JP2011092215A - V様ドメイン結合分子 - Google Patents
V様ドメイン結合分子 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2011092215A JP2011092215A JP2011028861A JP2011028861A JP2011092215A JP 2011092215 A JP2011092215 A JP 2011092215A JP 2011028861 A JP2011028861 A JP 2011028861A JP 2011028861 A JP2011028861 A JP 2011028861A JP 2011092215 A JP2011092215 A JP 2011092215A
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Abstract
【解決手段】本発明は、CTLA−4、CD28およびICOSなどの非抗体リガンドのV様ドメイン(VLD)から得られた新規な結合分子を開発した。VLD内のCDRループ構造の置換によって、結合特異性が変化して可溶性が改善された、単量体で正確に折り畳まれた分子を、予期せずに産生した。
【選択図】なし
Description
抗体は、特異的な高アフィニティー結合剤の実例であり、イムノグロブリンドメインの可変重鎖(VH)と可変軽鎖(VL)との相互作用による抗原結合部分を提供する。結合界面は、相補性決定領域(CDR)と称される六つの表面ポリペプチドループによって形成され、高頻度に可変で、結合している、各可変ドメインのうちの三つが、抗原との相互作用に対して、十分に広い表面積を提供する。特異的結合剤は、VHおよびVLドメインのみの結合によってFvモジュールを形成することができる。Vドメインをリンカーポリペプチドと結合させて、単一鎖scFvモジュールにすることによって、細菌の発現が、増強される。齧歯類のCDRループ構造を、ヒトFv枠組み上にグラフト化することによる、組み換え抗体の「ヒト化」が、Winterら、EP-239400によって開示されている。
T細胞受容体は、VHとVLドメインの結合により生じる抗体のFvモジュールに類似する構造に、結合してなる二つのVドメインを有する。Novotnyら(1991)により、いかにして、T細胞受容体の二つのVドメイン(αおよびβと称する)が、単一鎖ポリペプチドとして融合して発現できるのか、およびさらに、いかにして、疎水性を低減するために、直接的に抗体scFvに類似する表面残基を変化させるのかについて、記載された。他の文献には、二つのVαとVβドメインを含む、単一鎖T細胞受容体の発現特性について、記載されている(WulfingとPluckthun、1994;Ward、1991)。
また、V様ドメインを含む特異的結合対に結合する非抗体リガンドの種類がある。これらのV様ドメインは、共に結合してFv型分子にならない傾向にあるため、抗体もしくはT細胞受容体のV様ドメインから識別される。これらの非抗体リガンドは、標的分子に対する高いアフィニティーを有する新規な結合部分を開発するための代替枠組みを提供する。従って、可溶性であるこれらの非抗体リガンドから得られた単一ドメインV様結合分子が、望ましい。適した非抗体リガンドの実施例は、CTLA−4、CD28およびICOSである(Hutloffら、1999)。
おそらく発現タンパク質の凝集により、ヒトCTLA−4分子の細胞外ドメインとV様ドメイン(VLD)のどちらも、細菌細胞において、可溶性単量体として十分に発現されていない(Linsleyら、1995)。大腸菌において、細胞外N末端ドメイン(Cys120を含む、Met1からAsp124)を発現させると、二つのCTLA−4V様ドメインがCys120におけるジスルフィド結合により連結された、二量体の分子量28kDaのタンパク質が生成される。Val114における先端除去により、これらシステインを除去し、可溶性単量体型での14kDaVLDの発現を可能にすることが企図された。しかしながら、生成物は凝集し、通常はグリコシル化によってマスクされていた疎水性部位が、露出し、凝集を引き起こしたことが結論づけられた(Linsleyら、1995)。
(i)未改変VLDにおいて相当するCDRループ構造と比較した場合に、CDRループ構造のサイズが増大している;および/または、
(ii)改変または置換により、一以上のCDRループ構造内もしくは間のジスルフィド結合が形成される、ように改変または置換される。
(i)未改変VLDにおいて相当するCDRループ構造と比較した場合に、CDRループ構造のサイズが変化している;および/または、
(ii)改変または置換により、一以上のCDRループ構造内もしくは間のジスルフィド結合が形成される、ように改変または置換されていることを特徴とする結合部分を提供する。
遺伝子の構築とクローニング
CTLA−4STM(STM:CTLA−4の可溶性切断変異体、CTLA−4キメラV様ドメインタンパク質を記載するために、ここに用いられる)遺伝子の構築とクローニングを、標準的で、十分に記載された方法(特異的に設計されたオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを用いたポリメラーゼ連鎖反応、スプライスオーバーラップ伸長、制限酵素消化など)によって行った。用いたオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを、図1−4に示す。
組み換えSTMタンパク質の生成と単離
組み換えタンパク質を、ペリプラズム発現系に対して異なる方法を示すベクターを用いて産生した。これらのベクターは、以下であった;(i)pGC:このベクターは、化学的(IPTG)誘導によって、不均一なタンパク質の高レベルでの発現を許容し、リーダー配列によって、ペリプラズムへ標的とされる。続いて、このリーダー配列は、切断されて、成熟タンパク質を生成する。さらに、このベクターは、組み換えタンパク質のアフィニティー精製を許容する二つの枠内8残基の標識配列(FLAG標識)を含む。(ii)pGCと同様に、切断可能なリーダー配列と二つの枠内8残基の標識配列(FLAG標識)によって、ペリプラズムへ標的とされるタンパク質の発現を、高レベルで熱誘導できるpPOW。
ソマトスタチンとヘマグルチニンペプチドを組み込んだCTLA−4STM
最初に、CTLA−4STMのCDR1またはCDR3ループ構造を、ソマトスタチンポリペプチドで置換した。この14残基ポリペプチドは、Cys3とCys14の間の内部ジスルフィド結合によって、構造的に拘束されている(図7)。これにより、抗体において見出されたCDRループに類似した、特にジスルフィド結合によって安定化されているラクダ化動物の抗体において見出された長いCDRに類似した、別個のタンパク質ループが形成された。また、Cys120の存在または不在におけるCDR1の置換の効果、すなわち二量体が生成されるかどうかについて、試験した。これらの実験により、予期しない、驚異的な結果が得られた。CDR−1もしくは−3のどちらかを、ソマトスタチンで置換することにより、単量体タンパク質の生成が、有意に増大した。これは、図8において、CDR−3ループ構造をソマトスタチンで置換することにより、二量体/三量体タンパク質種に対する単量体の割合が有意に増大したことを示す。
ラクダ抗リゾチーム抗体に基づくCTLA−4STM
免疫したラクダから単離したラクダVHH抗体cAb−Lys3は、ニワトリ卵白リゾチームの活性部位のへこみ内に特異的に結合する。同様に機能するCTLA−4 STMの性能を例示するために、CTLA−4VLD STMの三つのCDRループ構造を、cAb−Lys3からの三つのCDRループ構造で置換した。置換体の位置と配列を、図9に示す。pGCまたはpPOWに基づく発現系のどちらかにおけるこのSTM(2V8)の発現により、単量体可溶性タンパク質を顕著に生成した(図10、11)。このCTLA−4 STMのタンパク質可溶性は、天然のCTLA−4VLDよりも優れている。ELISA分析により、(pGC生成)精製単量体タンパク質が、非特異的抗原と比較して、およびCDR1ループ構造(PP2)内がソマトスタチンで置換されたCTLA−4STMと比較して、雌鶏リゾチームに特異的に結合することが示された(図13A)。BIAコアによるリアルタイム結合分析により、リゾチームが、固定化抗リゾチームSTMに特異的に結合することが示された(図13B)。このように、CTLA−4STM枠組みが、正確に折り畳まれ、リゾチーム抗原を結合できる様式で、CDRループ構造を呈している。CTLA−4VLD抗リゾチームの発現をさらに増強するために、コード化配列を、スプライスオーバーラップPCRによって、大腸菌の発現に優先的なコドンを含むように、調節した。
ヒト抗メラノーマ抗体に基づくCTLA−4STM
ヒト由来抗メラノーマ抗体V86は、特異的にヒトメラノーマ細胞に結合する。この抗体は、結合アフィニティーが、完全にVH領域内にあり、同種のVLの付加により結合効率が低下し、VLドメインの小断片と共に発現させたVHドメインが、高い可溶性を有する点において独特である(CaiとGaren、1997)。CTLA−4VLD CDRループ構造の置換により、可溶性が増強し、得られたSTMを細菌発現系において生成させることができることを、さらに例示するために、CTLA−4の三つのCDRループ構造を、V86からの三つのCDRループ領域で置換した。置換の位置と配列を、図9に示す。pGCにおけるこのSTM(3E4)の再度の発現により、CTLA−4VLDと比較して、可溶性が増強された単量体可溶性タンパク質が顕著に生成された(図10)。
結合分子ライブラリーとしてのCTLA−4の構築
新規な結合特異性を有するCTLA−4STMを選択するために、VLDライブラリーを、無作為抽出したCDR1とCDR3ループ構造を含むように作製した。ライブラリーを構築するために用いたオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを、表1に列挙する。ライブラリー構築のために用いたオリゴヌクレオチドの組み合わせを、表3に示す。
CTLA−4STMライブラリー:固型支持物上の抗原に対する選択
構造内にへこみまたはすき間を有するタンパク質に分類される四つの異なった抗原を、スクリーニング用に選択した。抗体より小さなサイズで、伸長されたCDRループ構造(特にCDR−3)を有するCTLA−4VLD STMは、これらのへこみ領域に接近できると予想された。選択された抗原は、(i)ニワトリ卵白リゾチーム(EC3.2.1.17);(ii)ウシカルボニックアンヒドラーゼ(EC4.2.1.1);(iii)真菌類のa−アミラーゼ(EC3.2.1.1);および(iv)ストレプトアロテイチウス・ヒンドゥスタニス(Streptoalloteichus hindustanis)耐性タンパク質ShBle(Gatignolら、1988)、であった。プレートに結合させる場合、コート用緩衝液中の抗原(0.1MNaHCO3pH8.5中1mg/ml)を、CostarELISAプレートに標準的な方法で結合させた。レスキューしたファージとファージミド由来ライブラリーを、選択されるべきファージの低親和結合を許容するために、標準の洗浄回数よりも低い洗浄回数を用いた以外は、標準的に良く知られた方法によって、作動させた。図14に、ShBleに対して選択したライブラリーの力価を示す。四巡後、回復したバクテリオファージ力価は、対照よりも高かった。当業者にとって、これは、特定の結合部分の選択を表し、これら選択されたCTLA−4VLD STMを、pGCまたはpPOWなどの発現ベクターを用いて生成させること(実施例2に記載されたように)は、通常の方法である。
CTLA−4STMライブラリー:溶液中の抗原に対する選択
溶液中で選択する場合、抗原ウシカルボニックアンヒドラーゼと真菌類のa−アミラ−ゼを、ビオチン化し、ストレプトアビジンでコートした磁性ビーズによる捕捉を用いて、溶液中で選択した。これらの実験を通して、洗浄は、一定した、毎巡、2または5回行った。回収したバクテリオファージの溶出後の力価を、図15に示す。四巡後、回収されたバクテリオファージの力価は、対照よりも高かった。当業者にとって、これは特異的結合部分の選択を表し、次いで、(実施例2に記載したように)pGCまたはpPOWなどの発現ベクターを用い、これらの選択されたCTLA−4VLD STMを生成することが、通常の方法である。
CTLA−4ライブラリー:代替ディスプレイおよび選択系における選択
抗原結合STMのさらなる成熟と選択を許容するために、CTLA−4STMライブラリーを、プラスミドに結紮し、下流C末端スペーサーポリペプチド(重鎖定常ドメイン)を付加した。上流の転写および翻訳開始配列は、特異的オリゴヌクレオチド(図1−4)を用いたPCR増幅によって付加した。このPCR DNAは、RNAを生成するための鋳型として用い、HeとTaussig(1997)に記載されたように、結合化細胞不含翻訳系におけるリボソーム上にライブラリーを翻訳させてディスプレイさせた。結合を証明するために、CTLA−4STMリボソーム複合体を、肝臓B表面抗原(hbsa)、グリコホリン(glyA)およびウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)被覆化ダイナビーズ(dynabeads)上に、作動させた。hbsa、glyAおよびBSAに結合したリボソーム複合体からのRNAを、RT−PCRによって回収した。次いで、これらのRT−PCR産物を、(実施例2において記載したように)CTLA−4STMの生成を許容するpGCまたはpPOWなどの発現ベクターにクローニングすることは、通常の方法である。(この実施例におけるように)リボソーム複合体としてのCTLA−4STMのライブラリーをディスプレイし、生細胞(真核細胞または原核細胞のバックグラウンドから得られ、細菌、酵母、哺乳動物もしくは昆虫細胞を含むことができる)の表面上にディスプレイすることを許容する本発明に、多くの変型および/または改変がなされることができることは、当業者によって、認識されるであろう。
CTLA−4 STM:アフィニティー成熟とCDR2変異
抗原結合STMのさらなる成熟と選択と、無作為抽出されたCDR−1、−2および−3ライブラリーの構築を許容するために、CDR−2無作為抽出オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを作製した(図1−4)。これらのプライマーの変異は、ラマ単一ドメイン抗体において見出されたものに類似したCDR−2−CDR−3ジスルフィド結合を有するSTMの構築を許容する保存されたシステイン残基を含む。スプライスオーバーラップPCRは、無作為抽出した三つ全てのCDRループ構造を含むライブラリーの作製を許容した。
[参考文献]
Claims (18)
- 少なくとも一つの単量体非抗体リガンドV様ドメイン(VLD)を含む、標的分子に対するアフィニティーを有する結合部分であって、前記少なくとも一つの単量体非抗体VLDが、
(i)CDRループ構造のサイズが、未改変VLD中の相当するループ構造と比較したときに、変化している;および/または
(ii)改変または置換により、一以上のCDRループ構造内もしくは間に、ジスルフィド結合の形成を生じる
ように、VLDの少なくとも一つのCDRループ構造またはその一部が改変または置換されていることを特徴とする、結合部分。 - CDRループ構造のサイズが増大している、請求項1に記載の結合部分。
- CDRループ構造のサイズが、少なくとも二つのアミノ酸残基によって増大する、請求項2に記載の結合部分。
- CDRループ構造のサイズが、少なくとも六つのアミノ酸残基によって増大する、請求項2に記載の結合部分。
- CDRループ構造のサイズが、少なくとも九つのアミノ酸残基によって増大する、請求項2に記載の結合部分。
- CDRループ構造のサイズが減少している、請求項1に記載の結合部分。
- 単量体非抗体リガンドが、T細胞受容体ではない、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の結合部分。
- 単量体非抗体リガンドが、T細胞表面タンパク質である、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の結合部分。
- 単量体非抗体リガンドが、CD2、CD4、CD7、CD16、CD19、CD79a、CD22、CD33、CD80、CD86、CD48、CD54ICAM、CD58、CTLA−4、CD28およびICOSからなる群より選択される、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の結合部分。
- 改変VLDの結合アフィニティーが、未改変VLDと比較した場合に変化している、請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の結合部分。
- 一以上のCDRループ構造が、非抗体ポリペプチド由来の結合決定基で置換されている、請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の結合部分。
- 結合決定基が、ソマトスタチンまたはヘマグルチニン由来である、請求項11に記載の結合部分。
- 一以上のCDRループ構造が、抗体由来の一以上のCDRループ構造で置換されている、請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の結合部分。
- 抗体が、ラット、マウス、ヒト、ラクダ、ラマまたはサメ由来である、請求項13に記載の結合部分。
- 診断剤に結合した、請求項1から14のいずれか一項に記載の結合部分。
- 請求項1から15のいずれか一項に記載の結合部分または多価試薬をコードするポリヌクレオチド。
- 請求項16に記載のポリヌクレオチドを含むベクター。
- 請求項17に記載のベクターで形質転換されている宿主細胞。
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ES2306507T3 (es) | 2008-11-01 |
JP2002505103A (ja) | 2002-02-19 |
DK1058728T3 (da) | 2008-08-25 |
US20080305988A1 (en) | 2008-12-11 |
ATE393824T1 (de) | 2008-05-15 |
AUPP221098A0 (en) | 1998-04-02 |
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