JP2009541860A - ネットワークを用いるトランザクション認証 - Google Patents
ネットワークを用いるトランザクション認証 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
この出願は非暫定的特許出願であって、米国暫定特許出願番号第60/815,059号、2006年6月19日に提出、米国暫定特許出願番号第60/815,430号、2006年6月20日に提出、および米国暫定特許出願番号第60/884,089号、2007年1月9日に提出、の提出日の利益を要求する。これらの全ての出願を全体的に全ての目的でここに援用する。
支払いトランザクションが安全に行われることを保証するには多くの方法がある。例えば、支払いトランザクションを行っているのが信頼できる消費者であることを保証するために消費者を認証する多くの異なる方法がある。また、消費者が使用している携帯消費者装置を認証する多くの異なる方法がある。
本発明の種々の実施の形態は、かかる問題に個別におよび総合的に対処するものである。
本発明の別の実施の形態は、アンテナを備える電池なし携帯消費者装置を備える携帯消費者装置を認証することと、消費者を認証することと、トランザクションが行われているという通知メッセージを前記消費者に送ることとを含む方法に関する。
本発明の他の実施の形態は他の認証の諸態様の特定の組合せに関するものであって、以下に詳細に説明する。
本発明の実施の形態は、従来の購入トランザクションならびに他のタイプのトランザクション(例えば、送金トランザクション)を認証するのに用いることができる。特定の認証システムおよび方法は、トランザクションが本物であることを保証するための、消費者(例えば、購入者)、携帯消費者装置(例えば、クレジット・カード)、および/またはアクセス装置(例えば、POS端末)の認証を含んでよい。
一般的な購入トランザクションでは、消費者は携帯消費者装置(例えば、クレジット・カード)を用いて販売者から品物またはサービスを購入する。
消費者30は個人でもよいし、品物またはサービスを購入することができる会社などの組織でもよい。
一般的な購入トランザクションでは、消費者30はクレジット・カードなどの携帯用消費者装置32を用いて販売者22から品物またはサービスを購入する。消費者の携帯消費者装置32は販売者22のPOS(ポイント・オブ・セールス)端末などのアクセス装置34と対話してよい。例えば、消費者30はクレジット・カードを取ってPOS端末内の該当するスロットに通してよい。または、POS端末は非接触読取り装置でよく、携帯消費者装置32は非接触カードなどの非接触装置でよい。
許可要求メッセージを発行者28が受けた後、発行者28は現在のトランザクションが許可されるか(または許可されないか)を示す許可応答メッセージを支払い処理ネットワーク26に送り返す(ステップ56)。次に、支払い処理ネットワーク26は許可応答メッセージを取得者24に送り返す。次に、取得者24は応答メッセージを販売者22に送る。
一日の終わりに、支払い処理ネットワーク26は通常の清算および決済プロセスを行ってよい。清算プロセスは、取得者と発行者との間で金融の細目を交換して消費者の口座への記入と消費者の決済ポジションの調整とを容易にするプロセスである。清算と決済とは同時に行ってよい。
図2は概念的なブロック図100を示すもので、上に述べたような購入トランザクションの認証は種々の形態を有してよい。かかる形態は、携帯消費者装置認証100(a)、消費者認証100(b)、実時間リスク分析を含むバックエンド処理100(c)、購入トランザクションの消費者通知100(d)を含む。
・ 磁気ストライプ・カードなどの携帯消費者装置の動的なCVV
・ カード・セキュリティ機能(既存および新規)
・ 非接触チップ(使用が限られる)
・ 磁気ストライプ識別
・ カード検証値(CVVおよびCVV2)
・ 接触EMVチップ
・ 知識に基づくチャレンジ応答
・ ハードウエア・トークン(複数の解決法のオプション)
・ OTP(ワンタイム・パスワード、使用が限られる)
・ AVS(独立の解決法としてではない)
・ 署名
・ ソフトウエア・トークン
・ PIN(オンライン/オフライン)
・ ユーザID/パスコード
・ 2チャネルの認証プロセス(例えば、電話による)
・ バイオメトリクス
・ SMSによる購入通知
・ 電子メールによる購入通知
・ 電話による購入通知
種々の携帯消費者装置認証プロセスに関して改善を行うことができる。かかる改善のいくつかの例を以下に示す。
A. 動的なカード検証値(dCVV)
支払いトランザクションに用いられている携帯消費者装置が実際に本物の携帯消費者装置であることを保証するのを支援するため、「動的な」データを携帯消費者装置から提供してよい。動的なデータは時間と共に変わるデータなので、静的なデータ(例えば、名前)より一層安全である。例えば、携帯消費者装置認証プロセスは「動的な」検証データ(動的なCVVすなわち動的なカード検証値など)を含んでよい。
dCVVプロセスの他のセキュリティ強化法は、より長いDESおよびより長いカウンタを使用することを含んでよい。
異なるデータまたは異なるタイプの可変情報を用いて異なる動的な検証値を生成することにより、従来技術のdCVVプロセスを改善することが望ましい。例えば、より多くのトランザクションおよび/またはユーザに特定のデータを動的に変えると、携帯消費者装置が正しいものであることを検証することができるであろう。これは単に簡単なカウンタを用いるより安全であろう。例えば、特定の情報は次のようなものを含んでよい。すなわち、端末ID、日中の時間、電話番号、SIMカード番号、トランザクション量、口座番号、サービス・コード(2桁)、満了日、今日の日付、端末からの乱数などである。好ましくは、特定の情報はカウンタ、日中の時間、購入量などの少なくとも1つの動的なデータ要素を含む。
上に述べたdCVVプロセスは有用である。しかし、携帯消費者装置が送信してサービス・プロバイダのサーバが受ける動的なデータ(例えば、カウンタ値)が、発行者のサーバで生成される対応する動的なデータ(別の対応するカウンタ値)と一致しない場合が多いことがある。例えば、時には販売者がトランザクション・データを発行者に適時に転送しないことがある。この場合は、消費者が将来トランザクションを行ったときに思いがけず拒否されることがあり得る。例えば、消費者が用いる携帯消費者装置が、実行したトランザクションの数をカウントするカウンタを内部に有する場合に、発行者のサーバ内のカウンタが一人以上の販売者からトランザクション・データを受け取るのが遅れたために対応するトランザクション・カウントを保持しない場合は、消費者のトランザクションの一部が思いがけなく拒否されることがある。できるだけ多くのトランザクションを承認するが、ごまかされたかも知れないトランザクションは承認しないことが望ましい。
カウンタなどの可変トランザクション・データを提供することができる多数の異なる携帯消費者装置を作ってよい。この種の携帯消費者装置の一例は、その磁気ストライプ上に与えられるデータを書き換えることができる磁気ストライプ・カードである。磁気ストライプ上のデータを書き換えるには磁気書込みヘッドなどの書換え装置を用いてよい。このタイプのカードについて述べている特許は米国特許第7,044,394号で、これを全体的に全ての目的でここに援用する。カード内に電池があって、書換え装置の電力を供給することができる。
本発明の別のカードの実施の形態204を図3(b)に示す。図3(a)および図3(b)では、同じ数字は同じ要素を示す。しかし図3(b)には導電接点領域202(f)が示されており、導電接点はアンテナではなくプロセッサ202(b)に結合する。この例では、接点領域202(f)は複数の電気的接点を含んでよいので、カード読取り装置(図示せず)内の対応する接点領域とインターフェースしまた電気的に接触してよい。カード204を用いるとき、電力は導電接触204(f)を介してプロセッサ202(b)に供給してよく、また読取り・書込み装置202(d)は上に述べたように機能してよい。
携帯消費者装置を認証する別の方法はマスクされたPAN(すなわち主口座番号)を用いることである。この例では、送信されるPANの一部はマスクされ、および/または動的に変更される。PANはBIN番号(すなわち、銀行識別番号)などの識別番号部分を含む。識別番号部分の別の例は販売者場所、金融機関場所、またはIPアドレスも含む。PANおよびBIN番号の最後の4桁は常に同じであるが、PAN内の他の番号は変わる。これらの動的に変わる番号は消費者が受け取る支払いカード・レシート上で一般にマスクされるので、消費者にはなにも変わったものは見えない。
携帯消費者装置内のメモリ(例えば、磁気ストライプ)内に常駐する例示のPAN380を図6に示す。この例では、PAN380の最初の6桁(すなわち、最初の端部)「123456」380(a)はBIN番号に対応する。次の6桁380(b)は実際のPANの6桁から変化してよくすなわち異なってよく、この例では「XXXXXX」で表されている。最後の4桁380(c)(すなわち、最後の端部)はこの例では「9999」で、常に同じである。BINを同一に保ちまた最後の4桁を同一に保つことにより、トランザクションは販売者および消費者にとって実際のもののように見える。好ましい実施の形態では、中央の6桁はカウンタなどを用いて動的に変える。これにより、許可されていない誰かが実際のPANを決定するのは一層困難になる。
上に述べたように、本発明の実施の形態では多数の消費者認証プロセスを用いることができる。消費者の認証を改善する可能な方法の特定の例には次のものがある。
・ 知識に基づくチャレンジ応答
・ ハードウエア・トークン(複数の解決法のオプション)
・ OTP(ワンタイム・パスワード、使用が限られる)
・ AVS(独立の解決法としてではない)
・ 署名
・ ソフトウエア・トークン
・ PIN(オンライン/オフライン)
・ ユーザID/パスコード
・ 電話による2チャネル認証
・ バイオメトリクス
更に、ユーザの認証を支援するのに種々の「セキュリティ・トークン」を用いてよい。セキュリティ・トークンは実際の情報またはデータを検証するのに用いてよい情報の項目または断片である。例えば、PINはセキュリティ・トークンでよく、消費者が購入を行うときに消費者の識別を検証するのに用いてよい。別の例では、チャレンジ質問および対応する回答を、消費者の認証を支援するセキュリティ・トークンと考えてよい。この後者の例は「双方向チャネル」を有するトークンの一例であって、情報は消費者に向かって流れ、消費者が情報を発行者などの別の関係者に送り返すことにより、消費者は自分を認証することができる。
本発明の実施の形態では、販売者、支払い処理組織、発行者、または任意の他の適当なエンティティは消費者を認証するために消費者にチャレンジ質問を与えてよい。チャレンジ質問は、購入トランザクション毎に同じ質問を行う静的なものか、または時間共に異なる質問を行う動的なものでよい。
図7は本発明の或る実施の形態に係る例示のシステム420を示す。本発明の他の実施の形態に係る他のシステムは図7に示すものより多くのまたは少ない構成要素を含んでよい。
図7に示すシステム420は、販売者422と、販売者422に関連する取得者424とを含む。一般的な支払いトランザクションでは、消費者430は携帯消費者装置432を用いて販売者422で品物またはサービスを購入してよい。取得者424は支払い処理ネットワーク426を介して発行者428と通信してよい。
携帯消費者装置432は任意の適当な形でよい。適当な携帯消費者装置は上の図1に記述されている(例えば、携帯消費者装置32)。
アクセス装置434がポイント・オブ・セールス端末の場合は、カード読取り装置を含む任意の適当なポイント・オブ・セールス端末を用いてよい。カード読取り装置は任意の適当な接触または非接触の動作モードを含んでよい。例えば、例示のカード読取り装置は、携帯消費者装置432と対話するRF(無線周波数)アンテナや磁気ストライプ読取り装置などを含んでよい。
本発明の実施の形態に係る方法を図7および図8を参照して説明する。一般的な購入トランザクションでは、消費者430はクレジット・カードなどの携帯消費者装置432を用いて販売者422から品物またはサービスを購入する。消費者の携帯消費者装置432は販売者422のPOS(ポイント・オブ・セールス)端末などのアクセス装置434と対話してよい(ステップ502)。例えば、消費者430はクレジット・カードを取ってPOS端末内の該当するスロットに通してよい。または、POS端末は非接触読取り装置でよく、携帯消費者装置432は非接触カードなどの非接触装置でよい。
一日の終わりに、支払い処理ネットワーク426は通常の清算および決済プロセスを行ってよい。清算プロセスは、取得者と発行者との間で金融の詳細を交換して消費者の口座への記入と消費者の決済ポジションの調整とを容易にするプロセスである。清算と決済とは同時に行ってよい。
A. アルゴリズム識別子を用いる方法
本発明の実施の形態では、支払い処理組織または他のエンティティは異なる会社が提供する異なるセキュリティ技術を支援してよい。異なるセキュリティ技術は携帯消費者装置指紋を用いてよい。例えば、2枚の支払いカード上の2本の磁気ストライプは同じ消費者データ(例えば、口座番号情報)を記憶してよいが、2本の磁気ストライプの磁気構造は異なってよい。特定の磁気構造は支払いカードに関連する指紋すなわち「DNA」の一例でよい。盗んだ人が磁気ストライプ上に記憶されている消費者データを無許可のクレジット・カードにコピーした場合は、無許可のクレジット・カードの磁気ストライプは許可されたクレジット・カードとは異なる磁気構造すなわち指紋を有するはずである。無許可のカードを使用したことに応じて許可要求メッセージを受けるバックエンド・サーバ・コンピュータは、許可要求メッセージ内に指紋が存在しないのでこの無許可のカードは本物でないと決定するであろう。このタイプの技術はMagtek(TM)とSemtek(TM)の2社が提供している。各社では自社の所有権を主張できるアルゴリズムをポイント・オブ・セールス端末内で用いて、その後の認証プロセスで発行者または他のエンティティにメッセージを送る前に自分の指紋を変える(例えば、暗号化する)。
表1に示すように、アルゴリズムIDは任意の適当な形をとってよい。例えば、アルゴリズムIDは単に1桁、2桁、または3桁の数でよい。
アルゴリズム識別子を用いる方法およびシステムに関する他の詳細は後で提供する。
或る実施の形態では、バックエンド・プロセッサまたはバックエンド・サーバ・コンピュータは、携帯消費者装置が認証されると決定する前に、トランザクションが可能な妥当性の望ましい信用しきい値を満たすかどうかも決定してよい。信用しきい値を満たさない場合は、追加の認証プロセスを実行してよい。かかる追加の認証プロセスは、1つ以上のチャレンジ質問および/または通知メッセージを消費者に送ることを含んでよい。
図10(a)は本発明の或る実施の形態に用いてよいシステム720を示す。システム720は、複数の販売者722(a),722(b),722(c)と、販売者722(a),722(b),722(c)に関連する複数の取得者724(a),724(b),724(c)とを含む。一般的な支払いトランザクションでは、消費者730(a),730(b),730(c)はその携帯消費者装置732(a),732(b),732(c)を用いて販売者722(a),722(b),722(c)から品物またはサービスを購入してよい。消費者730(a),730(b),730(c)は個人でもよいし会社などの組織でもよい。取得者724(a),724(b),724(c)は支払い処理ネットワーク726を介して発行者728(a),728(b),728(c)と通信することができる。発行者728(a),728(b),728(c)は消費者730(a),730(b),730(c)に携帯消費者装置730(a),730(b),730(c)をそれぞれ発行してよい。
携帯消費者装置732(a),732(b),732(c)は任意の適当な形でよい。例えば、適当な携帯消費者装置732(a),732(b),732(c)はハンドヘルドでかつコンパクトであって、消費者の財布および/またはポケットの中に入るもの(例えば、ポケット・サイズのもの)でよい。適当な携帯消費者装置については上に述べた(例えば、図1の携帯消費者装置32)。
アクセス装置がポイント・オブ・セールス端末の場合は、カード読取り装置を含む任意の適当なポイント・オブ・セールス端末を用いてよい。カード読取り装置は任意の適当な接触または非接触の動作モードを含んでよい。例えば、例示のカード読取り装置は、携帯消費者装置732(a),732(b),732(c)と対話するRF(無線周波数)アンテナや磁気ストライプ読取り装置などを含んでよい。
サーバ・コンピュータ726(a)は任意の適当な数のソフトウエア・モジュールを備えてよく、それらは任意の適当なタイプでよい。図10(b)に示すように、サーバ・コンピュータ726(a)はアルゴリズム識別モジュール726(a)−1および信用査定モジュール726(a)−2を備えてよい。また、解読モジュール726(a)−3ならびにデータ・フォーマッタ・モジュール726(a)−4も備えてよい。
本発明の実施の形態は上に述べた実施の形態に限定されるものではない。例えば、発行者、支払い処理ネットワーク、および取得者として別々の機能ブロックを示したが、或るエンティティはこれらの機能の全てを実行しまた本発明の実施の形態に含めてよい。
本発明の実施の形態に係る種々の方法を、図10−12を参照して説明する。図11−12はフローチャートを含む。
図11に示すステップの一部または全てを本発明の実施の形態に含めてよい。例えば、本発明の或る実施の形態はアルゴリズム識別子を用いて、許可要求メッセージ内の携帯消費者装置指紋がバックエンド・データベース内に記憶されている携帯消費者装置指紋と一致するかどうか決定してよく、またトランザクションが許可されるかどうか決定する前にはトランザクション信用処理を実行しなくてよい。別の実施の形態では、携帯消費者装置指紋を用いずにトランザクション信用処理を実行して携帯消費者装置を認証してよい。しかし好ましい実施の形態では、アルゴリズム識別子、携帯消費者装置指紋、およびトランザクション信用処理を用いて携帯消費者装置およびトランザクションを全体として認証する。
図10(a)および図11を参照すると、消費者A730(a)は携帯消費者装置A732(a)を用いて販売者A732(a)のアクセス装置A734(a)と対話してよい(ステップ802)。例えば、携帯消費者装置A732(a)はクレジット・カードでよく、アクセス装置A734(a)はポイント・オブ・セールス端末でよく、また販売者A732(a)はガソリン・スタンドでよい。消費者A730(a)は携帯消費者装置A732(a)を用いて販売者A732(a)からガソリンを購入したいとする。
次に、許可要求メッセージはアクセス装置734(a)から、販売者A722(a)に関連する取得者A724(a)を介して支払い処理ネットワーク726に送られる(ステップ808)。別の実施の形態では、アクセス装置734(a)は許可要求メッセージを、取得者A724(a)を通すのではなく支払い処理ネットワークに直接送ってよい。
発行者A728(a)がトランザクションを承認した場合は、支払い処理ネットワーク726、取得者A724(a)、販売者A722(a)、およびアクセス装置A734(a)を介して許可応答メッセージを消費者A730(a)に送り返してよい(ステップ820)。
上に述べた方法およびシステムを用いる実施の形態に関する詳細は、米国特許出願番号第 号、「携帯消費者装置検証システムおよび方法(Portable Consumer Device Verification System and Method)」、この出願と同日に提出(代理人書類番号第16222U−031400US号)、に述べられており、これを全体的に全ての目的でここに援用する。
本発明の範囲から逸れない限り、任意の実施の形態からの1つ以上の機能を任意の他の実施の形態の1つ以上の機能と組み合わせてよい。
別段の指示がない限り、「或る」、「その」は「1つ以上」を意味するものとする。
Claims (29)
- 認証方法であって、
携帯消費者装置を用いてトランザクションを行う消費者の認証プロセスを実行することと、
前記携帯消費者装置に関連する指紋または動的な検証値を検証することを含む前記携帯消費者装置の認証プロセスを実行することと、
前記消費者を認証しまた前記携帯消費者装置を認証した後で前記トランザクションが許可されるかどうかを決定するリスク分析を実行することと、
を含む認証方法。 - 前記トランザクションが起こっていることを前記消費者に通知することを更に含む、請求項1記載の認証方法。
- 前記指紋は磁気ストライプ指紋である、請求項1記載の認証方法。
- 前記携帯消費者装置は電話である、請求項1記載の認証方法。
- 前記消費者の認証プロセスはチャレンジ・メッセージを前記消費者に送ることを含む、請求項1記載の認証方法。
- 認証システムであって、
携帯消費者装置を用いてトランザクションを行う消費者の認証プロセスを実行する手段と、
前記携帯消費者装置に関連する指紋または動的な検証値を検証することを含む前記携帯消費者装置の認証プロセスを実行する手段と、
前記消費者を認証しまた前記携帯消費者装置を認証した後で前記トランザクションが許可されるものかどうかを決定するリスク分析を実行する手段と、
を含む認証システム。 - コンピュータ読取り可能媒体であって、
携帯消費者装置を用いてトランザクションを行う消費者の認証プロセスを実行するためのコードと、
前記携帯消費者装置に関連する指紋または動的な検証値を検証することを含む前記携帯消費者装置の認証プロセスを実行するためのコードと、
前記消費者を認証しまた前記携帯消費者装置を認証した後で前記トランザクションが許可されるかどうかを決定するリスク分析を実行するためのコードと、
を含むコンピュータ読取り可能媒体。 - 前記携帯消費者装置は電話である、請求項7記載のコンピュータ読取り可能媒体。
- 請求項8記載のコンピュータ読取り可能媒体を含むサーバ。
- 請求項9記載のサーバを含むシステム。
- 認証方法であって、
携帯消費者装置または前記携帯消費者装置と通信するアクセス装置が生成する動的なデータを用いて前記携帯消費者装置を認証することと、
チャレンジ・メッセージを消費者に送りまたチャレンジ応答を前記消費者から受けることにより前記消費者を認証することと、
を含む認証方法。 - 前記チャレンジ・メッセージはチャレンジ質問である、請求項11記載の認証方法。
- 前記携帯消費者装置はカードである、請求項11記載の認証方法。
- チャレンジ・メッセージは非販売者エンティティにより送られる、請求項11記載の認証方法。
- コンピュータ読取り可能媒体であって、
携帯消費者装置または前記携帯消費者装置と通信するアクセス装置が生成する動的なデータを用いて前記携帯消費者装置を認可するためのコードと、
チャレンジ・メッセージを消費者に送りまたチャレンジ応答を前記消費者から受けることにより前記消費者を認証するためのコードと、
を含むコンピュータ読取り可能媒体。 - 請求項15記載のコンピュータ読取り可能媒体を含むサーバ・コンピュータ。
- 請求項16記載のサーバ・コンピュータを含む支払い処理システム。
- 認証方法であって、
携帯消費者装置指紋を含む携帯消費者装置を用いて行われるトランザクションに関連する、変更された携帯消費者装置指紋およびアルゴリズム識別子を含む許可要求メッセージを受けることと、
前記アルゴリズム識別子を用いて複数のアルゴリズムの中から或るアルゴリズムを選択することと、
前記選択されたアルゴリズムおよび前記変更された携帯消費者装置指紋を用いて前記携帯消費者装置指紋を決定することと、
前記携帯消費者装置指紋が或る記憶されている携帯消費者装置指紋と一致するかどうか決定することと、
前記携帯消費者装置に関連する消費者にチャレンジ・メッセージを送ることと、
前記トランザクションが承認されるかどうかを示す許可応答メッセージを前記消費者に送ることと、
を含む認証方法。 - 動的なデータを受けることと、前記動的なデータを評価して前記携帯消費者装置を認証することとを更に含む、請求項18記載の認証方法。
- 前記チャレンジ・メッセージはチャレンジ質問である、請求項18記載の認証方法。
- コンピュータ読取り可能媒体であって、
携帯消費者装置指紋を含む携帯消費者装置を用いて行われるトランザクションに関連する、変更された携帯消費者装置指紋およびアルゴリズム識別子を含む許可要求メッセージを受けるためのコードと、
前記アルゴリズム識別子を用いて複数のアルゴリズムの中から或るアルゴリズムを選択するためのコードと、
前記選択されたアルゴリズムおよび前記変更された携帯消費者装置指紋を用いて前記携帯消費者装置指紋を決定するためのコードと、
前記携帯消費者装置指紋が或る記憶されている携帯消費者装置指紋と一致するかどうか決定するためのードと、
前記携帯消費者装置に関連する消費者にチャレンジ・メッセージを送るためのコードと、
前記トランザクションが承認されるかどうかを示す許可応答メッセージを前記消費者に送ることと、
を含むコンピュータ読取り可能媒体。 - 請求項21記載のコンピュータ読取り可能媒体を含むサーバ・コンピュータ。
- 認証方法であって、
アンテナを備える電池なし携帯消費者装置を備える携帯消費者装置を認証することと、
消費者を認証することと、
トランザクションが行われているという通知メッセージを前記消費者に送ることと、
を含む認証方法。 - 前記消費者を認証することはチャレンジを前記消費者に送ることを含む、請求項23記載の認証方法。
- 前記通知メッセージを送ることは前記通知メッセージを前記消費者の電話に送ることを含む、請求項23記載の認証方法。
- 前記電池なし携帯消費者装置は検証値を生成することができる、請求項23記載の認証方法。
- コンピュータ読取り可能媒体であって、
アンテナを備える電池なし携帯消費者装置を備える携帯消費者装置を認証するためのコードと、
消費者を認証するためのコードと、
トランザクションが行われているという通知メッセージを前記消費者に送るためのコードと、
を含むコンピュータ読取り可能媒体。 - 請求項27記載のコンピュータ読取り可能媒体を備えるサーバ・コンピュータ。
- サーバ・コンピュータと、前記サーバ・コンピュータに結合するアクセス装置とを備えるシステム。
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