JP2009524432A - バイオ燃料および関連材料を製造するためのシステムおよび方法 - Google Patents
バイオ燃料および関連材料を製造するためのシステムおよび方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2009524432A JP2009524432A JP2008552480A JP2008552480A JP2009524432A JP 2009524432 A JP2009524432 A JP 2009524432A JP 2008552480 A JP2008552480 A JP 2008552480A JP 2008552480 A JP2008552480 A JP 2008552480A JP 2009524432 A JP2009524432 A JP 2009524432A
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- biomass
- carbohydrate
- clostridium phytofermentans
- medium
- fuel
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、その内容がその全体として参照により本明細書に組み入れられる、2006年1月27日に申請された米国仮特許出願第60/762,813号からの優先権の恩典を主張する。
本発明は、米国エネルギー省(DOE)によって与えられた、助成金第DE-FG02-02ER15330号の下で、政府の支援を得てなされた。それゆえ、政府は本発明において一定の権利を有する。
本発明は、エタノールなどのバイオ燃料、および関連材料を製造するための組成物、ならびにシステムおよび方法に関する。
再生可能でかつ持続可能なバイオマス資源から使用可能なエネルギーを産生する方法を開発することに関心がある。炭水化物の形態のエネルギーを、廃棄物バイオマスの中に、および穀物(例えば、トウモロコシもしくは小麦)または草(例えば、スイッチグラス)などの、専用のエネルギー作物の中に見出すことができる。セルロースおよびリグノセルロース材料が、多くの用途で大量に産生され、処理され、および使用されている。
本発明は、一部は、嫌気性細菌であるクロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンス(Clostridium phytofermentans)の新しい特徴の発見に基づく。例えば、単離されたクロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンスの株(ISDgT、American Type Culture Collection 700394T)は、培養へのアクセス権が、特許出願の未決定の間、米国特許法施行規則1.14条および米国特許法122条の下でそれに資格を与えると特許商標庁の長官によって決定された者に利用可能となることを保証する条件の下で寄託されている。本出願、またはその所産に相当するものが申請される国における外国特許法によって請求される場合に、寄託物は利用可能である。しかしながら、寄託物の利用可能性は、政府の行為により認められる特許権の低下において本出願を実施するための許可を構成しないということが理解されるべきである。さらに、本培養寄託物は、微生物の寄託についてのブダペスト条約の条項に従って保存されおよび公に利用可能とされると考えられ、すなわち、それらは、寄託物の試料の供与に対する最新の請求後少なくとも5年間、およびいかなる場合にも、寄託の日付後少なくとも30(三十)年間、または本培養を開示して刊行され得る任意の特許の法的強制力がある有効期間の間に寄託物からの試料の供与に対する最近の請求後少なくとも5年を足した期間、それらを生存しかつ汚染されていない状態にしておくために必要とされる全ての注意を払って保存される。寄託物の状態のために、請求された場合に保管人が試料を供与することができないならば、寄託者は寄託物を取り替える義務を認める。本培養寄託物の公への利用可能性に対する制限は全て、それらを開示する特許の許諾時に取り消し不能の形で除去されるであろう。
図1は、その中に溶解または分散した発酵可能な材料を有する培地12を収容する発酵容器10を示す。発酵可能な材料は、例えば、グルコース、セロビオース、もしくはセルロースなどの炭水化物であり、またはそのような炭水化物を含む。培地12は、ISDgT細胞などの、その中に分散した複数のクロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンス細胞14も有する。クロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンス細胞14は、発酵可能な材料を発酵させて、例えば、エタノールおよび/または水素などの可燃燃料を産生する。その他の有用な産物および副産物も産生することができる。その他の産物は、有機酸(例えば、ギ酸、乳酸、および酢酸)、またはそれらの共役塩基(例えば、ギ酸、乳酸、または酢酸イオン)を含むことができる。
リグニンは、高度に分岐していることができ、および部分的に架橋されていることもできる。リグニンは、少なくとも一部は、その源、例えば、それが硬木に由来するのか、または軟木に由来するのかということに依存する顕著な構造的変動を有することができる。
通常、クロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンス細胞を利用して大規模にバイオマスから燃料等級のエタノールを産生する2つの基本的アプローチがある。第一の方法では、最初に高分子量の炭水化物を含むバイオマス材料を低分子量の炭水化物まで加水分解し、その後クロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンス細胞を利用して低分子量の炭水化物を発酵させ、エタノールを産生する。第二の方法では、化学的および/または酵素的前処置なしでバイオマス材料それ自体を発酵させる。第一の方法では、酸、例えば、ブレンステッド酸(例えば、硫酸もしくは塩酸)、塩基、例えば、水酸化ナトリウム、熱水過程、アンモニアによる繊維の破裂過程(「EFEX」)、石灰過程、酵素、またはこれらの組み合わせを用いて、加水分解を遂行することができる。水素、および発酵のその他の産物を望ましい場合に捕捉および精製し、または例えば、燃焼させることによって処分することができる。例えば、水素ガスを燃え上がらせ、または例えば、燃焼させることによって、例えば、蒸気ボイラーを駆動するための、過程におけるエネルギー源として用いることができる。バイオマスの加水分解および/または蒸気処置は、例えば、バイオマスの多孔度および/または表面積を増大させ、時折セルロース材料をクロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンス細胞により曝露されるようにすることができ、それによって発酵率および産出を増大させることができる。リグニンの除去は、例えば、ボイラーを駆動するための可燃燃料を提供することができ、ならびに例えば、バイオマスの多孔度および/または表面積を増大させ、発酵率および産出を時折増大させることもできる。通常、任意の下記の態様において、培地中の炭水化物の初期濃度は20mMよりも大きく、例えば、30mM、50mM、75mM、100mM、150mM、200mMよりも大きく、または500mMよりもさらに大きい。
図4は、水に懸濁された(例えば、約10から約60重量パーセントの)バイオマスを酸性化ユニット160の中で、酸で最初に処置することによって、バイオマスからエタノールを産生するための過程158を例証している。バイオマスは、例えば、木材チップ、おがくず、粉砕された農業残渣もしくはバイオマス作物(例えば、トウモロコシ茎葉もしくはスイッチグラス)、トウモロコシ製粉残渣、図3Aおよび3Bで示されたもののような剪断された紙製品、またはこれらのおよびその他のセルロースおよび/もしくはリグノセルロース材料の混合物であることができる。ガス状の二酸化硫黄を水に懸濁されているバイオマスの中を通して泡立てることによって、または強い酸、例えば、硫酸、塩酸、もしくは硝酸を添加することによって、バイオマスを酸性化することができる。酸性化の間、pHを約3より下で、例えば、約2.5より下または約1.5より下で維持する。バイオマスの加水分解を手助けするために、既に酸性化ユニットにある酸に加えて、任意で、硫酸第一鉄、硫酸第二鉄、塩化第二鉄、硫酸アルミニウム、塩化アルミニウム、硫酸マグネシウム、またはこれらの混合物などの金属塩を添加することができる。例えば、約1から6時間、例えば、約40℃から約80℃の温度で、酸性化ユニット160の中にバイオマスを収容する。
図5Aは、例えば、水に懸濁された(10から60重量パーセントの)バイオマスを加水分解ユニット230の中で、ヘミセルロース、ペクチン、およびスターチの成分に対して活性がある酵素または酵素の混合物、例えば、エンドグルカナーゼ、エキソグルカナーゼ、セロビオヒドロラーゼ(CBH)、β-グルコシダーゼ、グリコシドヒドロラーゼ、グリコシルトランスフェラーゼ、リアーゼ、およびエステラーゼで最初に処置することによって、バイオマスからエタノールを産生するための過程228を例証する。加水分解の間、水酸化ナトリウムを添加することによって、pHを約6.0から約7.5で維持する。例えば、約6から120時間、例えば、約25℃から約40℃の温度で、および窒素下で、加水分解ユニット230の中にバイオマスを収容する。
図5Bは、水に懸濁された、例えば、10から60重量パーセントのバイオマスを収容容器252に最初に詰めることによって、バイオマスからエタノールを産生するための過程250を例証する。正常大気圧下である場合、例えば、約25℃から約90℃の温度で、または正常大気圧よりも高い圧力、例えば、約1.5気圧から約10気圧下である場合、約100から約175の温度で、例えば、約1時間から36時間の時間、バイオマスを浸漬させてもよい。浸漬時間の後、例えば、石灰もしくはアンモニアの形態の、アルカリ、および/または例えば、硫酸の水性溶液の形態の酸を、pH調整ユニット260を経由して収容容器252の内容物に添加し、内容物のpHを約7から約8に調整する。pHを調整した後、その中に分散したクロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンス細胞を有する培地を収容する、発酵槽262に収容容器252の内容物全体を移す。培地中の炭水化物の初期濃度は、20mMから約100mMである。上で記載されている条件下で、発酵容器262の中で発酵が起こる。上記の場合も、燃料等級のエタノールが蒸留ユニット270の中で蒸留される。
酸加水分解前処置および酵素加水分解前処置の組み合わせを用いて、バイオマスからのエタノールを産生することもできる。例えば、酸性化ユニットの中でのバイオマスの処置、それに続く(図4で示されたような)蒸気注入によって、酸を用いて最初の加水分解が起こることができ、その後(図5Aで示されたような)酵素加水分解を用いて、最初に加水分解されたバイオマスに最後の加水分解を適用することができる。
本開示を以下の実施例でさらに記載するが、それは特許請求の範囲で記載された本発明の範囲を限定しない。
本発明は、その詳細な説明と共に記載されているが、前述の説明は、付随する特許請求の範囲の範囲によって規定される、本発明の範囲を例証し、および該範囲を限定しないことが意図されるということが理解されるべきである。
Claims (39)
- バイオマス材料から燃料を製造する方法であって、以下の工程を含む方法:
高分子量の炭水化物を含むバイオマス材料を提供する工程;
バイオマス材料を加水分解して、加水分解されたバイオマス材料を提供する工程;
炭水化物の濃度が20mMよりも大きい培地中で、クロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンス(Clostridium phytofermentans)細胞と、加水分解されたバイオマス材料を組み合わせる工程;ならびに
燃料を製造するのに十分な条件下および時間で、加水分解されたバイオマス材料を発酵させる工程。 - 燃料が、エタノール、n-プロパノール、イソプロパノール、n-ブタノール、およびその混合物からなる群より選択されるアルコールを含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- バイオマス材料が酸による処置によって加水分解される、請求項1記載の方法。
- バイオマス材料が酵素または酵素の混合物による処置によって加水分解される、請求項1記載の方法。
- バイオマス材料が、酸による処置、それに続く酵素による処置によって加水分解される、請求項1記載の方法。
- 加水分解する前にバイオマス材料のサイズを減少させる、請求項1記載の方法。
- 加水分解工程に、酸性化ユニットの中での酸による前処置と、それに続く脱水が含まれる、請求項1記載の方法。
- 以下を含む燃料プラント:
高分子量の炭水化物を含むバイオマス材料を加水分解するように設計された加水分解ユニット;および
培地を収納するように設計され、かつその中に分散されたクロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンス細胞を含む、発酵槽。 - 培地を収納するように設計され、かつクロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンスを含む発酵槽が、クロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンスとは異なる1つまたは複数のその他の微生物をさらに含む、請求項8記載の燃料プラント。
- 1つまたは複数のその他の微生物が1つまたは複数の酵母を含む、請求項9記載の燃料プラント。
- 1つまたは複数のその他の微生物が1つまたは複数の細菌を含む、請求項9記載の燃料プラント。
- 1つまたは複数の細菌が、ザイモモナス モビリス(Zymomonas mobilis)の任意の1つまたは複数の株を含む、請求項11記載の燃料プラント。
- 燃料を製造する方法であって、以下の工程を含む方法:
クロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンス細胞およびリグノセルロース材料を培地中で組み合わせる工程;ならびに
燃料を製造するのに十分な条件下および時間で、リグノセルロース材料を発酵させる工程。 - リグノセルロース材料が、木材、木材パルプ、製紙スラッジ、紙パルプ廃棄物ストリーム、パーティクルボード、草、米の籾殻、バガス、綿、ジュート、麻、亜麻、竹、サイザル麻、アバカ、麦わら、トウモロコシ穂軸、トウモロコシ茎葉、蒸留かす、葉、小麦わら、ココナッツの毛、藻類、スイッチグラス、ミスカンタス(Miscanthus)、マメ植物、ソルガム、バイオマス作物(クランベ)、およびその混合物からなる群より選択される、請求項13記載の方法。
- 培地がその中に、増殖因子、ミネラル、界面活性剤、キレート剤、およびその混合物からなる群より選択される構成要素を溶かしている、請求項13記載の方法。
- 培地を約45℃未満の温度で維持することが条件に含まれる、請求項13記載の方法。
- 培地のpHを約9.5より下に維持することが条件に含まれる、請求項13記載の方法。
- 燃料がエタノールであり、および約1Mよりも低いエタノールの濃度を維持することが条件に含まれる、請求項13記載の方法。
- 燃料を製造する方法であって、以下の工程を含む方法:
炭水化物の濃度が40mMよりも大きい培地中で、クロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンス細胞および炭水化物を含む材料を組み合わせる工程;ならびに
燃料を製造するのに十分な条件下および時間で、炭水化物を含む材料を発酵させる工程。 - 濃度が50mMよりも大きい、請求項19記載の方法。
- 濃度が100mMよりも大きい、請求項20記載の方法。
- 濃度が2000mM未満である、請求項21記載の方法。
- 材料が1,000未満の分子量を有する低分子量の炭水化物を含む、請求項19記載の方法。
- 低分子量の炭水化物が、アラビノース、セロビオース、フルクトース、ガラクトース、グルコース、ラクトース、マンノース、リボース、キシロース、およびその混合物からなる群より選択される、請求項23記載の方法。
- 材料が1,000よりも大きい分子量を有する高分子量の炭水化物を含む、請求項19記載の方法。
- 高分子量の炭水化物が、セルロース、微結晶セルロース、ポリガラクツロン酸、ペクチン、スターチ、キシラン、およびその混合物からなる群より選択される、請求項25記載の方法。
- 材料を、それが約5ミクロンから50ミクロンの粒子サイズを有するように粉末にする、請求項19記載の方法。
- 材料が2つまたはそれより多くの炭水化物の混成物を含む、請求項19記載の方法。
- 材料がセルロースまたはリグノセルロース材料を含む、請求項19記載の方法。
- セルロースまたはリグノセルロース材料が、ポリコーティング紙、クラフトペーパー、製紙スラッジ、木材、木材パルプ、蒸留かす、パーティクルボード、葉、草、刈草、米の籾殻、バガス、綿、ジュート、麻、亜麻、竹、サイザル麻、アバカ、麦わら、トウモロコシ穂軸、トウモロコシ茎葉、小麦わら、ココナッツの毛、藻類、スイッチグラス、クランベ、バイオマス作物、およびその混合物からなる群より選択される、請求項29記載の方法。
- 材料が、高分子量の炭水化物を分解することによって形成された低分子量の炭水化物を含む、請求項19記載の方法。
- 酵素を使用することが分解に含まれる、請求項31記載の方法。
- 酵素が、エンドグルカナーゼ、エキソグルカナーゼ、セロビオヒドロラーゼ(CBH)、β-グルコシダーゼ、グリコシドヒドロラーゼ、グリコシルトランスフェラーゼ、リアーゼ、ならびにヘミセルロース、ペクチン、およびスターチの成分に対する活性があるエステラーゼ、ならびにその混合物からなる群より選択される、請求項32記載の方法。
- 材料に実質的にリグニンが含まれない、請求項19記載の方法。
- 以下の工程を含む方法:
クロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンス細胞、第二の微生物、および炭水化物を含む材料を培地中で組み合わせる工程;ならびに
炭水化物を含む材料を発酵させる工程。 - 燃料を製造するのに十分な条件下および時間で発酵を実行する、請求項35記載の方法。
- 第二の微生物が酵母を含む、請求項35記載の方法。
- 第二の微生物がクロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンスとは異なる細菌を含む、請求項35記載の方法。
- クロストリジウム フィトフェルメンタンスおよび第二の微生物を含む組成物。
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BRPI0706760A2 (pt) | 2011-04-05 |
US20070178569A1 (en) | 2007-08-02 |
AU2007210012B2 (en) | 2012-04-05 |
WO2007089677A3 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
EA200870204A1 (ru) | 2009-04-28 |
US20100151546A1 (en) | 2010-06-17 |
AU2007210012A1 (en) | 2007-08-09 |
MX2008009555A (es) | 2008-10-03 |
US20100159566A1 (en) | 2010-06-24 |
EP1984514A4 (en) | 2010-09-01 |
EP1984514A2 (en) | 2008-10-29 |
CN101522904A (zh) | 2009-09-02 |
KR101403573B1 (ko) | 2014-06-03 |
WO2007089677A2 (en) | 2007-08-09 |
US7682811B2 (en) | 2010-03-23 |
US20100136661A1 (en) | 2010-06-03 |
ZA200807235B (en) | 2009-07-29 |
CA2640429C (en) | 2014-04-01 |
UA95795C2 (ru) | 2011-09-12 |
US20100216200A1 (en) | 2010-08-26 |
US20100143998A1 (en) | 2010-06-10 |
US20090068714A1 (en) | 2009-03-12 |
US20100151551A1 (en) | 2010-06-17 |
CA2640429A1 (en) | 2007-08-09 |
KR20080091257A (ko) | 2008-10-09 |
JP4734425B2 (ja) | 2011-07-27 |
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