JP2012043640A - 光電変換素子、光電変換素子の製造方法および太陽電池 - Google Patents
光電変換素子、光電変換素子の製造方法および太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002572 propoxy group Chemical group [*]OC([H])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001725 pyrenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001936 tantalum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
【解決手段】基板、第一電極、半導体および増感色素を含有する光電変換層、正孔輸送層および第二電極を有する光電変換素子において、該正孔輸送層は、一般式(1)或いは一般式(2)で表される繰り返し単位を有する重合体を含有することを特徴とする光電変換素子。
【選択図】図1
Description
2.前記一般式(1)中、R1〜R4のうち、少なくとも一つが炭素鎖長6〜18の直鎖アルキル基であることを特徴とする前記1に記載の光電変換素子。
7.前記半導体が酸化チタンであることを特徴とする前記1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子。
9.前記1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子を有することを特徴とする太陽電池。
本発明の光電変換素子について、図1により説明する。
正孔輸送層は、光吸収して電子を半導体に注入した後の増感色素の酸化体を迅速に還元し、色素との界面で注入された正孔を第二電極に輸送する機能を担う層である。
一般式(1)の繰り返し単位に対応するモノマー
窒素雰囲気下、3,4−ジメトキシチオフェン 1.44g (10.0mmol)、1,2−ヘキサデカンジオール 2.58g(10.0mmol)、p−トルエンスルホン酸1水和物 157mg(0.83mmol)をトルエン60mlに溶解させて85〜90℃で21時間加熱した。冷却後、反応物を水洗して有機層をMgSO4で乾燥した後、ろ液を濃縮した。ヘプタン:酢酸エチル(19:1)でシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー精製を行い、M1−4を黄白色固体として1.77g (5.2mmol,52%)得た。
1H−NMR (CHCl3):δ(ppm) 0.88(t,3H) 1.26(br,24H) 1.67(br,2H) 3.87(m,1H) 4.13(m,2H) 6.30(s,2H)
(M1−4の二量体(DM1−4)の合成)
窒素雰囲気下、M1−4を1.015g(3.00mmol)、無水THF12mlに溶解させて、N,N,N′,N′−テトラメチルエチレンジアミン0.90ml(6.0mmol)を加えた。溶液を−10℃に冷却してから、n−ブチルリチウムのヘキサン溶液(1.67M)を1.8ml(3.0mmol)加える。別な窒素雰囲気下の容器内で、鉄(III)アセチルアセトネート1.057g(2.99mmol)を無水THF12mlに溶解させてから、前述の反応溶液を加えて6時間加熱還流を行った。反応混合物を減圧濃縮し、ヘプタン:酢酸エチル(19:1)でシリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィー精製を行い、さらに分子ふるいクロマトグラフィーにより精製を行うことで、DM1−4を黄白色固体として328mg (0.49mmol,32%)得た。
1H−NMR (CHCl3):δ(ppm) 0.88(t,6H) 1.26(br,48H) 1.68(br,4H) 3.93(m,2H) 4.18(m,4H) 6.23(s,2H)
重合方法としては、重合触媒を用いる化学重合法、少なくとも作用極と対極とを備えて両電極間に電圧を印加することにより反応させる電解重合法、光照射単独あるいは重合触媒、加熱、電解等を組み合わせた光重合法等があるが、電解重合法を用いた重合法が好ましい。
[1]中性共役ポリマーのπ−π*遷移(400〜700nm)
[2]ポーラロンによる吸収(500〜1500nm)
[3]バイポーラロンによる吸収(1000nm以上)
可視域(波長400〜700nm)において透明であるためには、[1][2]の吸収を抑え[3]のみを許容する設計にすればよい。単位ユニットあたりの正孔ドープ量が0.15〜0.66であるとき、本願発明に係わる重合体の中性共役部分やポーラロンの存在割合が減少し、ポリマー鎖を構成する主成分がバイポーラロンとなる。重合体が一般式(1)或いは一般式(2)で表される繰り返し単位を有するとき、バイポーラロンの形成が促進され中性共役部分やポーラロンがさらに減少するので、より可視光透過性が向上する。その結果、重合体の吸収による可視光の損失が減少するため、増感色素に作用する可視光が増加し、結果として光電変換効率の向上につながるものと推定される。
基板は、光入射方向の側に設けられ、光電変換素子の光電変換効率の観点から、光透過率が10%以上であることが好ましく、更に好ましくは50%以上であり、特に80%〜100%であることが好ましい。
第一電極は、基板と光電変換層との間に配置される。
本発明の光電変換素子は、短絡防止手段として、膜状(層状)をなし、第一電極と半導体層との間に位置するバリヤ層を有することが好ましい。
光電変換層は、半導体および増感色素を含有し、当該増感色素を担持した当該半導体を含有する半導体層からなる。
半導体層に用いられる半導体としては、シリコン、ゲルマニウムのような単体、周期表(元素周期表ともいう)の第3族〜第5族、第13族〜第15族系の元素を有する化合物、金属のカルコゲニド(例えば、酸化物、硫化物、セレン化物等)、金属窒化物等を使用することができる。
半導体層の作製方法について説明する。
まず、半導体の微粉末を含む塗布液を調製する。この半導体微粉末はその1次粒子径が微細な程好ましく、その1次粒子径は1〜5000nmが好ましく、さらに好ましくは2〜100nmである。半導体微粉末を含む塗布液は、半導体微粉末を溶媒中に分散させることによって調製することができる。
上記のようにして得られた半導体微粉末含有塗布液を、導電性支持体上に塗布または吹き付け、乾燥等を行った後、空気中または不活性ガス中で焼成して、導電性支持体上に半導体層(半導体膜とも言う)が形成される。
本発明に係る増感色素は、下述するような半導体の増感処理により、半導体に担持されており、光照射時、光励起され起電力を生じ得るものである。増感色素としては、光電変換素子に用いられる公知の増感色素を用いることができる。
半導体層1m2当たりの本発明の色素の総担持量は0.01〜100ミリモルの範囲が好ましく、さらに好ましくは0.1〜50ミリモルであり、特に好ましくは0.5〜20ミリモルである。
半導体を焼成した基板を増感色素を含む溶液に浸漬する時間は、半導体層(半導体膜)に深く進入して吸着等を充分に進行させ、半導体を十分に増感させることが好ましい。
第二電極は導電性を有するものであればよく、任意の導電性材料が用いられる。絶縁性の物質でも、正孔輸送層に面している側に導電性物質層が設置されていれば、これも使用可能である。
本発明の太陽電池は、上記本発明の光電変換素子を有する。
〔光電変換素子SC−1の作製(本発明)〕
シート抵抗20Ω/□のフッ素ドープ酸化スズ(FTO)導電性ガラス基板を第1電極とした。この基板上にテトラキスイソポロポキシチタン1.2mlおよびアセチルアセトン0.8mlをエタノール18mlに希釈した溶液を滴下して、スピンコート法により製膜後、450℃で8分間加熱して、透明導電膜(FTO)上に、厚み30〜50nmの酸化チタン薄膜からなるバリヤ層を形成した。
光電変換素子1の作製において、増感色素として表1に記載の増感色素を用い、正孔輸送層(一般式(1)あるいは一般式(1)の繰り返し単位を有する重合体による層)作製用の電解重合溶液に一般式(1)あるいは一般式(1)の繰り返し単位に対応するモノマー:M1−1、増感色素等を表1に記載の化合物に変更した以外は同様にして、光電変換素子SC−2〜14を作製した。
光電変換素子1の作製において、増感色素として表1に記載の増感色素を用い、電解重合溶液においてM1−1を表1に記載の下記のモノマーに変更した以外は同様にして、光電変換素子SC−15〜17を作製した。
作製した光電変換素子を、ソーラーシミュレータ(英弘精機製)を用い、AMフィルター(AM−1.5)を通したキセノンランプから100mW/cm2の擬似太陽光を照射することにより行った。
ここで、Pは入射光強度[mW/cm−2]、Vocは開放電圧[V]、Jscは短絡電流密度[mA・cm−2]、F.F.は形状因子を示す。
開回路状態で強度100mW/cm2のキセノンランプ光を3時間照射した後、光電変換効率(η(%))を求め、初期光電変換効率に対する比を算出した。
酸化チタン膜の面積が10×20mm2、厚さが1.0〜1.2μmであること以外は、前述の半導体電極の作製方法と同様にして正孔輸送材の光吸収の評価用サンプルを作製した。電解重合前後の吸光度を、分光光度計(JASCO V−530)を用いて測定し、電解重合前後の吸光度の差を取ることで、重合体Aのみの吸光度を導出した。400〜700nmでの吸光度の平均値を用い正孔輸送材の光吸収の比較対象とした。酸化チタン膜の膜厚のばらつきを補正するため、吸光度の比較には酸化チタン膜の平均膜厚(μm)で除した値を用いた。
2 第一電極
3 バリヤ層
6 光電変換層
7 正孔輸送層
8 第二電極
10 光電変換素子
Claims (9)
- 基板、第一電極、半導体および増感色素を含有する光電変換層、正孔輸送層および第二電極を有する光電変換素子において、該正孔輸送層は、下記一般式(1)或いは一般式(2)で表される繰り返し単位を有する重合体を含有することを特徴とする光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式(1)中、R1〜R4のうち、少なくとも一つが炭素鎖長6〜18の直鎖アルキル基であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式(2)中、nが1であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式(1)或いは一般式(2)で表される繰り返し単位を有する重合体が、前記光電変換層上で、重合されたものであることを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記一般式(1)或いは一般式(2)で表される繰り返し単位を有する重合体の吸光度が0.2〜1.0であることを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記増感色素が下記一般式(3)で表される部分構造を有することを特徴とする請求項1〜5に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記半導体が酸化チタンであることを特徴とする請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子。
- 基板、第一電極、半導体および増感色素を含有する光電変換層、正孔輸送層および第二電極を設置してなる光電変換素子の製造方法において、該正孔輸送層が下記一般式(1′)あるいは一般式(2′)で表される単量体又はその多量体を用いて電解重合により形成されたことを特徴とする光電変換素子の製造方法。
- 請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子を有することを特徴とする太陽電池。
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