JP2011503064A - 早産の合併症の治療 - Google Patents
早産の合併症の治療 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、早産によって引き起こされるまたは早産に伴う、未熟児の障害および状態を治療する方法を提供する。この方法は、臍帯血と場合により胎盤幹細胞とを未熟児に投与するステップを含む。臍帯血を単独でまたは血液添加剤と共に投与する実施形態では、臍帯血は、治療すべき未熟児にとって同種異系である。臍帯血を胎盤幹細胞および/または血液添加剤と共に投与する実施形態では、臍帯血は、レシピエントの未熟児にとって自己由来または同種異系であってよい。
本発明を用いて治療すべき障害または状態は、当技術分野で知られている、早産によって引き起こされるまたは早産に伴う任意の障害または状態であってよい。特定の実施形態では、障害または状態は、呼吸促迫症候群(RDS)または急性呼吸促迫症候群(ARDS)である。特定の実施形態では、障害または状態は、貧血である。特定の実施形態では、障害または状態は、脳室内出血、壊死性腸炎、未熟児網膜症、慢性肺疾患(気管支肺異形成症)、感染症、動脈管開存、無呼吸、低血圧または高ビリルビン血症である。特定の実施形態では、障害または状態は、これらに限定されないが、肺、眼、免疫系、脳、心臓、肝臓または腎臓を含めた、臓器の不完全な発達によって引き起こされる。
臍帯血と場合により胎盤幹細胞とを、未熟児、詳細には、未熟であることに伴うまたはそれによって引き起こされる任意の障害または状態を有するまたはそれらを示す未熟児に、注射または輸血を含めた、任意の薬学的または医学的に許容できる様式で投与することができる。特定の実施形態では、臍帯血および胎盤幹細胞を、未熟児に非経口的に投与する。本明細書で使用する場合、「非経口」という用語は、皮下注射、静脈内、筋肉内、動脈内への注射、または注入の技法を含む。好ましい実施形態では、臍帯血と場合により胎盤幹細胞とを、未熟児に静脈内投与する。
特定の実施形態では、臍帯血の未熟児への投与は、1つまたは複数の添加剤を含む。例えば、そのような添加剤として、例えば、エリスロポエチン、鉄補充物質、ビタミンまたは同種異系の赤血球が挙げられる。
本明細書に提供する方法の特定の実施形態では、未熟児の障害または状態の治療において、臍帯血と場合により胎盤幹細胞とを、第1の療法として、1つまたは複数の第2の療法と組み合わせて使用する。そのような第2の療法として、これらに限定されないが、手術、ホルモン療法、免疫療法、光線療法、または特定の薬物を用いる治療が挙げられる。
臍帯血は、任意の医学的または薬学的に許容できる様式で収集することができる。臍帯血を収集するための種々の方法が記載されている。例えば、米国特許第6,102,871号;米国特許第6,179,819Bl号;および米国特許第7,147,626号を参照されたい。これらの各全内容は、参照により組み込まれている。臍帯血を収集するための従来の技法は、針またはカニューレの使用に基づいており、これは、胎盤から臍帯血を流し出すために、重力の助けを借りて使用される。例えば、米国特許第5,192,553号;第5,004,681号;第5,372,581号および第5,415,665号を参照されたい。通常、針またはカニューレを、臍帯静脈中に配置し、胎盤を穏やかにマッサージして、胎盤から臍帯血を流し出すのを助ける。臍帯血を、例えば、血液バッグ、移動バッグまたは無菌のプラスチック製チューブの中に収集することができる。
本明細書で使用する場合、「胎盤幹細胞」という用語は、形態、細胞表面マーカー等にかかわらず、哺乳動物の胎盤またはその一部(例えば、羊膜、絨毛膜等)から得られるまたはそれらに由来する、組織培養用プラスチック接着性幹細胞(例えば、多分化能細胞(multipotent cell))を指す。この句は、例えば、胎盤灌流液中もしくは消化された胎盤組織(消化産物)中の胎盤細胞集団の一部として胎盤から直接得られた幹細胞、または1もしくは複数回拡大および/もしくは継代されている胎盤細胞集団の一部である幹細胞を包含する。しかし、この用語は、別の組織、例えば、胎盤の血液または臍帯血のみに由来する幹細胞を包含しない。胎盤は、例えば、明確に異なる一連のマーカーを有し、それらによって相互に識別可能な幹細胞集団を含む。胎盤幹細胞、およびそれを得る方法が、米国特許第7,045,148号;第7,255,879号;および2006年12月26出願の米国特許出願公開第2007/0275362号に詳細に記載されている。これらの開示の全体が、参照により本明細書に組み込まれている。
胎盤幹細胞を、当業者に知られている任意の技法によって収集し、単離することができる。好ましい実施形態では、胎盤幹細胞を、米国特許第7,045,148号、または2006年12月26日出願の米国特許出願第2007/0275362号の記載に従って単離し、収集する。これらの各全内容は、参照により組み込まれている。胎盤幹細胞を収集する方法を、以下に記載する。
4.1.1 胎盤の前処理
胎盤幹細胞の収集は、胎盤、例えば、ヒトの胎盤を収集することから始まる。特定の実施形態では、ヒトの胎盤を、その娩出後間もなく回収し、特定の実施形態では、胎盤中の臍帯血を回収する。特定の実施形態では、未熟児の治療の補助として、従来の臍帯血回収プロセス、例えば、特定の未熟児の必要性に応答しての臍帯血の回収を、胎盤に対して行う。また、臍帯血は、臍帯血銀行、例えば、LifeBankUSA、Cedar Knolls、NJの商業的なサービスから得ることもできる。
臍帯血の回収後、胎盤幹細胞を、胎盤から、例えば、灌流によって回収する。1つの態様では、放血させた胎盤を、適切な灌流水溶液を用いて灌流して、残余の臍帯血を除去する。灌流溶液は、抗凝固薬(例えば、ヘパリン、ワルファリンナトリウム)が好ましくは溶解している任意の等張水溶液であってよい。そのような灌流のための等張水溶液は、当技術分野ではよく知られており、それらとして、例えば、栄養培地、食塩水、例えば、リン酸緩衝食塩水または好ましくは0.9N塩化ナトリウム溶液が挙げられる。灌流液は、好ましくは、抗凝固薬を、いずれの残余の臍帯血の血餅形成も防止するのに十分である濃度で含む。特定の実施形態では、1〜100単位の濃度のヘパリンを利用し、好ましくは、1ml当たり1〜10単位の濃度のヘパリンを利用する。1つの実施形態では、アポトーシス阻害剤、例として、フリーラジカル消去剤、詳細には、酸素フリーラジカル消去剤を、放血の間および直後に使用することができ、次いで、これらの薬剤は、胎盤から洗浄することができる。本発明のこの実施形態によれば、単離した胎盤は、アポトーシスを防止または阻害するために、体温を下回る条件下で保管することができる。
好ましい実施形態では、胎盤を、容器またはその他の適切な槽の中で、無菌的条件下で培養(culture)するかまたは育て(cultivate)、抗凝固薬(例えば、ヘパリン、ワルファリンナトリウム、クマリン、ビスヒドロキシクマリン)を有するもしくは有しない、かつ/または抗菌剤(例えば、β−メルカプトエタノール(0.1mM);抗生物質、例として、ストレプトマイシン(例えば、40〜100μg/ml)、ペニシリン(例えば、40単位/ml)、アンホテリシンB(例えば、0.5μg/ml)等を有するもしくは有しない、灌流溶液(例えば、リン酸緩衝食塩水(「PBS」)または好ましくは、0.9N食塩水等の生理食塩水)を用いて灌流する。ウシ胎仔血清(FBS)、全ヒト血清(WHS)、または胎盤の分娩時に収集したヒト臍帯血清を補った、DMEM、Ham’s F−12、M199、RPMI、Fisher’s、Iscove’s、McCoy’sおよびそれらの組合せ等の、種々の培地を、胎盤を培養するまたは育てるための灌流液として使用することができる。胎盤から残余の臍帯血を放血させるために使用した同じ灌流液を使用して、抗凝固薬を添加せずに、胎盤を培養するまたは育てることができる。
増殖した細胞の数および型は、形態および細胞表面マーカーの変化を、フローサイトメトリー、細胞選別、免疫細胞化学(例えば、組織特異的抗体もしくは細胞マーカー特異的抗体を用いる染色)、蛍光標示式細胞分取(FACS)、磁気細胞分離(MACS)等の標準的な細胞検出の技法を使用して測定することによって、細胞の形態を、光学顕微鏡法もしくは共焦点顕微鏡法を使用して調べることによって、または遺伝子発現の変化を、PCRおよび遺伝子発現プロファイリング等の技術分野でよく知られている技法を使用して測定することによって容易にモニターすることができる。
上記で開示したように、胎盤の放血および灌流後、流し出し、空にした微小循環中に、胚性様幹細胞が遊走する。ここで、本発明の方法に従って、それらの細胞を、好ましくは、溶出灌流液を収集槽中に収集することによって収集する。
胎盤幹細胞を、哺乳動物の胎盤から、臓器を物理的に破壊する、例えば、酵素により消化することによって収集することができる。例えば、胎盤またはその一部を、本発明の幹細胞収集組成物と接触させながら、それらに対して、例えば、砕く、せん断する、細かに切る、さいの目に切る、みじんに切る、浸して柔らかくすること等を行い、それに続いて、組織を、1つまたは複数の酵素を用いて消化することができる。また、胎盤またはその一部を、物理的に破壊し、1つまたは複数の酵素を用いて消化し、次いで、得られた材料を、本発明の幹細胞収集組成物中に浸漬する、またはその中に混合することもできる。物理的に破壊する任意の方法を使用することができ、ただし、破壊する方法は、例えば、トリパンブルー色素排除によって決定した場合、前記臓器中の細胞のうち、複数、好ましくは大多数、より好ましくは少なくとも60%、70%、80%、90%、95%、98%または99%を生存した状態で残す。
本発明は、早産によって引き起こされるまたは早産に伴う障害または状態を、臍帯血と胎盤幹細胞との組合せ使用することによって治療する方法を提供する。胎盤幹細胞は、胎盤灌流液内に含有される幹細胞;胎盤灌流液から最初に収集した胎盤幹細胞;胎盤組織の消化から収集した胎盤幹細胞;胎盤灌流液もしくは胎盤組織の消化に由来する胎盤幹細胞、または前述の任意の組合せであってよく、胎盤幹細胞は、細胞培養物中で、胎盤幹細胞が増殖するのに十分な、例えば、約1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20、22、24、26、28、30、32、34、36、38または40回の集団の倍加に要する期間にわたり培養されている。未熟児の治療において臍帯血と組み合わせるべき胎盤幹細胞は、単一の胎盤または複数の胎盤に由来することができる。
本発明はまた、臍帯血および胎盤幹細胞、ならびに薬学的に許容できる担体を含む医薬組成物も包含する。
(実施例)
この実施例は、臍帯血および胎盤幹細胞の収集を例示する。
臍帯血を、臍帯血収集キット、例として、全内容が参照により組み込まれている米国特許出願公開第2006/0060494号、標題「Cord Blood Collection Kit and Methods of Use Therefor」を使用して収集する。
臍帯および胎盤の放血に続いて、胎盤を、室温の、無菌の断熱された容器中に入れ、実験室に出産後4時間以内に届けた。胎盤に、臓器の分裂または臍帯血管の裂離等の物理的な損傷の証拠が視診で認められる場合には、胎盤を廃棄した。胎盤を、無菌の容器中、2〜20時間、室温(23±2℃)で維持するかまたは冷蔵した(4℃)。定期的に、胎盤を25±3℃の無菌の食塩水中で浸漬および洗浄し、いずれの眼に見える表面の血液またはデブリも除去した。臍帯を、臍帯の胎盤内への挿入部からおよそ5cm横切し、胎盤の双方向性の灌流および溶出液の回収を可能にする無菌の流路に接続しているTEFLON(登録商標)ポリマー製またはポリプロピレン製のカテーテルを用いて、臍帯血管にカニューレ処理した。本発明において利用するシステムによって、制御された周囲大気条件下で実施すべき馴化、灌流および溶出収集の全ての態様、さらに血管内の圧力および流速、コアおよび灌流液の温度、ならびに回収した溶出体積のリアルタイムのモニタリングが可能であった。様々な馴化プロトコールを、分娩後の24時間の期間にわたり評価し、溶出液の細胞組成を、フローサイトメトリー、光学顕微鏡法およびコロニー形成単位アッセイによって解析した。
23週〜36週の間の在胎期間で出生し、呼吸促迫症候群(RDS)または急性呼吸促迫症候群(ARDS)、貧血、脳室内出血、壊死性腸炎、未熟児網膜症、慢性肺疾患(気管支肺異形成症)、感染症、動脈管開存、無呼吸、低血圧、高ビリルビン血症、肺、眼、免疫系、脳、心臓、肝臓または腎臓の不完全な発達を示す6人の未熟児を、臍帯血および胎盤幹細胞を用いて治療する。
以下の実験を実施して、正期産胎盤から単離した細胞と比較して、早産胎盤からHPPとUCBとの組合せを産生することの実現可能性を実証し、組み合わせた産物の細胞組成を決定した。
対象:帝王切開を予定して待機している女性を、出生前診療所において募集し、自然分娩した女性を、分娩室において募集した。
早産の胎盤と正期産の胎盤とは、重量が有意に異なることを見い出した(それぞれ、平均345gおよび731g;p=0.0001)。細胞の生存率については、早産の胎盤と正期産の胎盤とで、有意には異ならないことを見い出した(それぞれ、93.13%および90.84%の生存率;p=0.0724)。しかし、早産から得られる総有核臍帯血細胞は、有意に異なった(p=0.0001)。平均5.277×107個の細胞が、早産の胎盤から得られ、平均1.9498×108個の細胞が、正期産の胎盤から得られた。同様に、早産から得られる総有核灌流液細胞も、有意に異なった(p=0.0016)。平均1.28×107個の細胞が、早産の胎盤から得られ、平均3.76×107個の細胞が、正期産の胎盤から得られた。したがって、胎盤組織1グラム当たりから得られる有核細胞の数は、早産胎盤の場合、正期産の胎盤よりも有意に多かった(p=0.0001)。早産胎盤から得ることができる灌流液有核細胞と臍帯血有核細胞との総数は、1.79×108個である。これは、正期産の胎盤の場合の5.71×108個と比較して極めて有意に異なる(p=0.0001)。胎盤組織1グラム当たりの組み合わせた総有核細胞の数は、有意には異ならないことを見い出した。
CD34+細胞、CD38−CD45+細胞またはCD38+CD45−細胞のパーセントについては、早産の臍帯血と正期産の胎盤との間では、統計学的に有意な差は見いだされなかった。正期産の胎盤において、有意により高い数のCD38+CD45+細胞が見い出され(16.68%TNCに対して、早産における2.0%TNC)、早産胎盤において、有意により高い数のCD38−CD45−細胞が見い出された(56.52%に対して、正期産の胎盤の場合の24.58%)。灌流液由来のCD38−CD45+細胞、CD38+CD45−細胞、CD38+CD45+細胞またはCD38−CD45−細胞のパーセントについては、早産の臍帯血と正期産の胎盤との間では、統計学的に有意な差は見い出されなかった。
本発明の範囲が、本明細書に記載する特定の実施形態によって制限されてはならない。実際に、本明細書に記載するものに加えて、本発明の種々の改変形態が、前述の説明から当業者には明らかになるであろう。そのような改変形態は、添付の特許請求の範囲に属することを意図する。
Claims (69)
- 未熟児の障害または状態を治療する方法であって、臍帯血を前記未熟児に投与するステップを含み、前記障害または状態が早産によって引き起こされるまたは早産に伴うものである、方法。
- 胎盤幹細胞を未熟児に投与するステップをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 血液添加剤を投与するステップをさらに含み、前記血液添加剤は、エリスロポエチン、鉄補充物質、ビタミン、または臍帯血以外の供給源からの赤血球である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 血液添加剤を投与するステップをさらに含み、前記血液添加剤は、エリスロポエチン、鉄補充物質、ビタミン、または臍帯血以外の供給源からの赤血球である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記血液添加剤がエリスロポエチンである、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記エリスロポエチンが、組換えエリスロポエチンである、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記組換えエリスロポエチンが、天然のエリスロポエチンと比較して、血清半減期を延長されるように遺伝子操作されている、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記血液添加剤がビタミンである、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記ビタミンが、リボフラビン(ビタミンB2)、ピリドキシン(ビタミンB6)、葉酸、ビタミンB12またはビタミンEである、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記血液添加剤が鉄補充物質である、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記鉄補充物質が、元素鉄(elemental iron)である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記血液添加剤が、臍帯血から得られたものではない赤血球である、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記赤血球が、少なくとも2500cGyの放射線を照射されている、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記赤血球から、白血球が除去されている、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記未熟児が、出生時に妊娠約23〜約25週を経ている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記未熟児が、出生時に妊娠約26〜約29週を経ている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記未熟児が、出生時に妊娠約30〜約33週を経ている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記未熟児が、出生時に妊娠約34〜約37週を経ている、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 出生時の前記未熟児の体重が、約800グラム以上である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 出生時の前記未熟児の体重が、約500グラム〜約800グラムである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 出生時の前記未熟児の体重が、約500グラム未満である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記障害または状態が、呼吸促迫症候群(RDS)または急性呼吸促迫症候群(ARDS)である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記障害または状態が貧血である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記障害または状態が神経学的な欠損である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記障害または状態が、脳室内出血、壊死性腸炎、未熟児網膜症、慢性肺疾患(気管支肺異形成症)、感染症、動脈管開存、無呼吸、低血圧または高ビリルビン血症である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記障害または状態が、臓器の不完全な発達によって引き起こされる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記臓器が、肺、眼、免疫系、脳、心臓、肝臓または腎臓である、請求項26に記載の方法。
- 前記臍帯血が、未熟児にとって自己由来である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 胎盤幹細胞が、未熟児にとって自己由来である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記臍帯血が、正期産分娩後の哺乳動物の胎盤から得られる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記臍帯血が、早産分娩後の哺乳動物の胎盤から得られる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤が、前記未熟児の胎盤である、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤が、妊娠約23〜約25週で出生した乳児の胎盤である、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤が、妊娠約26〜約29週で出生した乳児の胎盤である、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤が、妊娠約30〜約33週で出生した乳児の胎盤である、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤が、妊娠約34〜約37週で出生した乳児の胎盤である、請求項31に記載の方法。
- 前記臍帯血が、臍帯血バンクから得られたものである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、前記投与するステップの前に胎盤灌流液から単離された幹細胞である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、胎盤灌流液内に含有される幹細胞である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、CD34+細胞を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、CD34−細胞を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、OCT−4+細胞を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、CD73+、CD105+およびCD200+である細胞を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、CD200+またはHLA−G+である細胞を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、CD200+およびOCT−4+である細胞を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞には、CD73+およびCD105+である細胞であって、前記細胞を含む胎盤細胞集団を、胚様体様の物体の形成を可能にする条件下で培養する場合、前記集団中における1つまたは複数の胚様体様の物体の形成を促進する細胞が含まれる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、CD73+、CD105+およびHLA−G+である細胞を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞には、OCT−4+である細胞であって、前記幹細胞を含む胎盤細胞集団を、胚様体様の物体の形成を可能にする条件下で培養する場合、前記集団中における1つまたは複数の胚様体様の物体の形成を促進する細胞が含まれる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、正期産分娩後の哺乳動物の胎盤から得られる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、早産分娩後の哺乳動物の胎盤から得られる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、前記未熟児の胎盤から得られる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、妊娠約23〜約25週で出生した乳児の胎盤から得られる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、妊娠約26〜約29週で出生した乳児の胎盤から得られる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、妊娠約30〜約33週で出生した乳児の胎盤から得られる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞が、妊娠約34〜約37週で出生した乳児の胎盤から得られる、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記臍帯血または前記胎盤幹細胞の免疫型が、前記投与するステップの前に決定されていない、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与するステップが、未熟児の出生後1回行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与するステップが、未熟児の出生後複数回行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与するステップが、未熟児の出生後1時間以内に行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与するステップが、未熟児の出生後12時間以内に行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与するステップが、未熟児の出生後24時間以内に行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与するステップが、未熟児の出生後1週間以内に行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記臍帯血が、前記未熟児の体重1キログラム当たり約1×105〜約1×106個のCD34+細胞を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記胎盤幹細胞および前記臍帯血が併せて、前記未熟児の体重1キログラム当たり約1×105〜約1×106個のCD34+細胞を含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記投与するステップが、静脈内注射による、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与するステップが、出生後1時間以内に行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与するステップが、出生後12時間以内に行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与するステップが、出生後2日以内に行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記投与するステップが、出生後2週間以内に行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
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