HUP9901001A2 - Cinkfoszfatálás kevés rezet és mangánt tartalmazó foszfatáló oldatokkal - Google Patents
Cinkfoszfatálás kevés rezet és mangánt tartalmazó foszfatáló oldatokkalInfo
- Publication number
- HUP9901001A2 HUP9901001A2 HU9901001A HUP9901001A HUP9901001A2 HU P9901001 A2 HUP9901001 A2 HU P9901001A2 HU 9901001 A HU9901001 A HU 9901001A HU P9901001 A HUP9901001 A HU P9901001A HU P9901001 A2 HUP9901001 A2 HU P9901001A2
- Authority
- HU
- Hungary
- Prior art keywords
- manganese
- copper
- low quantity
- maids
- zinc phosphatizing
- Prior art date
Links
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 title 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 title 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 title 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 title 1
- 229910001335 Galvanized steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000008397 galvanized steel Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/07—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing phosphates
- C23C22/08—Orthophosphates
- C23C22/18—Orthophosphates containing manganese cations
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/82—After-treatment
- C23C22/83—Chemical after-treatment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/07—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing phosphates
- C23C22/08—Orthophosphates
- C23C22/18—Orthophosphates containing manganese cations
- C23C22/186—Orthophosphates containing manganese cations containing also copper cations
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/34—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides
- C23C22/36—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/34—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides
- C23C22/36—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates
- C23C22/364—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates containing also manganese cations
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/05—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions
- C23C22/06—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6
- C23C22/34—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides
- C23C22/36—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates
- C23C22/364—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates containing also manganese cations
- C23C22/365—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using aqueous solutions using aqueous acidic solutions with pH less than 6 containing fluorides or complex fluorides containing also phosphates containing also manganese cations containing also zinc and nickel cations
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
A találmány tárgya eljárás acélból, cinkezett acélból vagy ötvözött-cinkezett acélból és/vagy alűmíniűmból álló fémfelületekfőszfatálására, amelynél a fémfelületeket szórással vagy merítés útján3 másődperc és 8 perc közötti ideig 30 řC és 70 řC közöttihőmérsékleten őlyan cinktartalmú főszfatálóőldattal érintkeztetik,amely 3,7 és 30 közötti tömegarányban főszfátiőnőkat és cinkiőnőkattartalmaz. ŕ
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19606017A DE19606017A1 (de) | 1996-02-19 | 1996-02-19 | Zinkphosphatierung mit geringen Gehalten an Kupfer und Mangan |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
HUP9901001A2 true HUP9901001A2 (hu) | 1999-07-28 |
HUP9901001A3 HUP9901001A3 (en) | 2000-04-28 |
Family
ID=7785748
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
HU9901001A HUP9901001A3 (en) | 1996-02-19 | 1997-02-10 | Zinc phosphatizing with low quantity of copper and manganese |
Country Status (20)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0889977B1 (hu) |
KR (1) | KR19990082154A (hu) |
CN (1) | CN1064415C (hu) |
AR (1) | AR005908A1 (hu) |
AT (1) | ATE195769T1 (hu) |
AU (1) | AU708141B2 (hu) |
BR (1) | BR9707563A (hu) |
CA (1) | CA2247141A1 (hu) |
CZ (1) | CZ262498A3 (hu) |
DE (2) | DE19606017A1 (hu) |
ES (1) | ES2149570T3 (hu) |
HU (1) | HUP9901001A3 (hu) |
ID (1) | ID15964A (hu) |
MX (1) | MX9806348A (hu) |
PL (1) | PL327291A1 (hu) |
PT (1) | PT889977E (hu) |
SK (1) | SK112598A3 (hu) |
TR (1) | TR199801606T2 (hu) |
WO (1) | WO1997030190A1 (hu) |
ZA (1) | ZA971375B (hu) |
Families Citing this family (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19700326A1 (de) * | 1997-01-08 | 1998-07-09 | Henkel Kgaa | Stabilisatoren für Hydroxylamin in Kupfer-haltigen Phosphatierlösungen |
US6720032B1 (en) | 1997-09-10 | 2004-04-13 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Pretreatment before painting of composite metal structures containing aluminum portions |
DE19754109A1 (de) * | 1997-12-05 | 1999-06-10 | Henkel Kgaa | Abwasseraufbereitung bei der Phosphatierung |
KR100784819B1 (ko) * | 2007-01-30 | 2007-12-14 | 정세근 | 알루미늄의 표면처리용 조성물 |
DE102010001686A1 (de) | 2010-02-09 | 2011-08-11 | Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, 40589 | Zusammensetzung für die alkalische Passivierung von Zinkoberflächen |
EP2503025B1 (de) | 2011-03-22 | 2013-07-03 | Henkel AG & Co. KGaA | Mehrstufige korrosionsschützende Behandlung metallischer Bauteile, die zumindest teilweise Oberflächen von Zink oder Zinklegierungen aufweisen |
DE102016206417A1 (de) | 2016-04-15 | 2017-10-19 | Henkel Ag & Co. Kgaa | Fördergestellbehandlung zur unterdrückung anlagenbedingter phosphatüberschleppung in einer prozessfolge zur tauchlackierung |
CN109612978B (zh) * | 2018-10-30 | 2022-02-25 | 欣旺达电子股份有限公司 | 锂离子电池电极膜片补锂量检测方法 |
CN112816399B (zh) * | 2020-12-30 | 2023-06-20 | 盛明 | 车用钢板循环盐雾腐蚀试验用标准样品及其制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3090709A (en) * | 1953-08-10 | 1963-05-21 | Lubrizol Corp | Phosphate coating of metals |
IT975560B (it) * | 1972-10-20 | 1974-08-10 | Sec Accomandita Semplice Fosfa | Procedimento di fosfatazione di su perfici metalliche destinate a ver niciatura particolarmente per elet troforesi e soluzione relativa a tale procedimento |
US3895970A (en) * | 1973-06-11 | 1975-07-22 | Pennwalt Corp | Sealing rinse for phosphate coatings of metal |
DE4013483A1 (de) * | 1990-04-27 | 1991-10-31 | Metallgesellschaft Ag | Verfahren zur phosphatierung von metalloberflaechen |
DE4210513A1 (de) * | 1992-03-31 | 1993-10-07 | Henkel Kgaa | Nickel-freie Phosphatierverfahren |
US5328526A (en) * | 1992-04-03 | 1994-07-12 | Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. | Method for zinc-phosphating metal surface |
DE4214992A1 (de) * | 1992-05-06 | 1993-11-11 | Henkel Kgaa | Kupfer enthaltendes, nickelfreies Phosphatierverfahren |
DE4232292A1 (de) * | 1992-09-28 | 1994-03-31 | Henkel Kgaa | Verfahren zum Phosphatieren von verzinkten Stahloberflächen |
CZ287997B6 (cs) * | 1992-12-22 | 2001-03-14 | Henkel Corporation | Vodný kapalný zinečnatý fosfatizující prostředek a způsob vytváření fosfátového povlaku na povrchu kovového podkladu |
JPH07278891A (ja) * | 1994-04-12 | 1995-10-24 | Nippon Parkerizing Co Ltd | 金属材料の塗装前処理方法 |
JPH10501027A (ja) * | 1994-05-27 | 1998-01-27 | ヘルバーツ・ゲゼルシャフト・ミット・ベシュレンクテル・ハフツング | ホスフェート化された金属基体のコーティング方法 |
-
1996
- 1996-02-19 DE DE19606017A patent/DE19606017A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1997
- 1997-02-10 PT PT97902356T patent/PT889977E/pt unknown
- 1997-02-10 SK SK1125-98A patent/SK112598A3/sk unknown
- 1997-02-10 PL PL97327291A patent/PL327291A1/xx unknown
- 1997-02-10 KR KR1019980705877A patent/KR19990082154A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-02-10 BR BR9707563A patent/BR9707563A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-02-10 CA CA002247141A patent/CA2247141A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-02-10 TR TR1998/01606T patent/TR199801606T2/xx unknown
- 1997-02-10 HU HU9901001A patent/HUP9901001A3/hu unknown
- 1997-02-10 ES ES97902356T patent/ES2149570T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-02-10 CZ CZ982624A patent/CZ262498A3/cs unknown
- 1997-02-10 CN CN97192356A patent/CN1064415C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-02-10 AU AU16023/97A patent/AU708141B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-02-10 EP EP97902356A patent/EP0889977B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-02-10 WO PCT/EP1997/000603 patent/WO1997030190A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-02-10 AT AT97902356T patent/ATE195769T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-02-10 DE DE59702240T patent/DE59702240D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-02-18 ZA ZA9701375A patent/ZA971375B/xx unknown
- 1997-02-19 ID IDP970471A patent/ID15964A/id unknown
- 1997-02-19 AR ARP970100657A patent/AR005908A1/es unknown
-
1998
- 1998-08-06 MX MX9806348A patent/MX9806348A/es unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
WO1997030190A1 (de) | 1997-08-21 |
EP0889977A1 (de) | 1999-01-13 |
DE19606017A1 (de) | 1997-08-21 |
CZ262498A3 (cs) | 1999-01-13 |
ID15964A (id) | 1997-08-21 |
HUP9901001A3 (en) | 2000-04-28 |
PT889977E (pt) | 2001-01-31 |
ES2149570T3 (es) | 2000-11-01 |
AU708141B2 (en) | 1999-07-29 |
EP0889977B1 (de) | 2000-08-23 |
MX9806348A (es) | 1998-10-31 |
PL327291A1 (en) | 1998-12-07 |
KR19990082154A (ko) | 1999-11-15 |
SK112598A3 (en) | 1999-01-11 |
DE59702240D1 (de) | 2000-09-28 |
AR005908A1 (es) | 1999-07-21 |
TR199801606T2 (xx) | 1998-11-23 |
CN1064415C (zh) | 2001-04-11 |
ATE195769T1 (de) | 2000-09-15 |
ZA971375B (en) | 1997-08-19 |
CN1211289A (zh) | 1999-03-17 |
AU1602397A (en) | 1997-09-02 |
CA2247141A1 (en) | 1997-08-21 |
BR9707563A (pt) | 1999-07-27 |
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