JP5074921B2 - 非侵襲性生体外機能組織検定システム - Google Patents
非侵襲性生体外機能組織検定システム Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、
(a) 幹細胞、望ましくは胚性幹細胞から得られた細胞、細胞集合体、組織あるいは器官を含む生物由来物質を電極アレイ上で培養し;
(b) 前記生物由来物質を検体とし;
(c) 前記電極アレイにより前記生物由来物質の電気的活動を測定し、任意にパラメータを分析する、工程を含む、薬剤などの対象化合物を識別、取得および/またはプロファイリングするための機能細胞および組織の検定システムに関する。
本発明の説明において、「幹細胞」は、例えば胚性幹(ES)および胚生殖(EG)といった幹細胞あるいは生殖細胞のいずれかを意味する。少なくとも幹細胞は、一つ以上の異なる表現型の細胞を増殖させ、形成させることができ、同一培養の一部として、あるいは異なる条件下での培養時に、自己再生が可能となる。胚性幹細胞は、典型的にはテロメラーゼ陽性およびOCT−4陽性である。テロメラーゼ活性は、TRAP活性試験を(Kim et al., Science 266(1997),2011)、市販キット(TRAPeze(R) XKテロメラーゼ検出キット, Cat. s7707、Intergen Co., Purchase N.Y.、あるいはTeloTAGGG(TM)テロメラーゼPCR ELISAplus, Cat. 2,013,89; Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis)を使用して決定される。hTERT発現も、RT−PCRによりmRNAレベルで評価可能である。LightCycler TeloTAGGG(TM) hTERT定量化キット(Cat.3,012,344; Roche Diagnostics)が、調査用に市販されている。
本発明は、
(a) 細胞、細胞集合体、組織、あるいは幹細胞、望ましくは胚性幹細胞から得られた器官、を含む生物由来物質を電極アレイ上で培養し;
(b) 前記生物由来物質を検体とし;
(c) 前記電極アレイにより前記生物由来物質の電気的活動を測定し、任意にパラメータを分析する、工程を含む、薬剤などの対象化合物を取得および/またはプロファイリングするための機能的な組織の検定システムに関する。
(a) 少なくとも一つの選択可能なマーカーに動作的に結合される第一および第二細胞型特異的調節配列を有する組み換え型核酸分子を有する一つ以上の多細胞あるいは多能性細胞をトランスフェクトし;
(b) 細胞の分化が可能な条件下で細胞を培養し;
(c) 分化の過程で選択可能マーカーを活性化させる細胞型から任意の細胞型へと分化する細胞に伴い、少なくとも二種の分化細胞型を分離し、および/または未分化細胞を除去する。
上記アレイの分析に準備、適用された装置も、本発明の主題である。
(a) 電極アレイにおいて本発明に従って準備された細胞、細胞集合体、組織あるいは器官を有する生物由来物質を培養し;
(b) 前記生物由来物質を検体とし;
(c) 前記電極アレイと任意のパラメータにより、前記生物由来物質の電気的活性を測定する。
上記検定は、上述のような複数のあるいは微小電極アレイ(MEA)で実施されることが好ましい。本発明の検定システムは、従来多大な時間とコストがかかっていた心臓疾患の分析用動物実験の代役を果たすという利点を有する。このように、機能検定システムは、薬剤の開発や、ヒトあるいは動物が接触しうる任意の化合物の毒性試験において非常に有用である。上記細胞集合体は、EBであることが好ましい(上記説明を参照のこと)。
本発明の機能組織検定システムの好ましい実施形態において、いわゆるカルディオボディ、すなわち心筋細胞へと分化した胚葉体(EB)が使用され、ペースメーカー細胞と同様、心房および心室心筋細胞からなる機能心臓組織が示される。通常、前記電極アレイは、上記のような複数あるいは微小電極アレイ(MEA)である。
(i) Na+チャンネル
(ii) Ca2+/K+ チャンネル
(iii) K+ チャンネル
(iv) 振幅および/または電場電位期間(FDP)
(v) 心臓細胞のクロノトロフィまたは神経細胞の突発期間
(vi) 不整脈、EAD状現象
(vii) pH値
(viii) 酸素分圧(pO2)
(ix) 拍動停止
(x) AV分離収縮性、NO効果および/または形態変化
(i) Na+チャンネル
(ii) Ca2+/K+ チャンネル
(iii) K+ チャンネル
(iv) 振幅および/または電場電位期間(FDP)
(v) 心臓細胞のクロノトロフィまたは神経細胞の突発期間
(vi) 不整脈、EAD状現象
(vii) pH値
(viii) 酸素分圧(pO2)
(ix) 拍動停止
(x) AV分離収縮性、NO効果および/または形態変化
・ 高度に標準化された細胞培養モデル、カルディオボディの均質かつ再生可能な生成;
・ 正常な生理学的作用が得られる心房、心室およびペースメーカー細胞の存在(例:イオンチャンネルの発現と調節);
・ 全イオンチャンネル、変時性および不整脈の出現に対する効果を含む、カルディオボディのすべての電気生理学的プロパティのECG的スクリーニング;
・ すべて生体外ベースのシステム、困難な細胞準備が不要;
・ 時間とコストの節約。
神経生物学的に適合する電極アレイにより、そのアレイ上で幹細胞は分化することができる。上記アレイにより、既知あるいは未知の薬剤の存在に反応し、ES由来のニューロンの電気活性でのリアルタイムの変化が測定できる。心筋細胞の電気的活動は、細胞外微小電極アレイ上に細胞をプレーティングすることでモニタできる(Connolly et al., Biosens. Biores. 5(1990), 223−234)。上記細胞は通常の収縮を示し、記録された細胞外の信号は、細胞内の電圧記録に対する関連性を示す(Connolly et al., 上記文献を参照のこと)。この無侵襲方法により、従来の全細胞パッチクランプ技術よりも簡単かつ確実な長期にわたるモニタが可能となった。
‐ 薬剤候補を識別するため、上述の一つ以上の検定システムあるいはその構成要素の提供および/または
‐ 前工程で識別された薬剤あるいはさらにその類似体の本発明に基づく効果および毒性に関する治療プロファイリングの実施;そして
‐ 許容可能な治療プロファイリングを有する、前工程で識別された一つ以上の薬剤を含む医薬品の設定。
‐ 薬剤の識別に関する上記の一つ以上の検定システムあるいはその構成要素の提供と;
‐ 本発明の検定に基づく効果と毒性に関する薬剤の治療プロファイリングの代替的あるいは付加的な実施と;
‐ 識別あるいはプロファイルされた薬剤あるいはその類似体の開発および/または販売の権利に関する第三者へのライセンス供与。
識別された適正なリード化合物について、各第三者の合意様式において、動物への効果および毒性を評価するため、薬剤およびその類似体のプロファイリングが実施される。ヒトに対しあるいは獣医により使用される上記化合物の開発は、当該第三者により実施される。上記業務方法は、上記化合物の販売あるいは開発に関するライセンス供与に関する。ただし手数料の支払により、薬剤開発会社によって実施されることもできる。
適正な薬剤キャリアの例としては、当業者にとって周知であり、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水、オイル/水エマルジョンなどのエマルジョン、様々な種類の湿潤剤、無菌溶液などが含まれる。上記キャリアを含む組成は、周知である従来の方法で設定される。従って、本発明によれば、細胞分化の調節に使用され、適正な希釈剤あるいはキャリアにより本発明の方法に基づき識別された細胞分化のモジュレータの混合が含まれる。
ES細胞を心室心筋細胞へ分化させるため、細胞系R1のES細胞(Nagy et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 90(1993),8424−8428を参照)が、支持細胞(マウスの胎仔線維芽細胞に照射)の層上に15%のウシ胎仔血清(FCS)と白血病抑制因子(LIF)が追加されたダルベッコ改良イーグル培地(DMEM)において10cmのペトリ皿で培養された。細胞は、温度37℃、CO2 7%、湿度95%で増殖された。
0日:細胞は単細胞懸濁へとトリプシン処理され、遠心分離で収集された。細胞は、15%の血清代替物(SR)が追加されたノックアウト(KO)培地において1mlあたり約2x106の密度まで再懸濁された。本懸濁液のペトリ皿6cmあたり4mlが、50rpmにて温度37℃、CO2 5%および湿度 95%で揺動テーブル上で翌日から増殖される。
1日:15%のSRが追加されたKO培地においてES細胞集合体(胚葉体;EB)が2000 EB/20mlの密度となるまで希釈され、増殖される。
3日:15%のSRが追加されたKO培地により媒体が変更される(MW)。
4日:20%のFCSが追加されたイスコフ培地へと変更される。
5日:20%のFCSが追加されたイスコフ培地へと変更される。
6日:15%のSRが追加されたKO培地へと変更される。
7日:本発明のMEA検定でEBを使用するため、培養領域あたり1EBにより15%のFCSが追加された100μlのイスコフ培地にEBがプレーティングされ、ポリジメチルシラン(PDMS)により封止され、10日目からの検定で使用された。
国際出願WO02/051987およびWO099/01552が組み込まれたWO2004/113515およびWO2005/005621に記載された方法によれば、EGFP陽性心房およびペースメーカー状心臓細胞は、選択可能なプロモーターでピューロマイシン耐性遺伝子が担持された制御下において、組み換え型GFP遺伝子により遺伝子操作された幹細胞から得られる。(Kolossov et al., FASEB J. 19(2005),577−579を参照のこと)。例えば約4000 EB/20mlで12 x 12 cm2 の10個の培養皿から成り、2日あるいは3日おきに培地が交換される(IMDM + 20% FCS)と、国際出願WO2005/005621に記載されているように、大量培養後、ナイロン膜で仕切られた細胞および9から14日間のピューロマイシン選択の結果として得られたEBは、50mlのチューブへと移送され、PBSで二回洗浄される。1mlのピペットを二回使用してトリプシンで10分間処理を施した後、ほぼ完璧に分離され、1.5 x 106のグリーン細胞が得られる。分離された細胞は、フィブロネクチン上にプレーティングされ、翌日に培地が交換される。すなわち15日目に、培養後、細胞のデブリや死細胞の大半が除去される。
11日目、0.4μl/mlのピューロマイシンが細胞培養皿に付加され、翌日には上記培地は交換され、さらに1μl/mlのピューロマイシンが付加される。14日目、細胞が組み合わされ、トリプシン処理される。これらの1.1 x 105 EGFP陽性細胞は、ピューロマイシン(0.4μl/ml)が付加されたフィブロネクチンの6cmの皿上でプレーティングされ、1個のEBにつき約27個の心室心筋細胞が得られる。17日目、心室細胞はトリプシン処理され、1個のEBにつき約15個の心室心筋細胞に対応し、6 x 104の精製細胞を生成するMEA上にプレーティングされる。
Claims (17)
- 対象化合物を取得および/またはプロファイリングするための機能細胞および組織の検定方法であって:
(a) 幹細胞から得られた細胞、細胞集合体、又は組織を含む生物由来物質を電極アレイ上で培養し;
(b) 試験物質を前記生物由来物質に接触させ;
(c) 前記電極アレイにより前記生物由来物質の電気的活動を測定し、以下のパラメータ、即ち、
(i) Na+チャンネル;
(ii) Ca2+/K+ チャンネル;
(iii) K+ チャンネル;
(iv) 振幅および/または電場電位期間(FDP);
(v) 心臓細胞のクロノトロフィまたは神経細胞の突発期間;
(vi) 不整脈、早期後脱分極(EAD)状現象;
(vii) pH値;
(viii) 酸素分圧(pO2);
(ix) 拍動停止;および/または
(x) 房室(AV)解離収縮、NO効果および/または形態変化、
のいずれか1つあるいはすべてを分析する検定システムにおいて、
前記幹細胞が第一細胞型に対して特異的な第一細胞型特異的調節配列へ作動的に連結された選択性マーカー遺伝子を含むように遺伝的に改変され、
前記幹細胞は、前記第一細胞型の細胞型特異的調節配列に作動的に結合されたレポーター遺伝子を更に含み、
前記レポーター遺伝子の前記細胞型特異的調節配列は、前記マーカー遺伝子の前記第一細胞型特異的調節配列と実質的に同じである、検定方法。 - 前記幹細胞は、胚性幹(ES)細胞である、請求項1に記載の検定方法。
- 前記生物由来物質は、少なくとも1つのES細胞由来の第二細胞型細胞の存在下でES細胞由来の第一細胞型細胞を培養して得られる組織であるか、あるいは該組織より得られるものである、請求項2に記載の検定方法。
- 前記選択性マーカー遺伝子は、ピューロマイシン、ネオマイシンまたはハイグロマイシンに対する耐性を付与する、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の検定方法。
- 前記生物由来物質は、心筋細胞である、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の検定方法。
- 前記細胞集合体は、胚葉体(EB)である、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の検定方法。
- 前記電極アレイは、多極あるいは微小電極アレイ(MEA)である、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の検定方法。
- 前記電極アレイは、フィブロネクチンで被覆されている、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の検定方法。
- 少なくとも心臓細胞のクロノトロフィまたは房室(AV)解離収縮が分析される、請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の検定方法。
- 前記生物由来物質は胚葉体(EB)を含み、前記EBは、ペースメーカー細胞と同様、自立的に拍動し、心房および/または心室心筋細胞の電気生理学的プロパティを網羅する機能心臓組織から成る、請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の検定方法。
- 前記生物由来物質は、全体的あるいは部分的に、マウスのES細胞系に由来する、請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の検定方法。
- 前記生物由来物質は、標的遺伝子を(過剰)発現又は発現阻害するよう遺伝子操作された1つ以上の細胞を含む、請求項1から11のいずれか一項に記載の検定方法。
- 分化過程および/または組織構造形成を活性化あるいは阻害するものとして既知の化合物が、前記(a)における生物由来物質の培養に使用する培養基に付加されている、請求項1から12のいずれか一項に記載の検定方法。
- 複能性あるいは多能性幹細胞、および/または電極アレイを含むキットあるいは構成の使用であって、請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の検定方法を実行するためのキットあるいは構成の使用。
- 請求項1から13のいずれか1つに定められた電極アレイ及び幹細胞から得られた前記細胞を含むチップの使用であって、請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の検定方法において、外部刺激に反応した電気生理学的変化を測定するための使用。
- 請求項1から13のいずれか1つに記載された検定方法における電極アレイの分析装置の使用であって、該分析装置は細胞のモニタが可能であり、各細胞の電気特性に関する情報を与える、使用。
- 請求項1から13のいずれか一項に記載の検定方法における、幹細胞、細胞集合体、組織、あるいは電極アレイの使用。
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EP1740945A1 (en) | 2007-01-10 |
US9945840B2 (en) | 2018-04-17 |
US20210025869A1 (en) | 2021-01-28 |
US20180299426A1 (en) | 2018-10-18 |
CA2560334A1 (en) | 2005-10-20 |
ES2701704T3 (es) | 2019-02-25 |
JP2007532103A (ja) | 2007-11-15 |
DK1740945T3 (en) | 2019-01-21 |
US11835433B2 (en) | 2023-12-05 |
EP1740945B1 (en) | 2018-09-19 |
US20080132422A1 (en) | 2008-06-05 |
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