EP3687944A1 - Stabilisierte ni-reiche schichtoxide als aktivmaterial für positive elektroden von lithium-ionen-batterien - Google Patents
Stabilisierte ni-reiche schichtoxide als aktivmaterial für positive elektroden von lithium-ionen-batterienInfo
- Publication number
- EP3687944A1 EP3687944A1 EP18773408.2A EP18773408A EP3687944A1 EP 3687944 A1 EP3687944 A1 EP 3687944A1 EP 18773408 A EP18773408 A EP 18773408A EP 3687944 A1 EP3687944 A1 EP 3687944A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- active material
- particularly preferred
- lithium
- optionally
- cobalt
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the active material of positive electrodes, in particular with increased energy density, improved chemical, structural and thermal stability, high discharge rate, reduced aging and improved cycle stability and
- Capacity maintenance especially for use in batteries, methods for producing the active material and the active material according to the invention comprising positive electrodes and the electrodes containing batteries and devices.
- Lithium-ion batteries are now considered a key technology in electromobility. They need to be significantly optimized in terms of cost, weight, energy density, lifespan, safety and load duration.
- the active material hitherto used on the positive electrode side comprises lithium iron phosphate (LFP) or lithium metal oxides / mixed metal oxides having a layer structure, for example lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium nickel oxide (LNO), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide ( NMC) or lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide (NCA).
- LFP lithium iron phosphate
- LNO lithium nickel oxide
- NMC lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide
- NCA lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum oxide
- Another disadvantage is the rapid capacity loss in the cyclization of lithium-ion batteries with nickel-rich N MC-active material. Reasons for this include the already mentioned above harmful side reactions on the particle surface, mechanical
- Ni 2+ / Ni 3+ and Ni 3+ / Ni 4+ redox pairs Due to the availability of the Ni 2+ / Ni 3+ and Ni 3+ / Ni 4+ redox pairs, nickel gives the high capacity and thus the energy density, manganese, as Mn 4+ Although it is electrochemically inert, it stabilizes the local crystal structure, especially at high charge states, and Cobalt contributes to the capacity with the Co 3+ / Co 4+ redox couple, but above all enhances the layered structure of the material and ensures it such a high discharge rate. With increasing Ni content, therefore decreasing Mn and Co content, the structural stability of the material is significantly reduced. Furthermore, the proportion of the Ni 2+ / Ni 3+ redox couple decreases.
- the c-axis of the crystal lattice and thus the volume of the N MC crystal lattice change significantly. These changes are in the range of approximately 10% for high nickel content NMC materials. This leads to considerable mechanical stress both within the primary and the secondary particles and finally to the formation of microcracks in the primary particles up to the fragmentation of the secondary particles. This happens especially at low lithium levels, as they are at high voltages and high charge rates, these effects being enhanced by elevated temperatures. Furthermore, both the cracking and the fragmentation of the material leads to
- WO 2012/163660 A1 discloses cathode material for lithium-ion batteries with a size-dependent composition.
- the lithium metal oxide powder used has the empirical formula Li a Ni x Co y Mn z M ' m 0 2 ⁇ eA f , where 0.9 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 1, 0.2 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.9, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.4, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.7, 0 ⁇ m ⁇ 0.35, e ⁇ 0.02, 0 ⁇ f ⁇ 0.05 and 0.9 ⁇ (x + y + z + m + f ) ⁇ 1, 1 on, M 'consists of one or more elements from the group AI, Mg, Ti, Cr, V, Fe and Ga.
- A consists of one or more elements from the group F, C, Cl,
- the powder should have a particle size distribution with D10 and D90, where either x1 -x2> 0.005 or z2-z1> 0.005 or both x1-x2 > 0.005 and z2 - z1> 0.005, where x1 and z1 are the values x and z of the particles with the particle size D90 and x2 and z2 are the values x and z of the particles with a particle size of D10.
- the present invention is based on the technical problem of providing electrodes and batteries which do not have the aforementioned disadvantages, in particular an increased energy density, high discharge rates, high cycle stability, improved retention of capacity, reduced aging and / or simultaneously high chemical, structural and have thermal stability.
- an active material for positive electrodes wherein the active material is a Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxide of the empirical formula Li a A b Ni c Mn d Co e X f 0 2 .
- the active material is a Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxide of the empirical formula Li a A b Ni c Mn d Co e X f 0 2 .
- a and X are metal cations.
- the empirical formula according to the invention relates to the active material in the fully lithiated state, wherein the lithiation state, depending on the charging or discharging state of a cell containing the active material according to the invention from a full lithiation to a
- the Ni-rich mixed metal oxide of the present invention has the empirical formula Li a A b Ni c Mn d Co e X f O 2 and it holds that the sum of a and b> 0.9 and ⁇ 1, 1, and b> 0 and ⁇ 0.02, the sum of c, d, e and f> 0.9 and ⁇ 1, 1, c> 0.6, d> 0 and ⁇ 0.2, e> 0 and ⁇ 0 , 2 and f> 0 and ⁇ 0.1.
- the invention accordingly provides a Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxide characterized by the obligatory presence of Li, A, Ni and X, and optionally with Mn, Co or Mn and Co present in the Ni rich lithium metal mixed oxide of the present invention is.
- an active material for positive electrodes is provided according to the invention, wherein the active material is a Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxide of
- the invention provides a Ni-rich lithium-metal mixed oxide of the present empirical formula, which is characterized by a high capacity, a high energy density and a high chemical, thermal and structural stability, in particular provided by the present invention targeted chemical modification of the prior Technically known Ni-rich lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxides (NMC materials), these effects are preferably achieved by modification on the lithium and / or manganese and / or cobalt position of the crystal lattice.
- NMC materials Ni-rich lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxides
- the present invention provides improved active materials for positive electrodes of lithium-ion batteries, which are characterized by targeted chemical changes of Ni-rich NMC materials, in particular wherein preferably used in the Ni-rich NMC materials metal components in the Crystal lattice, in particular both on the lithium position and on the position of manganese and / or cobalt, are replaced.
- A is preferably a cation with a similar ionic radius as lithium, but higher oxygen binding energy, and it is therefore preferred in one embodiment
- A replaces lithium at the lithium position in the NMC layer structure.
- A is preferably immobile due to the better oxygen bonding and acts as a support of the layer structure during charging / discharging, thereby preventing the conversion to inactive structures, for example spinel structures or saline structures, thereby improving cycle stability.
- X is characterized in a preferred manner in that on the one hand it stabilizes the layer structure by a strong bond to oxygen, increases the thermal stability of the material, has a high oxidation state, whereby a larger proportion of nickel is in low Ni 2+ - charge state and thus more capacity is available, and on the other hand the position exchange between nickel and lithium ions in the structure is prevented.
- the substitution by X can be carried out at the cobalt position, at the manganese position or at both positions in the crystal lattice.
- the teaching of the invention makes it possible to adjust the properties of the cathode material in a targeted manner, so that, for example, by replacing the cobalt by the inventively provided components for X thermal stability can be increased and wherein, for example, by replacing the manganese of O-Li -O-layer spacing in the cathode material increases and thus the discharge rate can be improved.
- A is preferably one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Sc, Ga, Ti, Zn, Zr, Y, La, Hf and X is preferably one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, La, Y, W, and B.
- A is preferably one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Sc, Ga, Ti, Zn and Zr and X is preferably one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, La, Y and W.
- A is preferably one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Sc, Ga, Ti, Zn and Zr and X is preferably one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Sc, Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Y and W.
- the active material according to the invention has an increased energy density, high discharge rates, high cycle stability and improved capacity and reduced aging and at the same time ensuring chemical, structural and thermal stability.
- A can, without being bound by theory, act as a support of the crystal structure during charging / discharging because it replaces lithium in the crystal lattice whereby the conversion to inactive structures, such as spinel Structure and / or saline structure, prevents and thereby the cycle stability is improved.
- X may, without being bound by theory, in particular by partially or completely replacing manganese and / or cobalt at their respective positions in the crystal lattice of the metal mixed oxide, improve the chemical, thermal and structural stability, increase the capacity and / or improve the discharge rate.
- the active material according to the invention is a solid, in particular a solid in the form of a powder.
- the invention also provides a composition comprising, in particular in the form of a solid, inventive active material, this active material being present in a liquid or semi-liquid medium.
- the composition comprising the active material according to the invention may for example be in the form of an emulsion or a paste.
- the active material according to the invention is characterized in that b> 0.005, in particular b> 0.01, in particular that 0.005 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.02, in particular 0.0075 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.02, in particular 0.01 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.02, in particular 0.015 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.02, in particular 0.005 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.015, in particular 0.0075 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.015, in particular 0.01 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.015, in particular 0.005 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.01, especially 0.0075 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.01.
- the active material according to the invention is characterized in that c> 0.65, in particular c> 0.7, in particular c> 0.75, in particular c> 0.8, in particular c> 0.9, in particular c> 1, 0 is.
- the active material according to the invention is characterized in that c ⁇ 1, 1, in particular c ⁇ 1, 0, in particular c ⁇ 0.95, in particular c ⁇ 0.9.
- the active material according to the invention is characterized in that 0 ⁇ d + e ⁇ 0.2, in particular 0 ⁇ d + e ⁇ 0.1.
- d 0.
- the active material according to the invention is characterized in that A has an ionic radius of 50 to 100 ⁇ m, in particular 55 to 100 ⁇ m, in particular 60 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the active material according to the invention is characterized in that A has an ionic radius of 50 to 80 pm, in particular 55 to 80 pm, in particular 60 to 80 pm, in particular 50 to 70 pm, in particular 55 to 70 pm, in particular 60 to 70 pm , in particular 70 to 80 pm.
- the active material according to the invention is characterized in that X has an oxidation state of at least +3, in particular +4,
- X in particular +5, in particular +6.
- X can have an oxidation state of exactly +3, in particular exactly +4, in particular exactly +5, in particular exactly +6.
- the active material according to the invention is characterized in that A has an oxygen binding energy of at least 330 kJ / mol, in particular 340 kJ / mol, in particular 350 kJ / mol, in each case at 298 K.
- the active material according to the invention is characterized in that A has an oxygen binding energy of 330 to 800 kJ / mol, in particular of 340 to 800 kJ / mol, in particular of 350 to 800 kJ / mol, in particular of 330 to 700 kJ / mol, in particular from 340 to 700 kJ / mol, in particular from 350 to 700 kJ / mol, in each case at 298 K.
- A is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Sc, Ga, Ti, Zn, Zr, Y, La and Hf.
- A is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Mg, Al, Sc, Ga, Ti, Zn and Zr.
- A is Mg. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A AL In a particularly preferred embodiment, A is Sc. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A is Ga. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A is Ti. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A is Zn. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A is Zr. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A is Y. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A is La. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A is Hf.
- the active material according to the invention is characterized in that X has an oxygen binding energy of at least 400 kJ / mol, in particular at least 500 kJ / mol, in particular at least 600 kJ / mol, in each case at 298 K.
- the active material according to the invention is characterized in that X has an oxygen binding energy of 400 to 900 kJ / mol, in particular of 500 to 900 kJ / mol, in particular of 600 to 900 kJ / mol, in particular of 400 to 800 kJ / mol, in particular from 500 to 800 kJ / mol, in particular from 600 to 800 kJ / mol, in each case at 298 K.
- X is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Sc, Mn, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, La, Y, W and B.
- X is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Sc, Mn, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, La, Y and W.
- X is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Al, Sc, Ti, Zr, Hf, Nb, Ta, Y and W.
- X is Al.
- X is Sc.
- X is Mn.
- X is Ti
- X is Zr.
- X is Hf.
- X is V.
- X is Nb.
- X is Ta.
- X is Cr
- X is Mo
- X is La.
- X is Y.
- XW is W.
- X is B.
- a and X are Mg and Al. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Mg and Sc. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Mg and Mn. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Mg and Ti. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Mg and Zr.
- a and X are Mg and Hf.
- a and X are Mg and V.
- a and X are Mg and Nb.
- a and X are Mg and Ta.
- a and X are Mg and Cr.
- a and X are Mg and Mo.
- a and X are Mg and La.
- a and X are Mg and Y.
- a and X are Mg and W.
- a and X are Mg and B.
- a and X are Al and Al.
- a and X are Al and Sc.
- a and X are Al and Mn.
- a and X are Al and Ti.
- a and X are Al and Zr.
- a and X are Al and Hf.
- a and X are Al and V.
- a and X are Al and Nb. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Al and Ta. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Al and Cr. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Al and Mo. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Al and La. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Al and Y. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Al and W. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Al and B. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Sc and AI. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Sc and Sc. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Sc and Mn.
- a and X are Sc and Ti. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Sc and Zn. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Sc and Hf In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Sc and Nb. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Sc and Ta. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Sc and Cr. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Sc and Mo. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Sc and La. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Sc and Y. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Sc and W. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Sc and B.
- a and X are Ga and AI. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ga and Sc. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ga and Mn. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ga and Ti. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ga and Zr. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ga and Hf. n of a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ga and V. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ga and Nb. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ga and Ta. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ga and Cr. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ga and Mo.
- a and X are Ga and La. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ga and Y. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ga and W. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ga and B. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ti and AI. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ti and Sc. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ti and Mn. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ti and Ti. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ti and Zr. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ti and Hf. n of a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ti and V.
- a and X are Ti and Nb. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ti and Ta. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ti and Cr. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ti and Mo. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ti and La. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ti and Y. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ti and W. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Ti and B. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zn and AI. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zn and Sc. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zn and Mn.
- a and X are Zn and Ti. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zn and Zr. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zn and Hf. n. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zn and V. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zn and Nb. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zn and Ta. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zn and Cr. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zn and Mo. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zn and La. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zn and Y.
- a and X are Zn and W. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zn and B. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zr and AI. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zr and Sc. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zr and Mn. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zr and Ti. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zr and Zr. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zr and Hf. n of a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zr and V. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zr and Nb.
- a and X are Zr and Ta. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zr and Cr. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zr and Mo. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zr and La. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zr and Y. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zr and W. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Zr and B. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Y and Al , In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Y and Sc. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Y and Mn. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Y and Ti.
- a and X are Y and Zr. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Y and Hf. n of a particularly preferred embodiment are A and XY and V. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Y and Nb. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Y and Ta. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Y and Cr. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Y and Mo. n of a particularly preferred embodiment are A and XY and La. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Y and Y.
- a and X.sup.Y and W.sup.n of a particularly preferred embodiment are A and X.sup.Y and B.
- a and X are La and Al.
- a and X are La and Sc.
- a and X are La and Mn.
- a and X are La and Ti.
- a and X are La and Zr.
- a and X are La and Hf. n of a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are La and V.
- a and X are La and Nb.
- a and X are La and Ta.
- a and X are La and Cr. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are La and Mo. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are La and La. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are La and Y. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are La and W. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are La and B. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Hf and AI. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Hf and Sc. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Hf and Mn. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Hf and Ti. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Hf and Zr.
- a and X are Hf and Hf. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Hf and V. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Hf and Nb. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Hf and Ta. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Hf and Cr. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Hf and Mo. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Hf and La. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Hf and Y. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Hf and W. In a particularly preferred embodiment, A and X are Hf and B.
- the present invention also relates to electrodes, in particular positive electrodes, comprising an active material according to the invention.
- the positive electrode comprises electrode material comprising the active material according to the invention, binders and optionally further substances, for example conductive additives.
- the positive electrode consists of an electron-conducting electrode carrier coated with electrode material comprising the active material according to the invention, binders and optionally further substances, for example conducting additives.
- the present invention therefore also relates to half-cells, cells and at least one cell having batteries, in particular lithium-ion batteries, containing at least one electrode according to the invention, in particular an electrode comprising the
- the present invention also relates to half-cells, cells or batteries, wherein the inventive at least one positive electrode in the half-cells or cells, in particular cells, are usually installed together with other cell components in per se.
- the batteries comprise pouch cells, cylindrical cells, button cells or prismatic cells.
- the present invention also relates
- Devices comprising at least one electrode according to the invention, in particular at least one battery according to the invention, in particular robots or electric vehicles, for example electrically driven cars, hybrid vehicles or e-bikes, or
- Electric aircraft such as drones or satellites, electrically powered
- Watercraft such as pleasure boats, underwater vehicles or model ships, or portable devices such as lamps or communication and / or entertainment devices, for example, phones, smartphones, laptops, notebooks and tablets.
- the present invention also relates to a process for producing the active material according to the invention, namely the Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxide according to the invention, the process comprising the following process steps: a) provision of precursors of Ni and X and optionally Mn and / or Co, b) Adding alkali metal hydroxide and / or alkali metal carbonate to the precursors of Ni and X provided in process step a) and optionally Mn and / or Co to precipitate Ni and X and optionally Mn and / or Co hydroxide particles and / or Ni and X and optionally Mn and / or Co carbonate particles, c) Separation of the Ni and X and optionally Mn and / or Co hydroxide particles and / or Ni and X and optionally Mn and / or Co carbonate particles obtained in process step b), d) drying of the in Process step c) Ni- and X- and optionally Mn and / or co-hydroxide particles and / or Ni and
- the precursors of nickel and X provided in process step a) and optionally Mn and / or Co are provided in an aqueous solution, in particular in water.
- the addition of alkali metal hydroxide and / or carbonate in process step b) is carried out in an aqueous solution of Ni and X and optionally Mn and / or Co hydroxide and / or carbonate particles.
- the alkali metal hydroxide and / or carbonate added in process step b) is in aqueous solution.
- the present invention also relates to Ni-rich lithium-metal mixed oxides, in particular for a positive electrode, can be produced, in particular produced, according to one of the present methods.
- the present invention also relates to Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxides for use as a positive electrode active material.
- the present invention also preferably relates to Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxides for use as active material for a positive electrode, wherein the Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxide of the empirical formula Li a A b Ni c Mn d Co e X f 0 2 , wherein 0, 9 ⁇ a + b ⁇ 1, 1, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.02, 0.9 ⁇ c + d + e + f ⁇ 1, 1, c> 0.6, 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ e ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ f ⁇ 0.1 and A and X are metal cations.
- the present invention also preferably relates to Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxides for use as active material for a positive electrode, wherein the Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxide of the empirical formula Li a A b Ni c Mn d Co e X f 0 2 , wherein 0, 9 ⁇ a + b ⁇ 1, 1, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.02, 0.9 ⁇ c + d + e + f ⁇ 1, 1, c> 0.6, 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ e ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ f ⁇ 0.1 and A and X are metal cations, and wherein in the crystal lattice of the active material A lithium on the lithium position and X cobalt on the cobalt position, manganese on the manganese position or Cobalt and manganese replaced on both positions.
- primary particles is understood to mean the smallest unit constituting the positive electrode active material, in particular, it refers to the smallest unit which can be determined based on the geometrical configuration of the appearance present invention is understood by “secondary particles” an aggregate of primary particles.
- oxygen binding energy is understood to mean the energy which has to be applied in order to interpose a chemical bond, in particular a simple covalent bond or an ionic bond
- a "positive electrode” is understood to mean the electrode which acts as a cathode (electron acceptor) during discharge and as an anode (electron donor) during charging
- the "negative electrode” is understood to mean the electrode which, when discharging, acts as an electron Anode and when charging acts as a cathode.
- an "active material" of an electrode is understood as meaning the material which serves for the uptake or release of lithium ions, in particular a lithium-metal mixed oxide in the case of a positive electrode or in particular metallic lithium, in particular silicon, in particular graphite or in particular silicon and graphite in the case of a negative electrode.
- binder is understood to mean a single binder or a mixture of different binders as binder components, In particular, the binder has various binder components and optionally further additives.
- a "Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxide” is understood to mean an active material which comprises a lithium metal mixed oxide, that is to say in addition to Li and Ni at least one further metal in the form of a Ni metal mixed oxide, the stoichiometric Ni Proportion in the metal mixed oxide portion, that is, without
- the lithium content greater than the proportion of at least one other, the metal mixed oxide forming, metal.
- lithium-ion battery is understood to mean both a primary and a secondary lithium-ion battery, preferably a secondary lithium-ion battery
- a primary lithium-ion battery is a non-rechargeable lithium ion - Battery
- a secondary lithium-ion battery is a rechargeable lithium-ion battery.
- the term "precursor of Ni" preferably means a salt, in particular a water-soluble salt, in particular a salt of Ni dissolved in water, in particular a sulfate, in particular a chloride, in particular a nitrate, in particular a carbonate, in particular a bromide, in particular a hydroxide.
- precursor of X is understood according to the invention as meaning preferably a salt, in particular a water-soluble salt, in particular a salt of X dissolved in water,
- a sulfate in particular a chloride, in particular a nitrate, in particular a carbonate, in particular a bromide, in particular a hydroxide.
- Li precursor is preferably understood as meaning a salt, in particular a water-soluble salt, in particular a salt of Li dissolved in water,
- Li precursor in particular an oxide understood.
- a precursor is understood according to the invention as meaning preferably a salt, in particular a water-soluble salt, in particular a salt of A dissolved in water,
- a precursor in particular a sulfate, in particular a chloride, in particular a nitrate, in particular a carbonate, in particular a bromide, in particular a hydroxide.
- a precursor in a preferred embodiment, an oxide understood.
- Mn precursor is preferably understood as meaning a salt, in particular a water-soluble salt, in particular a salt of Mn dissolved in water, in particular a sulfate, in particular a chloride, in particular a nitrate, in particular a carbonate, in particular a bromide, in particular
- Mn precursor according to the invention in a preferred embodiment also means an oxide.
- co-precursor is preferably understood as meaning a salt, in particular a water-soluble salt, in particular a salt of Co dissolved in water, in particular a sulfate, in particular a chloride, in particular a nitrate, in particular a carbonate, in particular a bromide, in particular
- the term "co-precursor” according to the invention in a preferred embodiment also means an oxide.
- a ⁇ ngström ( ⁇ or Ang.) Is understood to mean a unit of length, where an ⁇ corresponds to 10 "10 m, that is to say 0.1 nm.
- FIG. 2 shows the crystal structure of a delithiated undoped lithium metal oxide M0 2 and the increase in volume caused by the delithiation
- FIG. 3 shows the thermodynamic formation energies calculated by quantum chemistry
- FIG. 4 shows the crystal structure of a fully lithiated doped lithium metal mixed oxide according to the invention with A and X,
- FIG. 5 shows a schematic representation of the effect of the structural stabilization of the metal mixed oxide according to the invention according to FIG. 4 during the delithiation by the presence of A and X,
- FIG. 6 shows the quantum-chemical calculated relative volume changes during the
- Ni-rich lithium metal oxide NMC-81 1 control material
- Li x Nio.8 n is 0. ICOO. I0 2
- inventive Ni-rich lithium mixed metal oxides Zr / Ti-doped NMC-81 1 (LixZro.02Nio.8Mno.1 Coo.08 io.02O2) (white diamonds) and Sc / Ti-doped NMC-81 1 (LixSco.02Nio.8Mno.1 Coo.08 io.02O2) (white triangles).
- Ni-rich lithium metal oxide NMC-81 1 control material
- Li x Nio.8Mno. ICOO i0 2 Black Squares
- Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxides according to the invention Zr / Ti doped NMC-81 1 (LixZro.02N io.8Mno.1 Coo.08Tio.02O2) (white diamonds) and Sc / Ti-doped NMC-81 1 (LixSco.02Nio.8Mno.1 Coo.08Tio.02O2) (White Triangles)
- FIG. 8 shows the quantum-chemical changes in the lithium-oxygen
- Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxide NMC-81 1 control material
- Li x Nio.8Mno.1 Coo.1 O2 known from the prior art (black squares) and for Ni-rich lithium according to the invention
- -Metal mixed oxides Zr / Ti-doped NMC-81 1 (LixZro.02Nio.8Mno.1 Coo.08Tio.02O2) (white diamonds) and Sc / Ti-doped NMC-81 1 (LixSco.02N io.8Mno.1 Coo .08Tio.02O2) (white triangles)
- Lithium-metal mixed oxides Zr / Ti-doped NMC-81 1 (LixZro.02 io.8 no.1 Coo.08Tio.02O2) and Sc / Ti-doped NMC-81 1 (LixSco.02Nio.8Mno.1 Coo.08 io.02O2).
- the band gaps are 0.55 eV, 0.22 eV and 0.15 eV for undoped, Zr / Ti-doped and Sc / Ti-doped NMC-81 1,
- FIG. 10 shows the quantum-chemical changes in the average Bader charge during delithiation for all oxygen atoms (top) and all nickel atoms (bottom) in undoped lithium metal mixed oxide NMC-81 1 (control material) known from the prior art (control material) (Li (Zr / Ti-doped NMC-81 1 (LixZro.02Nio.8Mno.1 Coo.08Tio.02O2) White diamonds. i0 2) (black squares) and in accordance with the invention Ni-rich lithium mixed metal oxides x Nio.8Mno ICOO. ) and Sc / Ti-doped NMC-81 1 (LixSco.02Nio.8Mno.1 Coo.08Tio.02O2) (white triangles),
- Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxide NMC-81 1 control material
- Li x Nio.8Mno.1 Coo.1 O2 known from the prior art (black squares) and Ni-rich lithium metal oxide according to the invention.
- Mixed metal oxides Zr / Ti-doped NMC-81 1 (Li x Zro.02Nio.8Mno.1 Coo.08Tio.02O2) (white diamonds) and Sc / Ti-doped NMC-81 1 (LixSco.02N io.8Mno.1 Coo.08Tio.02O2) (White triangles).
- X may be Al, Sc, Mn, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, La, Y, Mo or W) as a metal oxide precursor from an aqueous solution of the corresponding
- the various active materials are used to make electrodes comprising the produced active material, binder, carbon black, and conductive additives. These are then installed in the usual way in batteries.
- DFT Density Functional Theory
- VASP Vienna ab initio Simulation Package
- PBE Perdue, Burke and Ernzerhofer
- PAW Plane-Wave Projector Augmented Wave method
- the simulation cell was generated based on a LiNi0 2 unit cell with the R-3m space group according to the delafossite structure (a-NaFe0 2 ).
- a-NaFe0 2 the delafossite structure
- Ni, Mn and Co ions were equally distributed in the respective layer.
- the arrangement of the transition metal ions within the respective layer was based on the smallest energy configuration of Ni, Mn and Co.
- the formation energies of compounds with different elements for X within the Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxide according to the invention were investigated (see FIG. 3).
- the element used for A was kept constant, wherein magnesium was used for A.
- active materials with dopings of Al, Sc, Y, La, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W both on the Mn as well on the Co position and active material doped with Mn and Mg at the Co position have higher values than NMC-81 1, which has the same Ni content (see Figure 3).
- Active material with dopants of Al, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mo and W have both the Mn and the Co position and active material doped with Mg, La, and Cr on the Co-position higher values than Ni-poorer NMC-622. The higher the value, the more stable the connection.
- the sum formulas for the doping of the Mn position is Lio , 98 Mg 0, o 2 io , 8 Xo , iCoo , i0 2 and for the doping of the Co position Li 0.98 Mgo , o 2 Nio , 8 o , i Mno , i0 2 .
- the Ni-rich lithium metal mixed oxides with the empirical formula LixZr 0 , o2Nio, 8Mn 0 , iCoo, o8Tio, o202 and
- FIG. 7 shows the changes in the lattice parameters c and a during the delithiation.
- FIG. 8 shows the calculated changes in the lithium-oxygen layer distances during delithiation during delithiation.
- the distances of the lithium-oxygen layers in the layer oxide determine the mobility of lithium ions and thus the amount of discharge rates. The larger this distance, the higher the
- Active materials are on average 2-4% larger than the control material. This increase in the Li-O layer distances is significant, since increases in the Li-O layer distances in the range of up to 4% can reduce the activation energy for Li-ion mobility by 200% (Kang and Ceder 2006).
- the band gaps shown in FIG. 9 give a direct indication of the metallic, semiconductive or insulating character of a material and thus its electrical conductivity.
- the material has a metallic character, the larger the band gap, the more the insulating character increases.
- the band gap is as low as possible.
- FIG. 9 shows that the active materials according to the invention have lower band gaps compared to the control material and thus have a more metallic character.
- the control material is 0.55 eV, the Zr / Ti-doped NMC-81 1 active material 0.22 eV and the Sc / Ti-doped NMC-81 1 active material 0.15 eV.
- the Bader charge shown in Figure 10 reflects the electronic charge state of an element. In particular, it gives an indication of the oxidation state of the respective elements during delithiation.
- oxygen and nickel are of particular interest, since the oxidation states change significantly during delithiation.
- the loss of negative charge reflects partial oxidation of the oxygen anion, ultimately increasing susceptibility to release of molecular oxygen.
- FIG. 10 shows the developments of the mean bath charges of oxygen in the control material NMC-81 1 and active materials according to the invention in relation to the lithium content of these materials. It can be seen from this figure that oxygen in materials according to the invention has a more negative charge over the entire spectrum of the lithium content.
- the consistently lower mean Bader charge means that in active materials according to the invention less oxygen is oxidized and thus a release of molecular oxygen is less favorable.
- the consistently lower Bader charge in the active materials according to the invention means a lower partial oxidation state of the nickel. This is desirable since nickel is highly reactive in high oxidation states (in particular Ni 4+ ) and undesirable side reactions may occur, for example with the electrolyte. This in turn leads to accelerated degradation of the active material.
- the susceptibility to the release of oxygen poses a major problem for premature degradation as well as for safety (reaction with the electrolyte). Free energy is a measure of this vulnerability.
- Undoped NMC-81 1 exhibits a strong tendency to release molecular oxygen for lithium contents below 50%, whereas in the case of Zr / Ti-doped and Sc / Ti-doped NMC-81 1 this is unfavorable due to higher free energy (see Figure 1 1).
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Abstract
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102017217250.9A DE102017217250A1 (de) | 2017-09-27 | 2017-09-27 | Stabilisierte Ni-reiche Schichtoxide als Aktivmaterial für positive Elektroden von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien |
| PCT/EP2018/075180 WO2019063360A1 (de) | 2017-09-27 | 2018-09-18 | Stabilisierte ni-reiche schichtoxide als aktivmaterial für positive elektroden von lithium-ionen-batterien |
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| EP3687944A1 true EP3687944A1 (de) | 2020-08-05 |
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| EP18773408.2A Pending EP3687944A1 (de) | 2017-09-27 | 2018-09-18 | Stabilisierte ni-reiche schichtoxide als aktivmaterial für positive elektroden von lithium-ionen-batterien |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3687944A1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN111225878A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102017217250A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2019063360A1 (de) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP4067311A1 (de) * | 2021-04-01 | 2022-10-05 | SK On Co., Ltd. | Kathodenaktivmaterial für eine lithiumsekundärbatterie und lithiumsekundärbatterie damit |
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| US12381210B2 (en) * | 2019-10-18 | 2025-08-05 | Echion Technologies Limited | Li/Na-ion battery anode materials |
| DE102019218487A1 (de) | 2019-11-28 | 2021-06-02 | Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft | Sekundärpartikel als Kathodenaktivmaterial für eine Lithium-Ionen-Batteriezelle |
| CN113809320A (zh) * | 2021-09-10 | 2021-12-17 | 蜂巢能源科技有限公司 | 一种四元多晶正极材料、其制备方法和用途 |
| KR102813734B1 (ko) * | 2023-01-02 | 2025-05-28 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 양극 활물질, 이를 포함하는 양극 및 리튬 이차전지 |
| WO2025095520A1 (ko) * | 2023-11-02 | 2025-05-08 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 양극 활물질 및 이의 제조방법 |
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| JP3460413B2 (ja) * | 1994-11-09 | 2003-10-27 | 東レ株式会社 | 正極活物質、その製造方法およびそれを用いた非水溶媒系二次電池 |
| WO2010147179A1 (ja) * | 2009-06-17 | 2010-12-23 | 日立マクセル株式会社 | 電気化学素子用電極及びそれを用いた電気化学素子 |
| JP5528480B2 (ja) * | 2010-02-09 | 2014-06-25 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 非水系電解質二次電池用正極活物質、その製造方法、および該正極活物質を用いた非水系電解質二次電池 |
| JP5904371B2 (ja) * | 2010-09-22 | 2016-04-13 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | リチウム二次電池用活物質、リチウム二次電池用電極及びリチウム二次電池 |
| WO2012163660A1 (en) | 2011-05-30 | 2012-12-06 | Umicore | Positive electrode material having a size dependent composition |
| JP6011838B2 (ja) * | 2011-08-31 | 2016-10-19 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | リチウム二次電池 |
| CN103259016B (zh) * | 2013-05-10 | 2015-06-03 | 东南大学 | 锂位掺杂的锂离子电池正极材料的制备方法 |
| CN104134797B (zh) * | 2014-08-18 | 2016-03-30 | 郑州轻工业学院 | 一种高容量富锂正极材料及其制备方法 |
| JP6395064B2 (ja) * | 2014-09-12 | 2018-09-26 | エルジー・ケム・リミテッド | リチウム二次電池用正極材の製造方法 |
| KR102391115B1 (ko) * | 2015-01-21 | 2022-04-27 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 양극 활물질 및 이를 포함한 양극을 함유한 리튬 이차 전지 |
| CN104659344B (zh) * | 2015-01-30 | 2017-12-22 | 东南大学 | 一种锂位掺杂与金属氧化物包覆的锂离子电池正极材料及其制备方法 |
| CN106395920B (zh) * | 2016-08-29 | 2018-02-06 | 青海泰丰先行锂能科技有限公司 | 一种元素共掺杂改性三元锂离子电池正极材料及制备方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| EP4067311A1 (de) * | 2021-04-01 | 2022-10-05 | SK On Co., Ltd. | Kathodenaktivmaterial für eine lithiumsekundärbatterie und lithiumsekundärbatterie damit |
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| WO2019063360A1 (de) | 2019-04-04 |
| DE102017217250A1 (de) | 2019-03-28 |
| CN111225878A (zh) | 2020-06-02 |
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