JP2012008592A - 低損失光ファイバ、およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
低損失光ファイバ、およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract description 21
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 29
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 78
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 79
- 239000011162 core material Substances 0.000 description 65
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 23
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 21
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 16
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 16
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000001069 Raman spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000012681 fiber drawing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920006240 drawn fiber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000005350 fused silica glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010574 gas phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910005793 GeO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003486 chemical etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010924 continuous production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012792 core layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005137 deposition process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009795 derivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002274 desiccant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- UHESRSKEBRADOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl carbamate;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.CCOC(N)=O UHESRSKEBRADOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009760 functional impairment Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007496 glass forming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012943 hotmelt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 hydroxyl ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035800 maturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001020 plasma etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005373 porous glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010187 selection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
- G02B6/036—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating core or cladding comprising multiple layers
- G02B6/03616—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference
- G02B6/03661—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 4 layers only
- G02B6/03683—Optical fibres characterised both by the number of different refractive index layers around the central core segment, i.e. around the innermost high index core layer, and their relative refractive index difference having 4 layers only arranged - - + +
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
- C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
- C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
- C03B37/01205—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments
- C03B37/01211—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments by inserting one or more rods or tubes into a tube
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
- C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
- C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
- C03B37/01205—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments starting from tubes, rods, fibres or filaments
- C03B37/01225—Means for changing or stabilising the shape, e.g. diameter, of tubes or rods in general, e.g. collapsing
- C03B37/01228—Removal of preform material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
- C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
- C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
- C03B37/014—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
- C03B37/01—Manufacture of glass fibres or filaments
- C03B37/012—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments
- C03B37/014—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD]
- C03B37/018—Manufacture of preforms for drawing fibres or filaments made entirely or partially by chemical means, e.g. vapour phase deposition of bulk porous glass either by outside vapour deposition [OVD], or by outside vapour phase oxidation [OVPO] or by vapour axial deposition [VAD] by glass deposition on a glass substrate, e.g. by inside-, modified-, plasma-, or plasma modified- chemical vapour deposition [ICVD, MCVD, PCVD, PMCVD], i.e. by thin layer coating on the inside or outside of a glass tube or on a glass rod
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2201/00—Type of glass produced
- C03B2201/02—Pure silica glass, e.g. pure fused quartz
- C03B2201/03—Impurity concentration specified
- C03B2201/04—Hydroxyl ion (OH)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2201/00—Type of glass produced
- C03B2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03B2201/07—Impurity concentration specified
- C03B2201/075—Hydroxyl ion (OH)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2201/00—Type of glass produced
- C03B2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03B2201/08—Doped silica-based glasses doped with boron or fluorine or other refractive index decreasing dopant
- C03B2201/12—Doped silica-based glasses doped with boron or fluorine or other refractive index decreasing dopant doped with fluorine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2201/00—Type of glass produced
- C03B2201/06—Doped silica-based glasses
- C03B2201/30—Doped silica-based glasses doped with metals, e.g. Ga, Sn, Sb, Pb or Bi
- C03B2201/31—Doped silica-based glasses doped with metals, e.g. Ga, Sn, Sb, Pb or Bi doped with germanium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
- C03B2203/00—Fibre product details, e.g. structure, shape
- C03B2203/10—Internal structure or shape details
- C03B2203/22—Radial profile of refractive index, composition or softening point
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacture, Treatment Of Glass Fibers (AREA)
- Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)
- Surface Treatment Of Glass (AREA)
Abstract
【解決手段】本発明は、光ファイバプリフォームを準備する工程と、プリフォームを軟化する温度まで加熱する工程と、プリフォームから光ファイバを線引きする工程とを有する光ファイバの製造方法であり、プリフォームは、デルタが0.001より大きい内側コア領域と、デルタが−0.001〜0.0005である外側コア領域と、デルタが−0.001より小さい第1クラッド領域とを少なくとも有し、さらに、内側コア領域と外側コア領域とがVAD法あるいはOVD法を用いて形成されている。
【選択図】図1
Description
ウォーターピークがゼロあるいは低い低損失ファイバは、VAD法、あるいはOVD法により大きく、経済的なプリフォームサイズ(外径90mm以上)で効率よく作られる。最も低い1385nm損失(0.31dB/kmより低く、通常0.275dB/km)はVAD法により作られる150mmよりも大きいプリフォームサイズのコアロッドでほぼ確実に達成される。通常MCVD法はVAD法に比べてやや緩いウォーターピーク特性を持つより小さいプリフォーム(60−90mm)を作るために使われる。これはVAD法あるいはOVD法により堆積されたコア材料は焼結前のスートの脱水により通常乾燥状態([OH]<1ppb)にあるということによっている。第2の理由はVAD法あるいはOVD法により大きなD/d比をもつ大きなコア母材を作ることが可能であることによる。すなわち、大きなコア母材(90mm以上)では第1のオーバークラッドとコアロッドとの境界面がコアから遠く離れていてよい、つまり、製造界面が低い光パワー部分となることによる。MCVD製法はプリフォームサイズが小さく(たとえば、<70mm)なければより小さいD/d比になり、大きなプリフォームで経済的な、低い、あるいはゼロウォーターピークがゼロ、あるいは低い光ファイバを達成することがより困難となる。
図8は境界面を中心とする1μm厚さの環帯の中に伝播するパワーのパーセンテージの関数として境界領域でのOH汚れに起因する1385nmにおける損失の増加の計算結果を示す。2つの曲線は上に述べた乾燥したオーバークラッド処理がされるときと、もっと一般的なオーバークラッド処理がされるときに観察される典型的なレベルのOH汚れに対する損失の増加を示す。良好なZWP処理のためには乾燥させた処理技術が好ましく、適切に実行されるとその結果“境界”面でのパワーは約2%に満たなくなる。
12 内側コア領域
13 外側コア領域
14、15 クラッド領域
16 純シリカ領域
21 屈折率プロファイル
22 光パワーの分布
31 管
32 コアロッド
34 境界面
51 プリフォーム
52 サセプタ
53 線引きされたファイバ
54 コーティングカップ
55 コーティング槽
56 コーティングプレポリマー
57 ダイス
58 ポリマーコートされたファイバ
59 UVランプ
60 巻取りリール
Claims (6)
- シリカの屈折率からの屈折率偏差として表される屈折率プロファイルを有する光ファイバであって、
0.001乃至0.003のデルタと2乃至8μmの半径とを有する内側コア領域と、
実質的に0.000のデルタと3乃至10μmの半径とを有する外側コア領域と、
−0.0035乃至−0.0007のデルタと5乃至25μmの半径とを有する第1クラッド領域とを含み、
これらにより、
(1)光パワーの50乃至80パーセントを前記内側コア領域に閉じ込め、
(2)光パワーの20乃至40パーセントを前記外側コア領域に閉じ込め、そして、
(3)光パワーの5パーセント未満を前記第1のクラッド領域に閉じ込める、
ように、屈折率プロファイルが形成され、そして、
これらにより、1550nmにおいて100μm2よりも大きい有効断面積と、1550nmにおいて0.180dB/kmよりも小さい伝送損失とを提供するよう、前記屈折率プロファイルが形成される、光ファイバ。 - 1383nmにおける伝送損失が0.31dB/kmよりも小さい、請求項1に記載の光ファイバ。
- ケーブルカットオフ波長が1260nmよりも短い、請求項1に記載の光ファイバ。
- ケーブルカットオフ波長が1530nmよりも短い、請求項1に記載の光ファイバ。
- 前記外側クラッドがフッ素ドープされている、請求項1に記載の光ファイバ。
- 前記外側コア領域の最大半径が5乃至12μmの範囲にある、請求項1に記載の光ファイバ。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US11/170257 | 2005-06-29 | ||
US11/170,257 US20070003198A1 (en) | 2005-06-29 | 2005-06-29 | Low loss optical fiber designs and methods for their manufacture |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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JP2006179086A Division JP2007011366A (ja) | 2005-06-29 | 2006-06-29 | 低損失光ファイバ、およびその製造方法 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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JP2012008592A true JP2012008592A (ja) | 2012-01-12 |
JP5674593B2 JP5674593B2 (ja) | 2015-02-25 |
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JP2006179086A Pending JP2007011366A (ja) | 2005-06-29 | 2006-06-29 | 低損失光ファイバ、およびその製造方法 |
JP2011180063A Active JP5674593B2 (ja) | 2005-06-29 | 2011-08-22 | 低損失光ファイバ、およびその製造方法 |
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JP2006179086A Pending JP2007011366A (ja) | 2005-06-29 | 2006-06-29 | 低損失光ファイバ、およびその製造方法 |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
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US (4) | US20070003198A1 (ja) |
EP (2) | EP2629126B1 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP2007011366A (ja) |
CN (2) | CN102411168B (ja) |
Families Citing this family (46)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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FR2893149B1 (fr) * | 2005-11-10 | 2008-01-11 | Draka Comteq France | Fibre optique monomode. |
KR100762611B1 (ko) * | 2006-01-10 | 2007-10-01 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 광섬유 모재의 제조 방법 및 이를 이용한 광섬유의 제조방법 |
FR2899693B1 (fr) * | 2006-04-10 | 2008-08-22 | Draka Comteq France | Fibre optique monomode. |
US20080253428A1 (en) * | 2007-04-10 | 2008-10-16 | Qorex Llc | Strain and hydrogen tolerant optical distributed temperature sensor system and method |
NL1033763C2 (nl) * | 2007-04-26 | 2008-10-28 | Draka Comteq Bv | Inrichting en werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een optische voorvorm. |
US7836728B2 (en) * | 2007-05-09 | 2010-11-23 | Ofs Fitel, Llc | Increasing the cladding-to-core ratio (D/d) of low D/d ratio core rods in optical fiber performs |
US8107784B2 (en) * | 2007-06-15 | 2012-01-31 | Ofs Fitel, Llc | Reduced bend sensitivity and catastrophic bend loss in single mode optical fibers and method of making same |
US7496258B1 (en) * | 2007-11-09 | 2009-02-24 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Hydrocarbon monitoring cable |
CN102099711B (zh) | 2007-11-09 | 2014-05-14 | 德雷卡通信技术公司 | 抗微弯光纤 |
FR2930997B1 (fr) | 2008-05-06 | 2010-08-13 | Draka Comteq France Sa | Fibre optique monomode |
JP2010102276A (ja) * | 2008-09-26 | 2010-05-06 | Mitsubishi Cable Ind Ltd | 光ファイバ及びその製造方法 |
US8428415B2 (en) * | 2009-01-09 | 2013-04-23 | Corning Incorporated | Bend insensitive optical fibers with low refractive index glass rings |
KR101764156B1 (ko) * | 2009-05-11 | 2017-08-14 | 오에프에스 피텔 엘엘씨 | 필터 섬유에 기초하는 직렬 라만 섬유 레이저 시스템 |
JP2011039109A (ja) * | 2009-08-06 | 2011-02-24 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | 光通信システム |
DK2352047T3 (da) * | 2010-02-01 | 2019-11-11 | Draka Comteq Bv | Ikke-nul dispersionsskiftet optisk fiber med et stort effektivt areal |
ES2684474T3 (es) * | 2010-02-01 | 2018-10-03 | Draka Comteq B.V. | Fibra óptica con dispersión desplazada no nula que tiene una longitud de onda pequeña |
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US8315493B2 (en) | 2012-11-20 |
US20120093471A1 (en) | 2012-04-19 |
CN1891649B (zh) | 2011-11-09 |
US20090232463A1 (en) | 2009-09-17 |
US8295668B2 (en) | 2012-10-23 |
JP2007011366A (ja) | 2007-01-18 |
US20120033924A1 (en) | 2012-02-09 |
US8073301B2 (en) | 2011-12-06 |
EP2629126A2 (en) | 2013-08-21 |
CN102411168B (zh) | 2013-09-18 |
EP2629126A3 (en) | 2014-10-01 |
EP1739063A2 (en) | 2007-01-03 |
EP2629126B1 (en) | 2017-04-12 |
CN1891649A (zh) | 2007-01-10 |
US20070003198A1 (en) | 2007-01-04 |
JP5674593B2 (ja) | 2015-02-25 |
EP1739063A3 (en) | 2012-11-14 |
CN102411168A (zh) | 2012-04-11 |
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