JP2001502658A - 非樹状中心骨格ペプチド担体 - Google Patents

非樹状中心骨格ペプチド担体

Info

Publication number
JP2001502658A
JP2001502658A JP09535761A JP53576197A JP2001502658A JP 2001502658 A JP2001502658 A JP 2001502658A JP 09535761 A JP09535761 A JP 09535761A JP 53576197 A JP53576197 A JP 53576197A JP 2001502658 A JP2001502658 A JP 2001502658A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
peptide
dendritic
peptide carrier
carrier
dendritic peptide
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
JP09535761A
Other languages
English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JP2001502658A5 (https=
Inventor
ヘーガート、ペーター・ミカエル・ヘルベーク
ヤコブセン、パレ・ヘイ
Original Assignee
ペプレサーチ・エー/エス
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ペプレサーチ・エー/エス filed Critical ペプレサーチ・エー/エス
Publication of JP2001502658A publication Critical patent/JP2001502658A/ja
Publication of JP2001502658A5 publication Critical patent/JP2001502658A5/ja
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/001Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof by chemical synthesis
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07KPEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/385Haptens or antigens, bound to carriers
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P15/00Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00Antineoplastic agents
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02Immunomodulators
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/569Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
    • G01N33/56966Animal cells
    • G01N33/56977HLA or MHC typing
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/60Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characteristics by the carrier linked to the antigen
    • A61K2039/6031Proteins
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/62Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the link between antigen and carrier
    • A61K2039/627Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the link between antigen and carrier characterised by the linker
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/005Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from viruses
    • G01N2333/08RNA viruses
    • G01N2333/115Paramyxoviridae, e.g. parainfluenza virus
    • G01N2333/12Mumps virus; Measles virus
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/195Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria
    • G01N2333/35Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria from Mycobacteriaceae (F)
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/435Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
    • G01N2333/44Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans from protozoa
    • G01N2333/445Plasmodium
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/435Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
    • G01N2333/52Assays involving cytokines
    • G01N2333/54Interleukins [IL]
    • G01N2333/545IL-1
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/435Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
    • G01N2333/52Assays involving cytokines
    • G01N2333/555Interferons [IFN]
    • G01N2333/57IFN-gamma
    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/90Enzymes; Proenzymes
    • G01N2333/914Hydrolases (3)
    • G01N2333/948Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • G01N2333/95Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99)
    • G01N2333/964Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue
    • G01N2333/96425Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue from mammals
    • G01N2333/96427Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue from mammals in general
    • G01N2333/9643Proteinases, i.e. endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.99) derived from animal tissue from mammals in general with EC number
    • G01N2333/96486Metalloendopeptidases (3.4.24)
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Oncology (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Communicable Diseases (AREA)
  • Mycology (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
JP09535761A 1996-04-03 1997-04-03 非樹状中心骨格ペプチド担体 Withdrawn JP2001502658A (ja)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DK39896 1996-04-03
DK0398/96 1996-04-03
PCT/DK1997/000146 WO1997038011A1 (en) 1996-04-03 1997-04-03 Non-dendritic backbone peptide carrier

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP2001502658A true JP2001502658A (ja) 2001-02-27
JP2001502658A5 JP2001502658A5 (https=) 2004-12-09

Family

ID=8093081

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP09535761A Withdrawn JP2001502658A (ja) 1996-04-03 1997-04-03 非樹状中心骨格ペプチド担体

Country Status (10)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0896582A1 (https=)
JP (1) JP2001502658A (https=)
KR (1) KR20000005429A (https=)
CN (1) CN1215404A (https=)
AU (1) AU704502B2 (https=)
CA (1) CA2251464A1 (https=)
HU (1) HUP9901254A3 (https=)
NO (1) NO984644L (https=)
NZ (1) NZ331596A (https=)
WO (1) WO1997038011A1 (https=)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2009500298A (ja) * 2005-06-15 2009-01-08 ザ オハイオ ステート ユニバーシティー リサーチ ファウンデーション Her−2ペプチド
JP2019501964A (ja) * 2015-12-14 2019-01-24 ハン, スーHAN, Su ポリペプチド化合物、並びにその調製方法及び適用

Families Citing this family (34)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6103239A (en) 1996-08-09 2000-08-15 Cel-Sci Corporation Modified HGP-30 heteroconjugates, compositions and methods of use
US6251866B1 (en) 1997-08-05 2001-06-26 Watson Laboratories, Inc. Conjugates targeted to the interleukin-2 receptor
AU746993B2 (en) * 1997-11-18 2002-05-09 Medical University Of South Carolina Linear antigen supporting units
US6472367B1 (en) * 1998-05-05 2002-10-29 Adherex Technologies, Inc. Compounds and methods for modulating OB-cadherin mediated cell adhesion
US7481999B2 (en) 1998-05-05 2009-01-27 Adherex Technologies, Inc. Compounds and methods for modulating OB-cadherin-mediated function
EP1246597B1 (en) * 1999-08-03 2015-01-14 The Ohio State University Polypeptides and polynucleotides for enhancing immune reactivity to her-2 protein
GB9930591D0 (en) * 1999-12-23 2000-02-16 Univ London Component for vaccine
AU2001241549A1 (en) * 2000-02-18 2001-08-27 Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc Conjugates targeted to target receptors
CN100553636C (zh) 2000-08-04 2009-10-28 Dmi生物科学公司 二酮基哌嗪和包含它们的组合物的使用方法
US7303907B2 (en) 2001-01-08 2007-12-04 Health Protection Agency Degradation and detection of TSE infectivity
US7939641B2 (en) * 2002-04-09 2011-05-10 The Scripps Research Institute Motif-grafted hybrid polypeptides and uses thereof
CA2496952A1 (en) * 2002-08-23 2004-03-04 Copenhagen Biotech Assets Aps Composite peptide compounds for diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by prion proteins
AU2003298475A1 (en) 2002-11-14 2004-06-18 Adherex Technologies, Inc. Compounds and methods for modulating desmosomal and atypical cadherin-mediated cell adhesion
US7354589B2 (en) * 2003-01-16 2008-04-08 The Wistar Institute Multiple antigenic agents and methods for using the same
EP2517718B1 (en) 2003-05-15 2016-03-02 Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Treatment of T-cell mediated diseases
US7740860B2 (en) 2005-03-29 2010-06-22 The Wistar Institute Composition and method for preventing or treating a virus infection
KR100787393B1 (ko) 2006-03-23 2007-12-21 학교법인 한림대학교 세포 도입성 fk506 결합 단백질의 융합 단백질
JP5856843B2 (ja) 2008-05-27 2016-02-10 アンピオ ファーマシューティカルズ,インコーポレイテッド ジケトピペラジンを用いた医薬組成物
EP4071169A2 (en) 2008-08-25 2022-10-12 Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. Conserved influenza hemagglutinin epitope and antibodies thereto
US20100234283A1 (en) 2009-02-04 2010-09-16 The Ohio State University Research Foundation Immunogenic epitopes, peptidomimetics, and anti-peptide antibodies, and methods of their use
CN102297968B (zh) * 2010-06-28 2013-10-30 程小星 辅助诊断结核病的试剂盒
EP2613786A4 (en) 2010-09-07 2013-10-23 Dmi Acquisition Corp TREATMENT OF DISEASES
MY172699A (en) 2011-10-10 2019-12-10 Ampio Pharmaceuticals Inc Implantable medical devices with increased immune tolerance, and methods for making and implanting
EA028343B1 (ru) 2011-10-10 2017-11-30 Ампио Фармасьютикалз, Инк. Лечение дегенеративного заболевания сустава
EP2771007B1 (en) 2011-10-28 2018-04-04 Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Treatment of rhinitis
BR112015020469A2 (pt) 2013-03-15 2020-01-28 Ampio Pharmaceuticals Inc Usos de da-dkp, composição e método para fornecimento de células-tronco a umindivíduo
CN104231048B (zh) * 2013-06-05 2017-05-24 财团法人工业技术研究院 生发胜肽及药物组合物
TWI516272B (zh) 2013-06-05 2016-01-11 財團法人工業技術研究院 應用於生髮之方法及醫藥組成物
RU2736513C2 (ru) 2014-08-18 2020-11-17 Ампио Фармасьютикалз, Инк. Лечение патологических состояний суставов
EP3310375A4 (en) 2015-06-22 2019-02-20 Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. USE OF LOW-MOLECULAR FRACTIONS OF HUMAN SERUMALBUMINE IN THE TREATMENT OF ILLNESSES
ES2963635T3 (es) * 2017-03-28 2024-04-01 Ohio State Innovation Foundation Vacunas de péptido PD1 humano y usos de las mismas
JP2023500602A (ja) * 2019-10-29 2023-01-10 ウィスコンシン アルムニ リサーチ ファンデイション ペプチド-ナノ粒子コンジュゲート 〔関連出願の相互参照〕 本出願は、2019年10月29日に出願されたpct/us2019/058463の一部継続出願であり、2019年10月29日に出願された米国仮出願第62/927,293号の優先権を主張し、その全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
CN112851755B (zh) * 2021-01-13 2023-09-01 中国人民解放军军事科学院军事医学研究院 一种线性脂肽化合物及其制备方法与应用
CN119455134B (zh) * 2024-11-19 2025-12-05 四川大学 一种基于dna四面体的复合物及其制备方法和用途

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2217319A (en) * 1988-04-19 1989-10-25 Synpharm Ltd Racemic and optically active fatty amino acids, their homo- abd hetero-oligomers and conjugates, the process of their production, their pharmaceutical composi
GB9215780D0 (en) * 1992-07-24 1992-09-09 Univ London Pharmacy Peptide compounds
US5674977A (en) * 1993-02-05 1997-10-07 The Ontario Cancer Institute Branched synthetic peptide conjugate
ATE209658T1 (de) * 1993-08-11 2001-12-15 Scripps Research Inst Anhand einer vorlage aufgebautes synthetisches protein
GB2282813A (en) * 1993-10-15 1995-04-19 Merck & Co Inc Annular antigen scaffolds comprising thioether linkages
ATE196297T1 (de) * 1994-05-18 2000-09-15 Synthetic Peptides Inc Heterodimere trägerzusammensetzung von immunogenen polypeptiden und verfahren zu deren verwendung

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2009500298A (ja) * 2005-06-15 2009-01-08 ザ オハイオ ステート ユニバーシティー リサーチ ファウンデーション Her−2ペプチド
JP2012136555A (ja) * 2005-06-15 2012-07-19 Ohio State Univ Research Foundation Her−2ペプチド
JP2019501964A (ja) * 2015-12-14 2019-01-24 ハン, スーHAN, Su ポリペプチド化合物、並びにその調製方法及び適用

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN1215404A (zh) 1999-04-28
AU704502B2 (en) 1999-04-22
NZ331596A (en) 1999-07-29
EP0896582A1 (en) 1999-02-17
HUP9901254A2 (hu) 1999-07-28
NO984644D0 (no) 1998-10-02
WO1997038011A1 (en) 1997-10-16
NO984644L (no) 1998-12-03
HUP9901254A3 (en) 2001-10-29
KR20000005429A (ko) 2000-01-25
AU2567997A (en) 1997-10-29
CA2251464A1 (en) 1997-10-16

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP2001502658A (ja) 非樹状中心骨格ペプチド担体
EP0652896B1 (en) Peptide compounds
Niederhafner et al. Peptide dendrimers
RU2201421C2 (ru) Синтетический пептид hiv (варианты), иммуногенная композиция для индукции иммунного ответа против пептидов hiv, диагностический набор для определения hiv-специфичных антител
CA2793087C (en) Peptides, conjugates and method for increasing immunogenicity of a vaccine
KR100547049B1 (ko) 바이러스 감염증 치료를 위한 조성물 및 방법
JP3872813B2 (ja) ヘテロダイマーポリペプチド免疫原キャリア組成物および方法
JP2003529319A (ja) HIV−1gp41を標的化する広範に中和する抗体を誘発する方法
Lairmore et al. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 peptides in chimeric and multivalent constructs with promiscuous T-cell epitopes enhance immunogenicity and overcome genetic restriction
SK11295A3 (en) Conjugates of poorly immunogenic antigens and synthetic peptide carriers and vaccines comprising them
CA2167730A1 (en) Synthetic multiple tandem repeat mucin and mucin-like peptides and uses thereof
JPH01500432A (ja) Aidsおよびarcのウィルス原因物質に対して免疫化するための組成物および方法
JPH08504090A (ja) 抗−ネコ免疫不全ウイルス(fiv)ワクチン
JPH10512543A (ja) 合成ペプチドとそれを含むワクチン
JPH02500519A (ja) 免疫療法の方法及び組成物
HUT63179A (en) Process for producing synthetic polypeptides
JP2001518455A (ja) 単純疱疹ウイルスの処置のための免疫原性の複合ポリペプチド
JPH08510210A (ja) ポリオキシム化合物及びそれらの調整
CA2435097A1 (en) Peptides exibiting affinity for the viral protein gp120, and use of the se peptides
AU732085B2 (en) Vaccine comprising antigens bound to carriers through labile bonds
AU733234B2 (en) Conjugated peptides, immunological reagent containing same and use thereof for treatment of immunological disorders
JPH07505878A (ja) Hivエンベロープ糖タンパク質から誘導された合成ポリペプチド
JP4065322B2 (ja) 合成ペプチドおよびそれらを含有する医薬組成物
CN1625409B (zh) 含可变肽表位的免疫原制剂及其制备方法
JPH06510025A (ja) Hiv−1に対するt細胞活性化の誘導に用いられるペプチド

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
A521 Request for written amendment filed

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523

Effective date: 20040402

A621 Written request for application examination

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621

Effective date: 20040402

A761 Written withdrawal of application

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A761

Effective date: 20051220