JP2013519770A5 - - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- JP2013519770A5 JP2013519770A5 JP2012553314A JP2012553314A JP2013519770A5 JP 2013519770 A5 JP2013519770 A5 JP 2013519770A5 JP 2012553314 A JP2012553314 A JP 2012553314A JP 2012553314 A JP2012553314 A JP 2012553314A JP 2013519770 A5 JP2013519770 A5 JP 2013519770A5
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- activation
- activation step
- alkylene oxide
- partial amount
- partial
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 41
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- -1 carbonate polyol Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanide Chemical compound N#[C-] XFXPMWWXUTWYJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- SZAVHWMCBDFDCM-KTTJZPQESA-N cobalt-60(3+);hexacyanide Chemical compound [60Co+3].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-] SZAVHWMCBDFDCM-KTTJZPQESA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+) Chemical compound [Co+2] XLJKHNWPARRRJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- YJUIKPXYIJCUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N trizinc;iron(3+);dodecacyanide Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-].N#[C-] YJUIKPXYIJCUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- LDVVTQMJQSCDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydroxypropan-2-yl formate Chemical compound OCC(CO)OC=O LDVVTQMJQSCDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- HNVRRHSXBLFLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-ene Chemical compound CC(C)(O)C=C HNVRRHSXBLFLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)O DKGAVHZHDRPRBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-2-ol Chemical compound CCC(C)O BTANRVKWQNVYAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FBWXMLUKXRLLOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3-methyloxetan-2-yl)methanol Chemical compound CC1COC1CO FBWXMLUKXRLLOR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BZAZNULYLRVMSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methyl-2-buten-3-ol Natural products CC(C)=C(C)O BZAZNULYLRVMSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BDLXTDLGTWNUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]ethanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OCCO BDLXTDLGTWNUFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WAEVWDZKMBQDEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(2-methoxypropoxy)propoxy]propan-1-ol Chemical compound COC(C)COC(C)COC(C)CO WAEVWDZKMBQDEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GICQWELXXKHZIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]ethoxy]ethanol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OCCOCCO GICQWELXXKHZIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002873 Polyethylenimine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001414 amino alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- GKPOMITUDGXOSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-3-yn-2-ol Chemical compound CC(O)C#C GKPOMITUDGXOSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HRKQOINLCJTGBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydroxidosulfur Chemical compound OSO HRKQOINLCJTGBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005906 polyester polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000909 polytetrahydrofuran Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N ricinelaidic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC[C@@H](O)C\C=C\CCCCCCCC(O)=O WBHHMMIMDMUBKC-XLNAKTSKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003656 ricinoleic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FEUQNCSVHBHROZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ricinoleic acid Natural products CCCCCCC(O[Si](C)(C)C)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC FEUQNCSVHBHROZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triformin Chemical compound O=COCC(OC=O)COC=O UFTFJSFQGQCHQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102010008410A DE102010008410A1 (de) | 2010-02-18 | 2010-02-18 | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polyethercarbonatpolyolen |
| DE102010008410.7 | 2010-02-18 | ||
| PCT/EP2011/052337 WO2011101403A1 (de) | 2010-02-18 | 2011-02-17 | Verfahren zur herstellung von polyethercarbonatpolyolen mit doppelmetallcyanidkatalysatoren und in gegenwart von metallsalzen |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2013519770A JP2013519770A (ja) | 2013-05-30 |
| JP2013519770A5 true JP2013519770A5 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) | 2014-04-03 |
Family
ID=43760092
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2012553314A Pending JP2013519770A (ja) | 2010-02-18 | 2011-02-17 | 複金属シアン化物触媒による金属塩の存在下でのポリエーテルカーボネートポリオールの製造方法 |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9080010B2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| EP (1) | EP2536778B1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| JP (1) | JP2013519770A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| KR (1) | KR20120138232A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| CN (1) | CN102869699B (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| BR (1) | BR112012020716A2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| CA (1) | CA2790038A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| DE (1) | DE102010008410A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| ES (1) | ES2471398T3 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| MX (1) | MX2012009552A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| PL (1) | PL2536778T3 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| PT (1) | PT2536778E (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| SG (1) | SG183223A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
| WO (1) | WO2011101403A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) |
Families Citing this family (35)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BR112012024165A2 (pt) * | 2010-03-24 | 2017-07-18 | Bayer Ip Gmbh | processo de preparação de polióis de poliéter carbonato |
| CN103403061B (zh) * | 2010-12-27 | 2016-06-01 | 陶氏环球技术有限责任公司 | 使用双金属氰化物催化剂络合物和镁、第3族-第15族金属或镧系金属化合物的环氧烷烃聚合反应 |
| EP2548908A1 (de) * | 2011-07-18 | 2013-01-23 | Bayer MaterialScience AG | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Polyetherpolyolen |
| BR112014014850B1 (pt) * | 2011-12-18 | 2020-09-24 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Método para produzir um poliéster-poliéter híbrido |
| BR112015010448A2 (pt) * | 2012-11-09 | 2018-05-15 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Método para a produção de poliéter-carbonato- polióis. |
| CN103214666B (zh) * | 2013-04-28 | 2015-06-10 | 北京旭阳化工技术研究院有限公司 | 连续溶液聚合法制备脂肪族聚碳酸酯的方法 |
| EP2837648A1 (en) * | 2013-08-12 | 2015-02-18 | Repsol, S.A. | Process for preparing polyether carbonate polyols |
| CA2929472C (en) * | 2013-11-27 | 2022-01-04 | Covestro Deutschland Ag | Mixtures of polyether carbonate polyols and polyether polyols for producing polyurethane soft foams |
| EP2894180A1 (en) * | 2014-01-08 | 2015-07-15 | Bayer MaterialScience AG | Polymer Polyols comprising a Polyether Carbonate Polyol as the Base Polyol |
| KR101466803B1 (ko) * | 2014-02-14 | 2014-11-28 | 부산대학교 산학협력단 | 이중금속시안염 촉매 및 이를 제조하는 방법 |
| US9527958B2 (en) | 2014-05-02 | 2016-12-27 | Covestro Llc | Process for purification of polyether carbonate polyols |
| WO2016120399A1 (en) | 2015-01-28 | 2016-08-04 | Repsol, S.A. | A thermoplastic polyurethane based on polyether carbonate polyol |
| WO2016120406A1 (en) | 2015-01-28 | 2016-08-04 | Repsol, S.A. | A polyurethane adhesive formulation based on polyether carbonate polyol |
| PT3283547T (pt) | 2015-04-13 | 2021-08-06 | Repsol Sa | Novas formulações para aplicações de poliuretano |
| AR104981A1 (es) * | 2015-06-20 | 2017-08-30 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Proceso continuo para producir polioles de poliéter que tienen un elevado contenido de óxido de etileno polimerizado, mediante el uso de un complejo catalizador de cianuro de metal doble y un compuesto metálico de la serie de lantanida o metal del grupo 3 - grupo 15, magnesio |
| GB201515350D0 (en) | 2015-08-28 | 2015-10-14 | Econic Technologies Ltd | Method for preparing polyols |
| US10040903B2 (en) | 2016-09-13 | 2018-08-07 | Covestro Llc | Polymer polyol quality |
| HUE061193T2 (hu) * | 2016-11-11 | 2023-05-28 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Polikarbonát alapú poliolok |
| GB201703331D0 (en) * | 2017-03-01 | 2017-04-12 | Econic Tech Ltd | Method for preparing polycarbonate ether polyols |
| GB201703323D0 (en) * | 2017-03-01 | 2017-04-12 | Econic Tech Ltd | Method for preparing polyols |
| BR112019023463B1 (pt) * | 2017-05-10 | 2023-10-24 | Dow Global Technologies Llc | Método para produzir um complexo catalisador, complexo catalisador, complexo catalisador insolúvel em água, complexo catalisador insolúvel em água particulado e método para a produção de um policarbonato |
| GB201717441D0 (en) * | 2017-10-24 | 2017-12-06 | Econic Tech Ltd | A polymerisation process |
| US20190119444A1 (en) * | 2017-10-25 | 2019-04-25 | Covestro Llc | Process to remove dmc catalysts from polyether carbonate polyols |
| EP3546493A1 (en) | 2018-03-28 | 2019-10-02 | Covestro Deutschland AG | Aqueous dispersion |
| WO2019209348A1 (en) | 2018-04-28 | 2019-10-31 | Liang Wang | Polyurethane elastomer with high ultimate elongation |
| US11976209B2 (en) * | 2018-11-22 | 2024-05-07 | Basf Coatings Gmbh | Organotin copolymers as polymeric crosslinking catalysts |
| CN110922577B (zh) * | 2019-12-10 | 2022-08-23 | 长华化学科技股份有限公司 | 聚醚碳酸酯多元醇的制备方法 |
| CN213739255U (zh) * | 2020-03-23 | 2021-07-20 | 杭州普力材料科技有限公司 | 一种管道化连续生产聚碳酸酯聚醚多元醇的设备 |
| CN112029083B (zh) * | 2020-08-26 | 2022-06-24 | 烟台大学 | 一种聚醚碳酸酯多元醇及其制备方法 |
| CN114425335B (zh) * | 2020-09-16 | 2023-07-04 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种合成聚醚胺的双金属催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN112111056A (zh) * | 2020-09-22 | 2020-12-22 | 河北工业大学 | 一种高活性制备聚醚多元醇或聚醚酯多元醇的双组分催化体系及应用 |
| CN113493563A (zh) * | 2021-07-14 | 2021-10-12 | 扬州工业职业技术学院 | 一种聚醚多元醇及其制备方法、应用 |
| CN113801314B (zh) * | 2021-11-03 | 2023-01-10 | 中国科学院过程工程研究所 | 一种聚碳酸酯的制备方法 |
| CN114054099B (zh) * | 2021-12-06 | 2023-07-11 | 万华化学集团股份有限公司 | 一种Fe3O4@SiO2-2N-CoCl2催化剂、制备方法及其应用 |
| CN116333294B (zh) * | 2023-05-04 | 2023-12-29 | 辽宁奥克药业股份有限公司 | 一种制备嵌段聚醚的催化剂、嵌段聚醚的制备方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| GB1063525A (en) | 1963-02-14 | 1967-03-30 | Gen Tire & Rubber Co | Organic cyclic oxide polymers, their preparation and tires prepared therefrom |
| US3829505A (en) | 1970-02-24 | 1974-08-13 | Gen Tire & Rubber Co | Polyethers and method for making the same |
| US3941849A (en) | 1972-07-07 | 1976-03-02 | The General Tire & Rubber Company | Polyethers and method for making the same |
| AU552988B2 (en) | 1982-03-31 | 1986-06-26 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Polymerizing epoxides and catalyst suspensions for this |
| GB8528071D0 (en) * | 1985-11-14 | 1985-12-18 | Shell Int Research | Polycarbonates |
| US4686276A (en) * | 1985-12-30 | 1987-08-11 | The Dow Chemical Company | Process for preparing poly (alkylene carbonates) |
| JP2653236B2 (ja) | 1990-10-05 | 1997-09-17 | 旭硝子株式会社 | ポリエーテル化合物の製造方法 |
| US5158922A (en) | 1992-02-04 | 1992-10-27 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Process for preparing metal cyanide complex catalyst |
| US5712216A (en) | 1995-05-15 | 1998-01-27 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Highly active double metal cyanide complex catalysts |
| US5470813A (en) | 1993-11-23 | 1995-11-28 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Double metal cyanide complex catalysts |
| US5482908A (en) | 1994-09-08 | 1996-01-09 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Highly active double metal cyanide catalysts |
| US5545601A (en) | 1995-08-22 | 1996-08-13 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Polyether-containing double metal cyanide catalysts |
| US5627120A (en) | 1996-04-19 | 1997-05-06 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Highly active double metal cyanide catalysts |
| US5714428A (en) | 1996-10-16 | 1998-02-03 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Double metal cyanide catalysts containing functionalized polymers |
| US5952261A (en) | 1998-03-20 | 1999-09-14 | Arco Chemical Technology, L.P. | Double metal cyanide complex catalysts modified with Group IIA compounds |
| DE19905611A1 (de) | 1999-02-11 | 2000-08-17 | Bayer Ag | Doppelmetallcyanid-Katalysatoren für die Herstellung von Polyetherpolyolen |
| DE19958355A1 (de) | 1999-12-03 | 2001-06-07 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von DMC-Katalysatoren |
| US6835687B2 (en) | 2000-04-20 | 2004-12-28 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Method for producing double metal cyanide (DMC) catalysts |
| DE10147712A1 (de) * | 2001-09-27 | 2003-04-17 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung aliphatischer Polycarbonate |
| DE10219028A1 (de) | 2002-04-29 | 2003-11-06 | Bayer Ag | Herstellung und Verwendung von hochmolekularen aliphatischen Polycarbonaten |
| JP4145123B2 (ja) | 2002-11-18 | 2008-09-03 | 株式会社オンダ製作所 | 継手 |
| CA2518201A1 (en) | 2003-03-07 | 2004-09-23 | Dow Global Technologies Inc. | Continuous process and system of producing polyether polyols |
| EP1824900B1 (de) * | 2004-12-10 | 2009-07-08 | Basf Se | Herstellung und verwendung von ultrahochmolekularen polycarbonaten |
| US7268204B2 (en) * | 2005-03-29 | 2007-09-11 | Basf Corporation | Complex of a multimetal cyanide compound and methods of forming polyethercarbonate polyols |
| US20060223979A1 (en) * | 2005-04-04 | 2006-10-05 | Thomas Ostrowski | Process for preparing polyether polyols |
| US8093351B2 (en) * | 2006-08-24 | 2012-01-10 | Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. | Copolymerization of propylene oxide and carbon dioxide and homopolymerization of propylene oxide |
| MX2009007771A (es) * | 2007-01-30 | 2009-07-30 | Basf Se | Proceso para la preparacion de polioles de carbonato de polieter. |
-
2010
- 2010-02-18 DE DE102010008410A patent/DE102010008410A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2011
- 2011-02-17 WO PCT/EP2011/052337 patent/WO2011101403A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2011-02-17 CN CN201180019729.8A patent/CN102869699B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-02-17 US US13/579,222 patent/US9080010B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2011-02-17 MX MX2012009552A patent/MX2012009552A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2011-02-17 CA CA2790038A patent/CA2790038A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-02-17 BR BR112012020716A patent/BR112012020716A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2011-02-17 KR KR1020127021541A patent/KR20120138232A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-02-17 ES ES11704222.6T patent/ES2471398T3/es active Active
- 2011-02-17 JP JP2012553314A patent/JP2013519770A/ja active Pending
- 2011-02-17 PL PL11704222T patent/PL2536778T3/pl unknown
- 2011-02-17 PT PT117042226T patent/PT2536778E/pt unknown
- 2011-02-17 SG SG2012058707A patent/SG183223A1/en unknown
- 2011-02-17 EP EP11704222.6A patent/EP2536778B1/de not_active Not-in-force
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