触させるステップと、前記作用剤の形態学的、遺伝学的または機能的なパラメータに対する効果を決定するステップとを含む方法。
- 心疾患が、拡張型心筋症(DCM);肥大型心筋症(HCM);アントラサイクリン誘導心毒性;不整脈源性右心室異形成症(ARVD);左心室非圧縮(LVNC);左室性単心室(DILV);およびQT延長(1型)症候群(LQT−1)から選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 突然変異が、心筋トロポニンT(TNNT2);ミオシン重鎖(MYH7);トロポミオシン1(TPM1);ミオシン結合タンパク質C(MYBPC3);5’−AMP活性化プロテインキナーゼサブユニットガンマ−2(PRKAG2);トロポニンI3型(TNNI3);タイチン(TTN);ミオシン、軽鎖2(MYL2);アクチン、アルファ心筋1(ACTC1);電位依存性カリウムチャネル、KQT様サブファミリー、メンバー1(KCNQ1);プラコフィリン2(PKP2);および心臓LIMタンパク質(CSRP3)から選択される遺伝子にある、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 心疾患が拡張型心筋症(DCM)である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 突然変異がTNNT2 R173Wである、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 正常な心筋細胞と比較して、DCM心筋細胞が、陽性変力ストレスに応答して、最初に陽性であり、後で不全の特性を伴って陰性になる変時作用を有する、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 心疾患が肥大型心筋症(HCM)である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 突然変異がMYH7 R663Hである、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 正常な心筋細胞と比較して、HCM心筋細胞が細胞サイズの増大、高発生頻度の異常なCa2+トランジェント、および細胞内Ca2+レベルの上昇を示す、請求項7に記載の方法。
- 心疾患が不整脈源性右心室異形成症(ARVD)である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 突然変異が、PKP2 2013delC突然変異またはPKP2 Q617X突然変異のうちの1つである、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 心疾患がQT延長(1型)症候群(LQT−1)である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 突然変異がKCNQ1 G269Sミスセンス突然変異である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 心筋細胞のパネルが、異なる遺伝子型を有する少なくとも2つの心筋細胞を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 心筋細胞のパネルが、異なる環境条件下にある心筋細胞を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 環境条件の1つまたは複数がβ−アドレナリン作動性アゴニストを用いた刺激を含む、請求項15に記載の方法。
- 作用剤の効果を決定するステップが単一細胞分析を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記単一細胞分析が、原子間力顕微鏡、微小電極アレイ記録、パッチクランプ、単一細胞PCR、およびカルシウムイメージングのうちの1つまたは複数を含む、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 候補作用剤が薬物候補である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 候補作用剤が遺伝性作用剤である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 心疾患に関連する突然変異をコードする少なくとも1つの対立遺伝子を含むヒト人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)から分化させた、心筋細胞の単離された集団または心筋細胞のパネル。
- 心疾患が拡張型心筋症(DCM);肥大型心筋症(HCM);アントラサイクリン誘導心毒性;不整脈源性右心室異形成症(ARVD);左心室非圧縮(LVNC);左室性単心室(DILV);およびQT延長(1型)症候群(LQT−1)から選択される、請求項21に記載のヒト人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)から分化させた心筋細胞の単離された集団または心筋細胞のパネル。
- 突然変異が、心筋トロポニンT(TNNT2);ミオシン重鎖(MYH7);トロポミオシン1(TPM1);ミオシン結合タンパク質C(MYBPC3);5’−AMP活性化プロテインキナーゼサブユニットガンマ−2(PRKAG2);トロポニンI3型(TNNI3);タイチン(TTN);ミオシン、軽鎖2(MYL2);アクチン、アルファ心筋1(ACTC1);電位依存性カリウムチャネル、KQT様サブファミリー、メンバー1(KCNQ1);プラコフィリン2(PKP2);および心臓LIMタンパク質(CSRP3)から選択される遺伝子にある、請求項21に記載のヒト人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)から分化させた心筋細胞の単離された集団または心筋細胞のパネル。
- 心疾患が拡張型心筋症(DCM)である、請求項21に記載の単離された集団。
- 突然変異がTNNT2 R173Wである、請求項24に記載の単離された集団。
- 正常な心筋細胞と比較して、DCM心筋細胞が、陽性変力ストレスに応答して、最初に陽性であり、後で不全の特性を伴って陰性になる変時作用を有する、請求項24に記載の単離された集団。
- 心疾患が肥大型心筋症(HCM)である、請求項21に記載の単離された集団。
- 突然変異がMYH7 R663Hである、請求項27に記載の単離された集団。
- 正常な心筋細胞と比較して、HCM心筋細胞が細胞サイズの増大、高発生頻度の異常なCa2+トランジェント、および細胞内Ca2+レベルの上昇を示す、請求項27に記載の単離された集団。
- 心筋細胞のパネルが、異なる遺伝子型を有する心筋細胞を含む、請求項21に記載の単離された集団。
- 心筋細胞のパネルが、異なる環境条件下にある心筋細胞を含む、請求項26に記載のパネル。
- 環境条件の1つまたは複数がβ−アドレナリン作動性アゴニストを用いた刺激を含む、請求項31に記載のパネル。
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US20170058263A1 (en) | 2017-03-02 |
US9395354B2 (en) | 2016-07-19 |
US20130029866A1 (en) | 2013-01-31 |
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