JP2007538067A - Gosとポリフルクトースとの相乗作用 - Google Patents
Gosとポリフルクトースとの相乗作用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2007538067A JP2007538067A JP2007527072A JP2007527072A JP2007538067A JP 2007538067 A JP2007538067 A JP 2007538067A JP 2007527072 A JP2007527072 A JP 2007527072A JP 2007527072 A JP2007527072 A JP 2007527072A JP 2007538067 A JP2007538067 A JP 2007538067A
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- composition
- polyfructose
- intestinal
- scfa
- inulin
- Prior art date
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Abstract
【選択図】なし
Description
「多糖」は、鎖長が少なくとも10単位である単糖単位の炭水化物鎖を指す。対照的に「オリゴ糖」は、その鎖長が10単位未満である。
本明細書に記述される様々な使用では、被験体が好ましくはヒト被験体であり、より好ましくは、12月齢までの乳児である新生児などの乳児である。特に、哺乳瓶で保育され又は一部哺乳瓶で保育された乳児を指す。或いは被験体は、子供、10代、又は成人でもよい。特に、疲労、うつ病、又はふさぎ込みをもたらす可能性もある、炎症性腸疾患(IBD)や過敏性腸症候群(IBS)、鼓腸、腹部痙攣、疝痛、腹部膨満、腹痛などであるがこれらに限定することのない腸の問題を、本発明による組成物を使用して予防及び/又は治療することができる。また、粘膜生成を強化することができ、腸の最適状態には及ばない機能から生ずるアレルギーを予防し又は治療することもできる。栄養不良、手術、化学療法からもたらされた結果としてバリア機能が損なわれた患者では、腸バリア機能も改善することができる。
−全SCFAの著しい増加
−pHの著しい低下
−著しく変性されたSCFA組成物
−分枝状SCFAの著しい減少
−生成されたSCFA 1モル当たりのガス生成の著しい減少
−結腸の最遠位部分での発酵も含む、より長くより均一な発酵、及び/又は
−結腸の最遠位部分でのSCFAの多量の初期形成及び/又は乳酸形成
−結腸の始部、中間部、及び終部でのSCFAの生成の促進
−乳酸(絶対及び/又は相対)の著しい増加、及び/又は
−形成された全乳酸の比としての、L−ラクテートの相対量の増加。
a)SCFA生成部位での腸浸透性が低下する。これは、疾患を予防し健康を維持するのに、特にアレルギーの発症を予防するのに重要である。GOS及びポリフルクトースの同時投与がより均一な発酵を引き起こし、発酵を結腸の遠位部分にまで拡張するという知見は、この点に関して重要であるが、それは結腸の遠位部分も含めた腸の浸透性を均等に低下させることができ、それによって腸を健康な状態で均等に維持できるからである。
b)腸の運動性又は蠕動運動が高まり、それによって、調合乳で保育される乳児で観察される一般的な問題である便秘を低減させ、又は予防する。
c)自然発生的な収縮及び結腸筋の緊張の量の低下により、痙攣が少なくなり、腹痛が少なくなる。
d)特に被験体が乳児である場合、被験体の骨鉱化及び骨発生に重要な、カルシウムイオン吸収が増加する。
e)疲労やうつ病、気分の変動などの健康悪化の2次症状を低下させることができる。
f)腸粘膜の粘液生成が著しく高くなり、それによって病原体の結合及びコロニー化に対する保護がもたらされる。特に、ラクテートのレベルは粘液生成に対して正に相関することがわかった。したがって本発明による組成物は、粘膜生成を刺激するのに使用することができる。
g)胆汁代謝は、母乳保育の乳児で観察されるレベル及び/又はパターンに変更することができる。
h)腸病原性微生物の成長は、結腸全体に沿って阻害される。
上述の使用に適した組成物は、ポリフルクトース及びGOSを相乗的に有効な量で含む。組成物は、GOS/ポリフルクトースを、3/97から97/3、好ましくは5/95から95/5、より好ましくは90/10から45/55に及ぶ比で含む。例えば10/90や20/80、30/70、40/60、50/50、55/45、60/40、70/30、80/20、85/15、90/10など、これら端点間の個々の比の全てが本明細書に包含される。
1.1 材料及び方法
微生物
微生物を、哺乳瓶で保育した乳児の新鮮な便から得た。1から4月齢に及ぶ乳児からの新鮮な便物質を溜め、保存培地に2時間以内入れた。
基質として、プレバイオティクス(TOS;TOS(VivinalGOS,Borculo Domo Ingredients,オランダ)及びイヌリン(raftilinHP,Orafti,ベルギー)の9/1(w/w)の比の混合物;イヌリン;オリゴフルクトース及びイヌリンの1/1(w/w)の比の混合物、又は無し(ブランク))を使用した。
McBain&MacFarlane培地:緩衝ペプトン水3.0g/l、酵母抽出物2.5g/l、ムチン(刷子縁)0.8g/l、トリプトン3.0g/l、L−システイン−HCl 0.4g/l、胆汁酸塩0.05g/l、K2HPO4・3H2O 2.6g/l、NaHCO3 0.2g/l、NaCl 4.5g/l、MgSO4・7H2O 0.5g/l、CaCl2 0.228g/l、FeSO4・7H2O 0.005g/l。500mlのスコットボトルに培地を満たし、121℃で15分間滅菌した。
便懸濁液3.0mlを、ボトル内で、85mgのグルコース又はプレバイオティクと合わせ又は何も添加せず(ブランク)、完全に混合した。t=0サンプルを引き出した(0.5ml)。得られた懸濁液2.5mlを、緩衝培地60mlで満たされた60mlのボトル内で、透析チューブ内に引き込んだボトルを十分に閉じ、37℃でインキュベートした。サンプルを、3、24、及び48時間後に皮下注射器で透析チューブから(0.2ml)又は透析緩衝液(1.0ml)から得て、即座に氷上に置いて発酵を停止させた。
実施例2を参照されたい。値は、ブランクに対して補正した。
t=3、t=24、及びt=48で、ボトルのゴムキャップに皮下6ml注射器を刺し、ガス圧が0バールになるまでこの注射器によりヘッドスペースからガスを引き出すことによって、60mlボトルのヘッドスペース内のガス圧をガス圧メータ(Druckmessumformer,Econtronic,ドイツ)により測定した。注射器内の体積は、形成されたガスの体積であった。値をブランクに対して補正した。
インビトロ発酵を、下記のサンプルを使用して実施した:
1.) 8.5mgのTOS(VivinalGOS,Borculo Domo Ingredients社製,オランダ)
2.) 85mgのイヌリン(RaftilinHP,Orafti社製,ベルギー)
3.) 85mgのTOS/イヌリンであって、そのTOS/イヌリンの比が9/1(w/w)であるもの、及び
4.) 85mgのOF(raftiloseP95,Orafti社製,ベルギー)/イヌリン(raftilinHP)であって、OF/イヌリンの比が1/1(w/w)であるもの。
結果を図1に示す。図1は、TOS/イヌリンの混合物が、単一成分の場合よりも繊維1g当たり著しく高い量のSCFAをもたらしたが、同様にオリゴフルクトース(OF)及びイヌリンの混合物の場合よりも高いことを示している。また、比が1/1である85mgのTOS/イヌリンについても試験をしたが(データは図示せず)、やはり相乗効果が示された。
L−及びD−ラクテートは、t=3でのみ決定することができた。表1は、その時点で形成された代謝最終産物を示す。
図2は、48時間後の発酵産物のパターンを示す。TOS/イヌリンの混合物は、単一成分の場合よりも著しく高い酢酸パーセンテージを示しており、これはオリゴフルクトース(OF)及びイヌリンの混合物の場合よりも高い。母乳保育の乳児の便は、高い酢酸パーセンテージを示しており、したがってTOS/イヌリンの混合物は、母乳保育の乳児の場合に最も類似している発酵産物パターンをもたらす。
結果を図3に示す。ガスの発生に関し、TOSとTOS/イヌリン混合物とは、形成されたSCFA 1mmol当たり最も低い量のガスを形成する。イヌリンとOF/イヌリン混合物とは、さらに多量のガス発生を示す。SCFA 1mmol当たりで発生されたガスの量は、TOS/イヌリン混合物で最も低い。
表2は、SCFA形成の動態を示す。TOS/イヌリンの組合せは、24時間から48時間の間で多量のSCFAを形成することが依然として示され、これは、結腸の遠位部分で依然としてSCFAが形成され、結腸浸透性、粘膜形成、及び抗病原体効果などに対して有益な効果を発揮することを示している。また最初の3時間で、人乳オリゴ糖の場合のように(データは図示せず)最も多い量のSCFAが形成される。結腸の始まりでの素早い発酵は、抗病原体効果のため重要なものである。
2.1 材料及び方法
それぞれの妊娠期間の最後の3カ月にある、母乳保育を決めた63名の妊婦と母乳保育を選択しない57名を募集した。出生時の体重が正常であり、先天的異常、先天的疾患、又は胃腸疾患のない乳児を、分娩後3日以内に登録した。研究は、医療センター(St.Radboud,Nijmegen,オランダ)の倫理委員会によって承認された。文書にされたインフォームドコンセントを、研究への登録前に両親から得た。
母親の人口学的、臨床的、及び人体測定学的データを、分娩前に収集した。分娩に関する情報を、分娩後5日目に母親から得た。乳児の食物摂取、調合乳耐性、便の特徴、健康及び人体測定学的な情報を、出産後5日、10日、28日、及びその後は4週間ごとに1度、研究が終了するまでのアンケートから得た。
両親に、その乳児から、出生後5日目、10日目、28日目、及びその後は4週ごとに1回、便のサンプルを採取するよう依頼した。サンプルは、両親が排便後にできる限り早くおむつから採取し、便容器(Greiner Labortechnik社製,オランダ)に収集し、即座に−20℃で貯蔵し、調査員が持ち運び用フリーザに入れて実験室に輸送した。
SCFAの決定のため、サンプル1gを、MilliQ中に10×希釈した氷水中で解凍し、ストマッカー(IUL Instruments社製,Barcelona,スペイン)を使用して10分間均質化した。350μlの均質化した便を、200μlの5%(v/v)ギ酸、100μlの1.25g/l 2−エチル酪酸(Sigma-Aldrich社製,Zwijndrecht,オランダ)、及び350μlのMilliQと混合した。サンプルを、14000rpmで5分間遠心分離にかけて、大きい粒子を除去し、上澄みを−20℃で貯蔵した。FISH分析及び乳酸測定のため、サンプルを氷水中で解凍し、リン酸緩衝生理食塩液pH7.4(PBS)中に10×(w/v)希釈し、ストマッカーを使用して10分間均質化した。均質化した便を、−20℃で貯蔵した。
FISH分析を、多少変更した状態で記述されるように(Langendijk他, 1995, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:3069-3075)実施した。パラホルムアルデヒド固定サンプルを、ゼラチンで被覆したスライドガラス(PTFE被覆8−ウェル[1cm2/ウェル]オブジェクトスライド,CBN labsuppliers社製,Drachten,オランダ)に塗布し、空気乾燥した。乾燥したサンプルを、96%エタノール中で10分間脱水した。ハイブリダイゼーション緩衝液(20mm Tris−HCl、0.9M NaCl、0.1%SDS[pH7.1])を、10ng/lのCy3標識したビフィドバクテリウム特異的プローブBifl64mod(5'-CAT CCG GYA TTA CCA CCC)と共に予熱し、乾燥サンプルに添加した。Bif 164 modは、プローブS-G-Bif-a-0164-a-A-18(Langendijik他, 1995, Appl.Environ.Microbiol. 61:3069-3075)の修正版である。スライドを、暗く湿気のあるチャンバ内で、50℃で一晩インキュベートした。ハイブリダイゼーション後、スライドを50mlの予熱した洗浄緩衝液(20mM Tris−HCl、0.9M NaCl[pH7.2])中で30分間洗浄し、MilliQ中で簡単に濯いだ。全ての細菌を染色するため、サンプルを、PBS中に溶かした0.25ng/lの4’、6’−ジアミノ−2−フェニルインドール(DAPI)と共に、室温で5分間インキュベートした。DAPI染色後、スライドをMilliQ中で簡単に濯ぎ、乾燥し、Vectashield(Vector Laboratories社製,Burlingame,CA,米国)に装着し、カバースリップで覆った。スライドを、自動画像分析ソフトウェア(Analysis 3.2,Soft Imaging Systems社製,Munster,ドイツ)を搭載したOlympus AX70 エピ蛍光顕微鏡を使用して、自動的に分析した。サンプル当たりのビフィドバクテリウムのパーセンテージは、25カ所の無作為に選択された顕微鏡的位置を分析することによって決定した。各位置で、DAPIフィルターセット(SP 100,Chroma Technology社製,Brattleboro,米国)を用いて全ての細胞を数え、Cy3フィルターセット(41007,Chroma Technology社製.Brattleboro,米国)を使用して全てのビフィドバクテリアを数えることにより、ビフィドバクテリアのパーセンテージを決定した。
短鎖脂肪酸(SCFA)、酢酸、プロピオン酸、n−酪酸、イソ酪酸、及びn−吉草酸を、水素炎イオン化検出器を備えたVarian 3800ガスクロマトグラフィ(GC)(Varian社製,Walnut Creek,米国)により定量的に決定した。サンプル0.5μlを、担体ガスとしてヘリウムを使用して(3.0psi)、カラム(Stabilwax,15×0.53mm,膜厚1.00μm,Restek社製,米国)内に80℃で注入した。サンプル注入後、炉を16℃/分の速度で160℃に加熱し、その後、20℃/分の速度で220℃に加熱し、最後に1.5分間、220℃の温度で維持した。インジェクタ及び検出器の温度は200℃であった。2−エチル酪酸を、内部標準物質として使用した。
均質化した便を氷上で解凍し、14000rmpで5分間遠心分離にかけ、100μlの上澄みを100℃で10分間加熱して、全ての酵素を不活性化した。ラクテートは、D−及びL−ラクテート−デヒドロゲナーゼを含むL−乳酸検出キットを使用して(Boehringer Mannheim社製,Mannheim,ドイツ)、酵素作用により決定した。ラクテートは、十分大量の便サンプルでのみ決定した。
−20℃で貯蔵した後、便サンプルを解凍し、Inlab 423 pH電極(Mettler-Toledo社製,Coulumbo,米国)を備えたHandylab pHメータ(Scott Glas社製,Mainz,ドイツ)を使用して、便のpHを室温で直接測定した。
研究の前、パワー計算は、介入調合乳グループと標準調合乳グループとの間でのビフィドバクテリアのパーセンテージの差が30%であり、このときSDが25%であることを検出するために、1グループ当たり13名の乳児が含まれるべきであることを示していた。調合乳グループで予測された30%の低下が理由で、計算よりも多くの乳児を研究に含めた。統計パッケージSPSS(バージョン11/0)を使用して、結果の統計分析を行った。全ての値について、正規分布プロットの目視検査によりその正規性をチェックした。これらグループ間でのビフィドバクテリアのパーセンテージ、pH、SCFAの相対量、及びラクテートの差を、分散分析を使用して有意性に関して試験した。有意差である場合(P<0.05)、ボンフェローニ事後試験を使用してこれらの群を比較した。母乳保育及び哺乳瓶保育を二重盲検的に割り当てること、及び十分な無作為化を確実にすることは可能ではないので、母乳保育グループと調合乳保育グループとを比較する統計分析は行われていなかった。母乳保育グループからのデータは、乳児がその時点で母乳だけで保育されている場合にのみ与えられる。
合計で、120名(−プログループ)の乳児が含まれた。57名の乳児は、生後すぐに調合乳保育を開始し、調合乳グループの間で均等に分けた。生後すぐに母乳で保育された63名の乳児のうち、24名については16週齢になる前に調合乳保育に切り替え、5名は離脱した。研究被験体の特徴を、表4に示す。調合乳グループの中で、9名の乳児が、出生から16週以内で研究から離脱した(SFで4名、OSFグループで5名)。離脱の理由には、疝痛、牛乳アレルギーの疑い、便秘、及び実施上の問題が含まれていた。
保育グループの、5日齢、10日齢、4、8、12、及び16週齢における便のビフィドバクテリアのパーセンテージを表5に示し、量を表5に示す。OSFグループは、全ての生後経過時間での合計細菌数から、SFグループよりも高いビフィドバクテリア%を有する傾向があるが、その差は、統計上異なるものではなかった。意外なことに、母乳保育の乳児でのビフィドバクテリアのパーセンテージも比較的低く、調合乳保育グループに準じていた。
調合乳保育乳児の便に関して測定されたpH値を、表6に示す。最低のpHは、母乳で保育した乳児に見られた。OSF調合乳で保育した乳児の便の、便pHは、SFグループよりも低かった(p<0.045、5日齢を除く全ての生後経過時間)。
便中のSCFAの総量を、以下の表5に示す。
全てのグループのラクテート濃度(mmol/kg便)を、表5に示す。早くも5日齢から、OS調合乳(図示せず)及び母乳グループは、標準調合乳グループと比べた場合により高い量のラクテートを有する。ラクテートの相対量(SCFA及びラクテートの合計に対するパーセンテージとして)は、母乳保育の乳児で最も高く、標準調合乳保育の乳児で最も低い。TOS/イヌリンを含有する調合乳で保育された乳児は、中間的な相対量のアセテートを有する。16週齢のOSF保育の乳児におけるラクテートのパーセンテージ(酸全体に対して)は、SFの乳児の場合と著しく異なっている。
3.1 材料及び方法
ラクテート及びSCFA混合物の効果を、以下の変更点、即ちラクテート及びアセテート/プロピオネート/ブチレート(90/5/5)混合物について試験をしたこと以外、Willemsen, LEM, Koetsier MA, van Deventer SJH, van Tol EAF (2003), Gut 52:1442-1447に記載される通りに分析した。粘液生成実験では、CCD18及びT83細胞の同時培養を使用したのに対し、PGE1及びPGE2生成実験では、CCD18の単一培養を使用した。
90/5/5(アセテート/プロピオネート/ブチレート)の混合物中のSCFAとL−ラクテートの用量は、図4Aに見られるように、CCD18とT84細胞の同時培養中で、MUC−2発現を依存的に誘発した。またPGE1及びPGE2の濃度は、図4Bに見られるように、CCD18細胞で増加する。添加された有機酸がより高い濃度であるとき、その増加は統計的に有意なものになる。
4.1 材料及び方法
オスのウィスターラット(CKP/Harlan,Wageningen/Horst,オランダ)を、制御された温度及び光サイクルの条件下で収容し、食物ペレット及び水に自由に触れることができるようにした。動物に、N2O、O2、及びイソフルランの混合物で麻酔をかけ、腹部を切開し、結腸をすぐに取り出した。組織を、クレブス−ヘンゼライト緩衝液pH7.4(組成(単位mM):118.0 NaCl、4.75 KCl、1.18 MgSO4、2.5 CaCl2、10 グルコース、1.17 KH2PO4、及び24.9 NaHCO3)に入れた。
図5からわかるように、酢酸ナトリウム、及び特にL−乳酸ナトリウムは、緊張性収縮の張力を低下させる。緩和効果は、結腸の近位部分におけるよりも、結腸の遠位部分でのほうが高い。
Claims (15)
- 腹部膨満、ガス発生、腹痛、及び/又は鼓腸を治療し又は予防する組成物を製造するための、ガラクト−オリゴ糖及びポリフルクトースの使用。
- アレルギー、湿疹、又はアトピー性疾患を治療し又は予防する組成物を製造するための、ガラクト−オリゴ糖及びポリフルクトースの使用。
- 結腸の収縮、好ましくは緊張性及び/又は相動性収縮を緩和する組成物を製造するための、ガラクト−オリゴ糖及びポリフルクトースの使用。
- 過敏性腸症候群又は炎症性腸疾患を治療し又は予防する組成物を製造するための、ガラクト−オリゴ糖及びポリフルクトースの使用。
- 大腸の腸バリア機能及び/又は粘液生成を増大させる組成物を製造するための、ガラクト−オリゴ糖及びポリフルクトースの使用。
- 腸のビフィドバクテリアの総数及び/又は相対数に著しい影響を及ぼすことなく、
腸及び/又は便の短鎖脂肪酸レベルを増加させ、
全短鎖脂肪酸に対する腸及び/又は便のアセテートレベルを増加させ、
腸のラクテートレベルを増加させ、
腸及び/又は便のpHを低下させ、
全短鎖脂肪酸に対する腸及び/若しくは便の、ブチレート、イソブチレート、バレレート、及び/若しくはイソバレレートの合計を低下させ、並びに/又は
腸のガス形成を低下させる、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の使用。 - ガラクト−オリゴ糖:ポリフルクトースの量が、3:97から97:3、好ましくは5:95から95:5、より好ましくは90:10から45:55の比を有する、請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の使用。
- ガラクト−オリゴ糖がトランスガラクト−オリゴ糖であり、及び/又はポリフルクトースがイヌリンである、請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の使用。
- ポリフルクトースが、平均重合度20以上のイヌリンである、請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の使用。
- 組成物が、便及び/又は腸のpHをpH6よりも低く、好ましくはpH5.75以下に低下させるのに適しており、且つ前記組成物が、乳児への経口投与に適している、請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の使用。
- 組成物が、腸及び/又は便のラクテートを、約10mmol/kg便よりも高く増加させるのに適しており、前記組成物が、乳児への経口投与に適している、請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の使用。
- 組成物が、腸及び/又は便のアセテートを、全SCFAの約85%よりも高く増加させるのに適している、請求項1から11のいずれかに記載の使用。
- 組成物が、腸及び/又は便のブチレート、イソブチレート、バレレート、及びイソバレレートの合計を、全SCFAの7%よりも低く減少させるのに適している、請求項1から12のいずれかに記載の使用。
- 短鎖脂肪酸の生成を、結腸の始部、中間部、及び終部で促進させるための、請求項1から13のいずれかに記載の使用。
- 組成物が、食品組成物又は食品サプリメント組成物であり、好ましくは乳児用栄養食、より好ましくは乳児用調合乳又は乳児用調整乳である、請求項1から14のいずれか一項に記載の使用。
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US9579340B2 (en) | 2009-02-24 | 2017-02-28 | Ritter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | Prebiotic formulations and methods of use |
JP2019502736A (ja) * | 2016-01-26 | 2019-01-31 | ネステク ソシエテ アノニム | 経表皮水分損失を予防又は低減するための組成物 |
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