JP2013543244A - 高容量の正極活物質及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
高容量の正極活物質及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013543244A JP2013543244A JP2013539787A JP2013539787A JP2013543244A JP 2013543244 A JP2013543244 A JP 2013543244A JP 2013539787 A JP2013539787 A JP 2013539787A JP 2013539787 A JP2013539787 A JP 2013539787A JP 2013543244 A JP2013543244 A JP 2013543244A
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- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- positive electrode
- electrode active
- active material
- carbon
- lithium
- Prior art date
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn] Chemical compound [Li].[Mn] KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 87
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010316 high energy milling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009396 hybridization Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006231 channel black Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxonickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni]=O URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002697 manganese compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QTHKJEYUQSLYTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Co]=O.[Ni].[Li] Chemical compound [Co]=O.[Ni].[Li] QTHKJEYUQSLYTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OGCCXYAKZKSSGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ni]=O.[Mn].[Li] Chemical compound [Ni]=O.[Mn].[Li] OGCCXYAKZKSSGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- BVPMZCWLVVIHKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium cobalt(2+) manganese(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mn+2].[Co+2].[Li+] BVPMZCWLVVIHKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- CXULZQWIHKYPTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+) manganese(2+) nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O--].[O--].[O--].[Mn++].[Co++].[Ni++] CXULZQWIHKYPTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- -1 and more preferably Inorganic materials 0.000 description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 11
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 10
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin-22,24-diide Chemical group [Cu+2].C1=CC(C(=C2C=CC([N-]2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC(N=2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=C3[N-]2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=NC1=C3C1=CC=CC=C1 RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 8
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 6
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- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 5
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011258 core-shell material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910015645 LiMn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
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- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formamide Chemical compound NC=O ZHNUHDYFZUAESO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910003286 Ni-Mn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910004283 SiO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002388 carbon-based active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000009918 complex formation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 229910003480 inorganic solid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- FRMOHNDAXZZWQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium manganese(2+) nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mn+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] FRMOHNDAXZZWQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl orthoformate Chemical compound COC(OC)OC PYOKUURKVVELLB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007833 carbon precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004770 chalcogenides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004292 cyclic ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004862 dioxolanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium dioxido(oxo)titanium Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O NJLLQSBAHIKGKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010494 dissociation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005593 dissociations Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001973 fluoroelastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BLBBMBKUUHYSMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N furan-2,3,4,5-tetrol Chemical compound OC=1OC(O)=C(O)C=1O BLBBMBKUUHYSMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003949 imides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010220 ion permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- KQNPFQTWMSNSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutyric acid Chemical compound CC(C)C(O)=O KQNPFQTWMSNSAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni] RSNHXDVSISOZOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)nickel Chemical group [Li+].[O-][Ni]=O VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021470 non-graphitizable carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920001690 polydopamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001451 polypropylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002409 silicon-based active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005608 sulfonated EPDM Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003527 tetrahydropyrans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
層状構造のリチウムマンガン系酸化物を含んでいる正極活物質であって、Mnの含量がその他転移金属の含量より多く、Mnを含んだ転移金属モル数より1倍以上のモル数のLiを含み、4.4V以上の高電圧範囲での最初充電の時にリチウム脱離(lithium deintercalation:リチウム デインターカレーション)とともに現われる平坦準位区間で酸素及び二酸化炭素などのガスが放出される特性を有して、最初又は何度もの4.4V以上の電圧での充電以降、類似スピネル構造への構造的変化(structural change)に起因する電気化学的活性(electrochemical activity)が発現され、前記最初充電以降3.5V以下の電位範囲でリチウムマンガン系酸化物の電気伝導度の向上のために異種(different kind:特種)の炭素系導電物質が含まれていることを特徴とする正極活物質を提供するのに特徴がある。
[化学式1]
Li(LiaMnxM1−a−x)O2
(前記式において、0<a≦0.2で、x>(1−a)/2であり、MはMn、Ni、Co、Fe、Cr、V、Cu、Zn、Ti、Al、Mg及びBからなる群で選ばれる1種以上である。)
前記リチウム含有金属酸化物は、前記正極活物質100重量部に対して50重量部以内で含むことができる。
前記中大型デバイスは、パワーツール(Power Tool);電気車両(Electric Vehicle、EV)、ハイブリッド電気車両(Hybrid Electric Vehicle、HEV)及びプラグインハイブリッド電気車両(Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle、PHEV)を含む電気車両;E−Bike、E−scooterを含む電気二輪車両;電気ゴルフカート(Electric Golf Cart);電気トラック;電気商用車両;又は電力保存用システムであり得る。
[化学式1]
Li(LiaMnXM1−a−x)O2
(前記式で、0<a≦0.2で、x>(1−a)/2であり、MはMn、Ni、Co、Fe、Cr、V、Cu、Zn、Ti、Al、Mg及びBからなる群で選ばれる1種以上である。)
前記充填剤は、正極の膨脹を抑制する成分として選択的に使われており、当該電池に化学的変化を誘発しないながらも、繊維状の材料であれば特別に制限されるものではなく、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンなどのオリピン系の重合剤;ガラス繊維、炭素繊維などの繊維状の物質が用いられる。
[正極の製造]
NiSO4とMnSO4水溶液(Ni:Mn=1.3)を1N NaHCO3水溶液に混合して水酸化アンモニウムを添加し、pHを8に調節する共沈法によって、Ni−Mn混合炭酸塩を製造した。前記で製造されたNi−Mn混合炭酸塩をLiCO3と混合した後、空気雰囲気において1000℃で6時間の間焼結し、化学式1で表現されるリチウムニッケル−マンガン酸化物を製造した。
前記のように製造された正極とLi対電極、分離膜(Celgard 2400)及び1MLiPF6のEC/DMC(1:1V/V)を用いてコイン電池を製作した。
スペックスミリング(spex milling)を行わないことを除いて、実施例と同一である。
前記実施例及び比較例で製作したコイン電池を、正極電位を基準として4.6〜2Vの電圧範囲でサイクルによる放電容量を測定し、その結果を図1に記載した。
Claims (23)
- 正極活物質であって、
層状構造のリチウムマンガン系酸化物を含んでなり、
前記層状構造のリチウムマンガン系酸化物が、Mnの含量がその他転移金属の含量より多く、リチウム転移金属酸化物1モルに対してLiが1モル以上で含まれており、4.4V以上の高電圧範囲での最初充電の際にリチウムデインターカレーション (リチウム脱離)とともに酸素が放出される平坦準位の区間特性を有し、
前記最初充電以降3.5V以下の電位範囲でリチウムマンガン系酸化物の電気伝導度の向上のために異種の炭素系導電物質が含まれていることを特徴とする、正極活性物質。 - 前記正極活物質が、最初又は繰り返し、4.4V以上の電圧で充電した以降、類似スピネル構造への構造的変化に起因する電気化学的活性が発現されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記層状構造のリチウムマンガン系酸化物が、下記化学式1で表される組成を有することを特徴とする、請求項1又は2に記載の正極活物質。
Li(LiaMnxM1−a−x)O2 [化学式1]
〔前記式中、
0<a≦0.2で、x>(1−a)/2であり、
MはMn、Ni、Co、Fe、Cr、V、Cu、Zn、Ti、Al、Mg及びBからなる群で選ばれる1種以上である。〕 - 前記層状構造のリチウムマンガン系酸化物が、1次粒子又は多数の1次粒子が凝集された2次粒子であることを特徴とする、請求項1〜3の何れか一項に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記正極活物質が、前記層状構造のリチウムマンガン系酸化物と、
異種の炭素系導電物質であって、相対的に大きい粒径を有した第1炭素系物質、及び、相対的に小さな粒径を有した第2炭素系物質の複合体であることを特徴とする、請求項1〜4の何れか一項に記載の正極活物質。 - 前記2次粒子が、第2炭素系物質が前記リチウムマンガン系酸化物の1次粒子らの間に位置しており、
第1炭素系物質が、前記リチウムマンガン系酸化物の2次粒子の外面に位置していることを特徴とする、請求項4に記載の正極活物質。 - 前記第2炭素系物質が、リチウムマンガン系酸化物の2次粒子を球形としたとき、2次粒子の外周面部位の1次粒子らの間に主に位置していることを特徴とする、請求項5又は6に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記第2炭素系物質が、2次粒子の半径(r)を基準に粒子の中心から0.3rないしrの部位で1次粒子の間に位置していることを特徴とする、請求項5〜7の何れか一項に記載の正極活物質。
- 第1炭素系物質が、0.3μmないし30μmの粒径を有しており、
第2炭素系物質が、前記第1炭素系物質の粒径より小さな範囲であり、10ないし500nmの粒径を有していることを特徴とする、請求項5〜8の何れか一項に記載の正極活物質。 - 前記正極活物質全体重量を基準にして、
第1炭素系物質の含量が1重量%ないし15重量%であり、
第2炭素系物質の含量が1重量%ないし15重量%であり、
第1炭素系物質と第2炭素系物質の総量が2重量%ないし20重量%であることを特徴とする、請求項5〜8の何れか一項に記載の正極活物質。 - 前記正極活物質が、層状構造のリチウムマンガン系酸化物を第1炭素系物質及び第2炭素系物質とともに、高エネルギーミリング、湿式ミリング、メカノーフュージョン又はハイブリダイゼーションのうちの何れか一つの方法で行われて形成されてなることを特徴とする、請求項1〜4の何れか一項に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記正極活物質が、層状構造のリチウムマンガン系酸化物を第1炭素系物質及び第2炭素系物質とともに高エネルギーミリングして形成されることを特徴とする、請求項1〜4の何れか一項に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記正極活物質が、リチウムマンガン系酸化物の焼成時、第1炭素系物質及び第2炭素系物質を添加して合成することにより形成されることを特徴とする請求項1〜4の何れか一項に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記正極活物質が、リチウムマンガン系酸化物の合成に用いられるリチウム化合物、及び
マンガン化合物に第1炭素系物質及び第2炭素系物質又はこれらの前駆体を添加して合成することにより形成されることを特徴とする、請求項13に記載の正極活物質。 - 第1炭素系物質が、天然黒鉛及び人造黒鉛からなる群から選択されてなる一種以上のものであり、
第2炭素系物質が、デンカブラック、チャンネルブラック、ファーネスブラック、ケッチェンブラック及びカーボンブラックからなる群から選択される一種以上のものであることを特徴とする、請求項5に記載の正極活物質。 - 前記正極活物質が、リチウムコバルト酸化物、リチウムニッケル酸化物、リチウムマンガンスピネルを初めとするリチウムマンガン酸化物、リチウムコバルト−ニッケル酸化物、リチウムコバルト−マンガン酸化物、リチウムマンガン−ニッケル酸化物、リチウムコバルト−ニッケル−マンガン酸化物、リチウム含有オリビン型リン酸塩及びこれらに他の元素が置換又はドーピングされた酸化物からなる群から選択される一1種以上のリチウム含有金属酸化物をさらに備えてなることを特徴とする、請求項1〜15の何れか一項に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム含有金属酸化物が、前記正極活物質100重量部に対して、50重量部以内で包含されてなることを特徴とする、請求項16に記載の正極活物質。
- 前記他の元素が、Al、Mg、Ni、Co、Fe、Cr、V、Ti、Cu、B、Ca、Zn、Zr、Nb、Mo、Sr、Sb、W及びBiからなる群から選択されてなる一種以上のものであることを特徴とする、請求項16又は17に記載の正極活物質。
- 請求項1〜18の何れか一項に記載の正極活物質を備えてなることを特徴とする、正極合剤。
- 請求項19に記載の正極合剤が、集電体上に塗布されてなることを特徴とする、二次電池用正極。
- 請求項20に係る二次電池用正極を備えてなることを特徴とする、リチウム二次電池。
- 前記リチウム二次電池が、中型又は大型デバイスの電源である電池モジュールの単位電池として用いられることを特徴とする、請求項21に記載のリチウム二次電池。
- 前記中大型デバイスが、パワーツール;電気車両、ハイブリッド電気車両及びプラグインハイブリッド電気車両を含む電気車両;E−バイク、E−スクータを包含する電気二輪車両;電気ゴルフカート;電気トラック;電気商用車両;又は電力保存用システムであることを特徴とする、請求項22に記載のリチウム二次電池。
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