EP3607111A1 - Zwei-membran-aufbau zur elektrochemischen reduktion von co2 - Google Patents
Zwei-membran-aufbau zur elektrochemischen reduktion von co2Info
- Publication number
- EP3607111A1 EP3607111A1 EP18723765.6A EP18723765A EP3607111A1 EP 3607111 A1 EP3607111 A1 EP 3607111A1 EP 18723765 A EP18723765 A EP 18723765A EP 3607111 A1 EP3607111 A1 EP 3607111A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cathode
- anode
- exchange membrane
- ion exchange
- salt bridge
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/23—Carbon monoxide or syngas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
- C25B15/087—Recycling of electrolyte to electrochemical cell
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
- C25B3/01—Products
- C25B3/03—Acyclic or carbocyclic hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
- C25B3/01—Products
- C25B3/07—Oxygen containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
- C25B3/20—Processes
- C25B3/25—Reduction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
- C25B3/20—Processes
- C25B3/25—Reduction
- C25B3/26—Reduction of carbon dioxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/21—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms two or more diaphragms
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrolytic cell to collectively ⁇ a cathode chamber comprising a cathode, a first ion exchange membrane which is adjacent to the cathode chamber, an anode chamber comprising an anode, and a second ion exchange membrane adjacent to the anode space, a
- Electrolysis system comprising the electrolysis ⁇ cell according to the invention, and a method for the electrolysis of CO2 under Ver ⁇ use of the electrolysis cell according to the invention or the electrolysis plant according to the invention.
- the CO2 is converted through photosynthesis to carbohydrate ⁇ th.
- This temporally and on a molecular level spatially divided into many sub-steps process is very difficult to copy on an industrial scale.
- the currently more efficient way compared to pure photocatalysis is the electrochemical reduction of the CO2 S.
- a mixed form is the light-assisted electrolysis or the electrically assisted electrolysis. supported photocatalysis. Both terms are synonymous to USAGE ⁇ , depending on the perspective of the viewer.
- CO 2 is transformed into an energetically higher value product such as CO, CH 4 , C 2 H 4 , etc., by the supply of electrical energy (possibly photo-assisted) from regenerative energy sources such as wind or sun. transformed.
- electrical energy possibly photo-assisted
- the required amount of energy in this reduction corresponds in the ideal case, the combustion energy of fuel and should only come from regenerati ⁇ ven sources.
- An overproduction of renewable energies is not continuously available, but currently only at times with strong sunlight and strong wind. However, this will continue to increase in the near future as renewable energy continues to expand.
- Table 1 shows Faraday efficiencies FE (in [%]) of products resulting from carbon dioxide reduction on various metal electrodes. The specified values apply to a 0.1 M
- Potassium bicarbonate solution as electrolyte.
- the electrochemical Re ⁇ production of CO2 to solid state electrodes in aqueous electrolyte solutions offers a variety of product opportunities.
- the electrolyzer as set forth herein is a concept Moegli ⁇ chen structure for electrolysis CO 2, which is placed specifically thereon from ⁇ to avoid salt encrustation on the cathode, and a C0 2 -Kontamination the anode exhaust gas. It is optimized for efficient mass transfer and long runtimes. For this purpose, the inventors have developed concepts which are designed to deliberately suppress known failure mechanisms. At the same time, the structures shown here allow the use of highly conductive electrolytes, which contributes to the improvement of energy efficiency and space-time yield.
- the present invention relates to an electrolytic cell comprising
- a cathode compartment comprising a cathode
- AnionenSer contains and which adjoins the cathode compartment; an anode compartment comprising an anode; and
- a second ion exchange membrane containing a cation exchanger adjacent to the anode compartment; further comprising a salt bridge space, wherein the salt bridge space between the first ion exchange membrane and the second ion exchange membrane is arranged.
- an electrolysis plant which comprises the electrolysis cell according to the invention, a process for the electrolysis of CO 2 , wherein an electrolysis ⁇ cell according to the invention or an electrolysis plant according to the invention is used, wherein CO 2 is reduced at the cathode and at the Ka ⁇ method resulting by hydrogencarbonate the first Ionenaus ⁇ exchange membrane migrates to the salt bridge space, and the appropriation of the electrolysis cell of the invention or of the electrolysis system according to the invention for the electrolysis of CO 2.
- FIG. 1 to 3 schematically show examples invention shown SSER electrolysis plants with electrolysis cells of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 schematically shows a further example of an electrolysis cell according to the invention.
- FIG. 5 schematically shows a further example of an electrolysis plant according to the invention with an electrolysis cell according to the invention.
- Figure 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating the operation of a bipolar membrane.
- Figures 7 and 8 show a graphic illustration of the advantages of a zero-gap construction with respect to electrode shading by mechanical support structures.
- FIGS. 9 to 12 schematically show electrolysis systems of comparative examples of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 shows data of results obtained in Example 2.
- Gas diffusion electrodes are electrodes, in which there are liquid, solid and gaseous phases, and where insbeson ⁇ particular a conductive catalyst catalyzes an electrochemical reaction between the liquid and the gaseous phase.
- hydrophobic is understood as meaning water-repellent. Hydrophobic pores and / or channels according to the invention are therefore those which repel water. In particular, hydrophobic properties are associated according to the invention with substances or molecules with nonpolar groups.
- hydrophilic is understood as the ability to interact with water and other polar substances.
- anodic half-reaction are released in the Ka ⁇ functions that are not protons or deuterons.
- Examples are the anodic decomposition of KCl or KOH
- an acidic anodic reaction is an anodic half reaction in which protons or deuterons are liberated.
- Examples are the anodic decomposition of HCl or H 2 O.
- Electro-osmosis Under electro-osmosis is meant an electrodynamic Phenom ⁇ nouns, in which, on the particles in solution with a positive zeta potential, a force towards the cathode and on all of the particles with a negative zeta potential, a force acts to the anode. If a conversion takes place at the electrodes, ie a galvanic current flows, then also a stream of the particles with positive Zeta potential comes to the cathode, independently of whether the species participates in the conversion or not. The same applies to a negative zeta potential and the anode. If the cathode is porous, the medium is also pumped through the electrode. It is also known as an electro-osmotic pump.
- the present invention relates to an electrolytic cell comprising
- a cathode compartment comprising a cathode
- AnionenSer contains and which adjoins the cathode space
- an anode compartment comprising an anode
- the cathode compartment, the cathode, the first ion exchange membrane comprising an anion exchanger and which is adjacent to the cathode compartment, the anode compartment, the anode, the second ion ⁇ exchange membrane containing a cation exchanger and which is adjacent to the anode space are, and the salt bridge space is not particularly limited, provided that the corresponding An ⁇ order of these components is given in the electrolysis cell.
- the salt bridge space is limited by the first ion exchange membrane and the second Ionenaustau ⁇ shear membrane and is further not in particular directly connected to the anode space, the anode, the cathode space and the cathode, so that a mass transfer between the salt bridge space and the cathode space or the cathode only takes place via the first ion exchange membrane and takes place between the salt bridge space and the anode space or the anode only via the second ion exchange membrane.
- the cathode space, the anode space and the salt bridge space according to the invention are not particularly limited in terms of shape, material, dimensions, etc., insofar as they can accommodate the cathode, the anode and the first and the second ion exchange membrane.
- the three spaces may be formed within a common cell, and may be separated accordingly by the first and second ion exchange membranes.
- the individual rooms in this case may, depending on the electrolysis to be carried out depending on the feed and discharge apparatuses for the reactants and products, ⁇ example, in the form of liquid, gas, solution, suspension, etc. to be provided, which optionally also can be recycled, respectively.
- the individual rooms can be flowed through in parallel streams or in countercurrent.
- this still further CO contained ⁇ th may, thus for example at least 20 volume% CO 2 contains -.
- This is supplied to the cathode in solution, as a gas, etc. ⁇ to, for example, in countercurrent to an electrolyte in the salt bridge space.
- the respective supply can be provided both continuously and, for example, pulsed, etc., for which pumps, valves, etc. can be provided in an electrolysis plant according to the invention, as well as cooling and / or heating devices, in order to correspondingly desired reactions at the anode and / or cathode catalyze.
- the materials of the respective rooms or the electrolysis cell and / or the other constituents of the electrolysis plant can also be appropriately adapted to desired reactions, reactants, products, electrolytes, etc.
- at least one power source per electrolytic cell is included.
- other parts of the device, which occur in electrolysis plants, can be seen ⁇ in the electrolysis plant according to the invention or the electrolytic cell according to the invention.
- the cathode according to the invention is not particularly limited and may be adapted to a desired half-reaction in ⁇ play with respect to the reaction products.
- a metal such as Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, etc., and / or a salt thereof, wherein suitable materials can be adjusted to a desired product.
- the catalyst can thus be selected depending on the desired product.
- the catalyst is preferably based on Ag, Au, Zn and / or their compounds such as Ag 2 O, AgO, AU 2 O, AU 2 O 3 , ZnO.
- Cu or Cu-containing compounds such as CU 2 O, CuO and / or copper-containing mixed oxides with other metals, etc., are preferred.
- the cathode is the electrode at which the reductive half-reaction takes place. It can be formed as a gas diffusion electrode, porous electrode or solid electrode or a solid electrode, etc. from ⁇ .
- the following embodiments are here, for example mög ⁇ Lich:
- AnionenSermembran can be glued; Gas diffusion electrode or porous bound Kataly- sator Modell, which according to certain embodiments may be partially pressed into the first ion exchange membrane, such as an AEM;
- particulate catalyst which is applied by means of a suitable ionomer to a suitable support, for example a porous conductive support, and according to certain embodiments, can abut the first ion exchange membrane, for example an AEM;
- particulate catalyst in which the first ion exchange membrane, for example an AEM, is pressed in and, for example, correspondingly conductively connected;
- non-closed sheet such as a net or an expanded metal, which consists for example of a catalyst or comprises this or is coated with this and according to certain embodiments ⁇ forms on the first ion exchange membrane, such as an AEM, is applied;
- first ion exchange membrane for example an AEM
- cathode as shown for example in Fig. 4, but this is not preferred
- the corresponding cathodes may in this case also contain materials customary in cathodes, such as binders, ionomers, for example anionic ionomers, fillers, hydrophilic additives, etc., which are not particularly limited.
- the cathode may therefore in accordance with certain embodiments, at least an ionomer, for example a anionenleitIns ionomer (for example, anion exchange resin, WEL ches as various functional groups for Ionenaus ⁇ exchange may comprise, which may be the same or different, for example, tertiary amine groups, alkylammonium groups and / or phosphonium groups), for example a conductive carrier material (eg a metal such as titanium), and / or at least one nonmetal such as carbon, Si, boron nitride (BN),
- a conductive carrier material eg a metal such as titanium
- nonmetal such as carbon, Si, boron nitride (BN)
- binders for example, hydrophilic and / or hydrophobic polymers, for example, organic binders, for example selected from PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), PVDF (Polyvinyliendifluorid), PFA (Perfluoroalkoxy polymers), FEP (fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymers),
- the cathode in particular in the form of a gas diffusion electric ⁇ de containing accordance with certain embodiments, an ion-conductive component, in particular a anionenleitsente component.
- the anode according to the invention is not particularly limited and may be adapted to a desired half-reaction in ⁇ play with respect to the reaction products.
- the oxidation of a substance takes place in the anode space.
- the material of the anode is not special ⁇ limited and it depends primarily on the desired reaction from.
- Exemplary anode materials include platinum or platinum alloys, palladium or palladium alloys, and glassy carbon. Further anode materials are also conductive oxides such as doped or undoped TiO 2 ,
- ITO Indium tin oxide
- FTO fluorine-doped tin oxide
- AZO aluminum s ⁇ nium-doped zinc oxide
- iridium oxide etc.
- these catalytically active compounds can also be superficially applied only in thin-film technology, for example on a titanium and / or carbon support.
- the anode catalyst is not particularly limited. As a catalyst for 0 2 - or Cl 2 ⁇ generation, for example, IrO x come
- the anode is the electrode at which the oxidative half reaction takes place. It can also be designed as a gas diffusion electrode, porous electrode or solid electrode or solid electrode, etc.
- Gas diffusion electrode or porous bound Kataly ⁇ sator Modell which according to certain embodiments may be partially pressed into the second ion exchange membrane, for example a CEM;
- particulate catalyst applied to a suitable support, for example a porous conductive support, by means of a suitable ionomer and, according to certain embodiments, to the second ion exchange membrane, for example one
- the second ion exchange membrane for example a CEM
- unfastened sheet e.g. a mesh or expanded metal, for example, consisting of, coated with, or coated with a catalyst and, according to certain embodiments, attached to the second ion exchange membrane, such as a CEM;
- solid electrode in which case also a gap between the second ion exchange membrane, in
- a CEM, and the anode may exist, as shown for example in Fig. 3 and 4, but this is not preferred;
- porous, conductive carrier impregnated with a suitable catalyst and optionally an ionomer and, according to certain embodiments, being attached to the second ion exchange membrane, for example a CEM;
- non-ionic gas diffusion electrode that has been subsequently impregnated with a suitable ionomer, for example, a cationic ionomer, and, according to certain embodiments, is attached to the second ion exchange membrane, such as a CEM.
- a suitable ionomer for example, a cationic ionomer
- the corresponding anodes may include materials common in anodes such as binders, ionomers, e.g. cation-conducting ionomers, for example containing tertiary amine groups, alkylammonium groups and / or phosphonium groups), fillers, hydrophilic additives, etc., which are not particularly limited, which are also described above, for example, with regard to the cathodes.
- binders ionomers, e.g. cation-conducting ionomers, for example containing tertiary amine groups, alkylammonium groups and / or phosphonium groups
- fillers e.g. cation-conducting ionomers, for example containing tertiary amine groups, alkylammonium groups and / or phosphonium groups
- hydrophilic additives etc.
- the electrodes mentioned above by way of example can be combined with one another as desired.
- the first ion exchange membrane which contains an anion exchanger and which adjoins the cathode space, is not particularly limited according to the invention. You can play as contained in ⁇ an anion exchanger in the form of an anion tertik, in which case further layers such as non-ion-conducting layers may be included.
- the first ion exchange membrane is an anion exchange membrane, that is, for example, an ion-conductive membrane (or in a broader sense also a membrane having a cation exchange) with posi tively charged ⁇ janalsmaschineen which do not particularly sawn is limited.
- a preferred charge transport takes place in the anion exchange layer or an anion exchange membrane by anions.
- the first Io ⁇ nenSermembran and in particular Anionenaus ⁇ exchanger layer and an anion exchange membrane for providing an anion transport along stationary fixed positive charges is used.
- the conveyed by electro-osmotic forces penetration of a Elect ⁇ rolyten can be reduced in the cathode or completely avoided in particular.
- a suitable first ion exchange membrane for example anion exchange membrane, exhibits good wettability by water and / or aqueous salt solutions, high ionic conductivity, and / or a tolerance of the functional groups contained therein to high pH values, in particular does not exhibit Hoffmann elimination.
- An exemplary AEM according to the present invention is the A201-CE membrane marketed by Tokuyama, the "Sustainion” marketed by Dioxide Materials, or an anion exchange membrane sold by Fumatech, such as Fumasep FAS-PET or Fumasep FAD-PET.
- a suitable second ion exchange membrane for example a cation exchange membrane or a bipolar membrane, contains a cation exchanger which may be in contact with the electrolyte in the salt bridge space. Otherwise, the second ion exchange membrane containing a cation exchanger and adjacent to the anode space is not particularly limited. You can, for example, a cation exchanger contained ⁇ ⁇ th in the form of a cation exchanger, in which case further layers such as non-ion-conducting layers may be included. It may also be designed as a bipolar membrane or as a cation exchange membrane (CEM).
- CEM cation exchange membrane
- the cation exchange membrane or cation exchanger is, for example, an ion-conductive membrane or io ⁇ nenleitestablishede layer with negatively chargedjanals michen.
- a preferred charge transport into the salt bridge follows in the second ion exchange membrane by cations.
- commercially available Nafion® membranes are suitable as CEM, or Fumapem-F membranes sold by Asuma, Asahi Kasei-depleted Aciplex, or Flemion membranes marketed by AGC.
- the second ion exchange membrane prevents the passage of anions, in particular HCO 3 ⁇ , into the anode compartment.
- anions in particular HCO 3 ⁇
- the simpler case of CEM is assumed for the second Ionenaustau ⁇ shear membrane, unless this is explicitly identified as a bipolar membrane.
- a suitable second ion exchange membrane for example, cation exchange membrane, exhibits, according to certain embodiments, good wettability by water and aqueous salt solutions, high ionic conductivity, stability to reactive species that can be generated at the anode (for example, given perfluorinated polymers, and / or stability in the required pH regimes, depending on the anodic reaction.
- the first ion exchange membrane and / or the second ion exchange membrane are hydrophilic.
- the anode and / or cathode are at least partially hydrophilic.
- the first ion exchange membrane and / or the second ion exchange membrane are wettable with water. To ensure good ionic conductivity of the ionomers, preference is given to swelling with water. The experiment has shown that poorly wettable membranes can lead to a significant deterioration of the ionic bonding of the electrodes.
- the anode and / or cathode have sufficient hydrophilicity. Possibly. these can be adapted by hydrophilic additives such as Ti0 2, Al 2 O 3, or other electro ⁇ chemically inert metal oxides, etc..
- the salt bridge space is not particularly limited as described above insofar as it is disposed between the first ion exchange membrane and the second ion exchange membrane.
- the cathode and / or the anode is in the form of a gas diffusion electrode, a porous bound catalyst structure, a particulate catalyst on a support, as a coating of a particulate catalyst on the first and / or second ion exchange membrane, as a porous conductive support Catalyst is impregnated, and / or forms as non-closed sheet ⁇ forms.
- the cathode is a gas diffusion electrode as a porous tethered catalyst ⁇ structure as particulate catalyst on a support, as a coating of a particulate catalyst on the first and / or second ion exchange membrane as a porous conductive support, in which a catalyst is impregnated, and or formed as a non-closed sheet containing (r / s) an anion exchange material.
- the anode gas diffusion ⁇ electrode as a porous bound catalyst structure as par ⁇ tikulärer catalyst on a support, as a coating of a particulate catalyst on the first and / or second ion exchange membrane as a porous conductive support, in which a catalyst is impregnated, and / or formed as a non ⁇ closed sheet containing (r / s) a Kat ⁇ ion exchange material.
- the different versions Forms of the cathode and anode are arbitrarily combinable with ⁇ each other.
- FIGS. 1 to 4 - in FIGS. 1 to 3 Exemplary different operating modes of a double membrane cell are shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 - in FIGS. 1 to 3 also in conjunction with further constituents of an electrolysis plant according to the invention, also with regard to the process according to the invention.
- a C0 2 -duction to CO is assumed as an example.
- the process is not limited to this reaction but can also for any other products, such as hydrocarbon ⁇ materials are preferred gaseous used.
- Fig. 1 shows an example of a 2 membrane assembly for CO 2 -.. Electric reduction with an acidic anode reaction
- Figure 2 shows a 2 membrane assembly for C0 2 -Elektro reduction with a basic anode reaction
- Figure 3 is an experimental setup for a double-membrane cell, as used in Example 1 according to the invention.
- the cathode K in the cathode space I and the anode A in the anode space III are provided, between these spaces a salt bridge space II is formed, which extends from the cathode space I through a first membrane, here as AEM, and the anode space III through a second Membrane, here as CEM, is separated.
- Fig. 1 shows an example of a 2 membrane assembly for CO 2 -.. Electric reduction with an acidic anode reaction
- Figure 2 shows a 2 membrane assembly for C0 2 -Elektro reduction with a basic anode reaction
- Figure 3 is an experimental setup for a double
- FIG. 4 shows as ⁇ over addition, another configuration of an electrolysis cell of the invention in which both the first ion exchange membrane, which is formed as anion-exchange membrane AEM, and the second ion exchange membrane, which is designed as a cation exchange membrane CEM, not in direct contact with the cathode K or respectively the anode A are.
- the cathode and the anode may be formed as a full electrode.
- the electrolytic cell shown in Figure 4 can also be used in the electrolysis systems shown in Figures 1 to 3.
- the various half-cells of Figures 1 to 3, as well as the corresponding arranged components of the electrolysis can be combined arbitrarily, as well as with other (not shown) Elektroly ⁇ seschzellen.
- the second ion exchange membrane is formed as a bipolar membrane, an anion exchanger be ⁇ vorzugt the bipolar membrane to the anode chamber and a cation exchanger is directed towards ⁇ shear layer of the bipolar membrane to the salt bridge chamber is directed towards. This is particularly advantageous when using aqueous electrolytes, as discussed below.
- FIG. 5 shows by way of example a 2-membrane structure for C0 2 -electrical reduction with AEM on the cathode side and bipolar membrane (CEM / AEM) on the anode side as well as in figures 1 to 3, the supply of catholyte k, salt bridge s (electrolyte for the salt bridge space) and anolyte a, as well as a return R of CO 2, is illustrated by way of example, oxidation of water it ⁇ follows anode side.
- the other reference numerals correspond to those in FIGS. 1 to 4.
- a bipolar membrane is a sandwich of a CEM and an AEM. These are usually but not two superposed Memb ⁇ Ranen, but a membrane with at least two layers.
- the illustration in FIGS. 5 and 6 with AEM and CEM serves only to illustrate the preferred orientation of the layers.
- the AEM or anion exchanger layer shows to the anode, the CEM or cation exchange Layer to the cathode.
- These membranes are almost impassable for both anions and cations.
- the conductivity of a bipolar membrane is therefore not based on the transportability of ions. Instead, ion transport usually takes place by acid-base disproportionation of water in the middle of the membrane. As a result, two oppositely charged charge carriers are generated, which are transported away by the E-field.
- the generative OH ⁇ ions can be passed through the AEM part of the bipolar membrane to the anode, where they are oxidized
- the cathode contacts the first Ionenaus ⁇ exchange membrane, described by way of example above. This makes a good connection to the salt bridge space possible. Also electrical shading effects can be reduced or even avoided.
- both the anode and the cathode are connected directly to the first and second ion exchange membranes, for example each comprising a polymer electrolyte.
- first and second ion exchange membranes for example each comprising a polymer electrolyte.
- Figures 7 and 8 graphically illustrate the advantages of such zero-gap construction with respect to electrode shadowing by mechanical support structures, with Figure 7 showing the catalyst 1 of the electrode (active) and the mechanical support structure 4 between them form as Io ⁇ nenSermaterial sites of the polymer electrolyte 3 with little flow of ions through the electrolyte 5 in a liquid polymer electrolyte 2, while 8 inactive catalyst is shown at the mechanical support structure 4 in Figure 6.
- the anode and / or the cathode are contacted with a conductive structure on the side facing away from the salt bridge space.
- the conductive structure is not particularly limited here.
- conductive structures are not particularly be limited ⁇ . These may, for example, be coal flows, metal foams, metal knits, expanded metals, graphite structures or metal structures.
- the present invention relates to an electrolysis installation comprising the inventive Elect ⁇ rolysezelle.
- the respective embodiments of the elec- rolysezelle as well as other exemplary components of an electrolysis system according to the invention have already been dis ⁇ cussed above and are therefore also applicable to the inventive electric ⁇ lysestrom.
- the present inventions relates to a method for the electrolysis of dung CO2, wherein a ⁇ OF INVENTION dung modern electrolysis cell or an inventive
- Electrolysis plant wherein CO2 is reduced at the cathode and formed at the cathode hydrogen carbonate migrates through the first ion exchange membrane to an electrolyte in salt bridge space. A further transition of this bicarbonate in the anolyte can be suppressed by the second Io ⁇ nensolermembran.
- the electrolysis cell of the invention or the electrolysis system according to the invention found in the novel process for the electrolysis of CO2 application, so aspects that discussed in connection with these in advance and subsequently who relate ⁇ , this method also.
- CO2 is electrolyzed, is however not excluded that a further reactant such as CO is on the cathode side in addition to CO2 still present, wel ⁇ ches can be electrolyzed also, so a mixture is present which comprises CO2, and for example, CO.
- an educt on the cathode side contains at least 20 vol.% C0 2 .
- the process of the invention usually contains an electrolyte which can ensure the electrolytic connection between the cathode space and the anode space.
- This electrolyte is also called salt bridge and is inventively ⁇ restricts not particularly be provided that it is a, preferably aqueous, is solution of salts.
- the salt bridge is in this case an electrolyte, preferably with high ion conductivity, and serves to produce the Kon ⁇ tact between the anode and cathode.
- the salt bridge also enables the dissipation of heat loss.
- the salt bridge serves the anodically and ka ⁇ thodisch generated charge carriers as reaction medium.
- the salt bridge is a solution of one or more salts, also referred to as conductive salts, which are not particularly limited. According be ⁇ voted embodiments, the salt bridge a Pufferka ⁇ capacity which is sufficient to suppress pH fluctuations in operation and the development of the pH gradient within the Zelldimensi- ones.
- the pH of the 1: 1 as the buffer should be at ⁇ preferably in the neutral range in order to achieve a high capacity at the given by the C02 / bicarbonate system neutral pH values.
- the hydrogen phosphate / dihydrogen phosphate buffer which has, for example, a 1: 1 pH of 7.2 would be suitable.
- salts are preferably used in the salt bridge, which do not damage the electrodes in the case of trace diffusion through the membranes. Since the electrodes do not come into direct contact with the salt bridge, the chemical nature of the salt bridge electrolyte is much less limited than other cell concepts.
- salts which would GUESS ⁇ ended the electrodes, such as halides (chloride, bromide damage Ag or Cu cathode; fluorides damage Ti
- electrolytes may also be present in the anode space and / or cathode space, which are also referred to as anolyte or catholyte, but according to the invention it is not excluded that no electrolytes are present in the two spaces and accordingly only for example For example, only CO 2 , if appropriate also as a mixture with CO, to the cathode and / or water or HCl to the anode.
- anolyte and / or catholyte present which may be the same or different and may differ from the salt bridge or this may correspond to, for example regarding contained conductive salts, solvents, etc.
- a catholyte is in this case the flow of electrolyte around the cathode and, according to certain embodiments, serves to supply the cathode with substrate or educt.
- the following exporting ⁇ insurance forms are possible, for example.
- the catholyte may be, for example, as a solution of the substrate (C0 2) in a liquid Trä- gerphase (eg water), optionally with a conductive salt, which are not be limited ⁇ or as a mixture of the substrate with other gases (such as steam + CO 2) present ,
- the substrate may be present as a pure phase, for example CO 2 . If uncharged liquid products are formed during the reaction, they can be washed out by the catholyte and can then optionally be separated off accordingly.
- An anolyte is an electrolyte flow around the anode and serves ge ⁇ Telss certain embodiments, the supply of the anode with substrate or reactant and optionally the removal of Anodenpro ⁇ Dukten.
- the following embodiments are possible, for example.
- the anolyte can be used as a solution of the substrate (eg
- Hydrochloric acid HCl aq or KCl
- a liquid carrier phase eg water
- conductive salts which are not limited, or as a mixture of the substrate with other gases
- the salt bridge and, if necessary, the anolyte and / or catholyte aqueous electrolyte where ⁇ corresponding starting materials are added in the anolyte and / or catholyte if necessary, which reacted at the anode and cathode, become.
- the reactant addition here is not particularly be limited ⁇ .
- CO 2 may be added to a catholyte except ⁇ half of the cathode compartment, or may be added through a gas diffusion electrode, or can also only be fed as a gas to the cathode compartment.
- the anode compartment depending on the educt used, for example water, HCl, etc., and the desired product.
- the salt bridge space comprises a hydrogencarbonate-containing electrolyte.
- Hydrogen carbonate for example, can also be formed here by a reaction of CO 2 and water at the cathode, as will be explained below.
- the hydrogen can ⁇ example, in the salt bridge room with cations present form, for example, alkali metal cations such as K +, a salt. This is the case in particular in the case of a basic anode reaction in which the alkali metal cations, such as K +, are continuously fed from the anode compartment.
- the resulting bicarbonate salt can thus be concentrated to above the saturation concentration, so that it can optionally be deposited in the salt bridge reservoir and subsequently separated.
- Salt crystallization in salt bridge space should preferably be avoided. According to certain embodiments, it may be the electrolyte, for example after leaving the cell are ge ⁇ cooled to induce crystallization in the reservoir and thus to reduce its concentration.
- excess bicarbonate in the salt bridge may be decomposed by the protons passing from the anode compartment to CO 2 and water.
- the electrolyte of the salt bridge space does not comprise any acid.
- the generation of hydrogen at the cathode de be reduced or prevented.
- the production of what ⁇ serstoff is not preferred as this, because it can be produced by pure water ⁇ stoffelektrolyseure energy efficient with lower overvoltage. Possibly. it can be accepted as a by-product.
- the anode compartment does not contain bicarbonate. As a result, a release of CO 2 in the anode compartment can be prevented. This can avoid unwanted entanglement of the anode products with CO 2 .
- an anode gas that is a gaseous anode product, and CO 2 are released separately.
- An electrolytic cell according to the invention or a method in which it is used is characterized by the introduction of two ion-selective membranes and a salt bridge space which allows a third electrolyte flow, the salt bridge, out, which is bounded on either side by one of the membranes.
- AEM anion exchange membrane
- CEM CEM
- CEM CEM
- FIGS. 1 to 4 - in FIGS. 1 to 3 Exemplary different operating modes of a double membrane cell are shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 - in FIGS. 1 to 3 also in conjunction with further constituents of an electrolysis plant according to the invention, also with regard to the process according to the invention.
- a C0 2 -duction to CO is assumed as an example.
- the process is not limited to this reaction but can also for any other products, preferably gasförmi ⁇ ge be used.
- Fig. 1 shows an example of a 2 membrane assembly for CO 2 -.. Electric reduction with an acidic anode reaction
- Figure 2 shows a 2 membrane assembly for C0 2 -Elektro reduction with a basic anode reaction
- Figure 3 is an experimental setup for a double-membrane cell, as used in Example 1 according to the invention.
- Fig. 4 also shows a further structure of an electrolytic cell according to the invention, in which both the first ion exchange membrane, which is formed as AnionenSermembran AEM, and the second anion exchange membrane, which is formed as Kationenaustau ⁇ shear membrane CEM, not in direct contact with the cathode K. or respectively the anode A are.
- the cathode and the anode may be formed as a full electrode.
- the electrolytic cell shown in Figure 4 can also be used in the electrolysis systems shown in Figures 1 to 3. Also, the various half-cells of Figures 1 to 3, as well as the corresponding arranged components of the electrolysis, can be combined as desired, as well as with other (not shown) Elektrolyseschzellen.
- the reference numerals used here have the following significance ⁇ tung:
- I cathode compartment or catholyte chamber in the cell
- II salt bridge chamber or salt bridge chamber in the cell
- III anode compartment or anolyte compartment in the cell
- AEM anion exchange membrane
- CEM cation exchange membrane or cation exchange layer
- the metal M is a monovalent metal, which is not particularly limited, for example, an alkali metal such as Na and / or K.
- At the cathode can be formed according to the following equation, by way of example for the conversion of CO 2 to CO, HC03 ⁇ ions. 3C0 2 + H 2 0 + 2e- -> CO + 2HC0 3 "
- the precipitation of the salt may in this case be carried out in a controlled manner, for example in a cooled crystallizer, according to certain embodiments.
- a constancy of the system and a high purity of the crystallizing salt - in ⁇ play as for commercial use - to ensure,
- the composition of the salt bridge may be selected such that the bicarbonate of the cation generated at the anode is the component with the lowest solubility.
- a corresponding method is described, for example, in WO 2017/005594.
- salts are preferably used in the salt bridge, which do not damage the electrodes in the case of trace diffusion through the membranes.
- K + for example, could be used as salt bridge KF or KHCO 3 itself near the shettistskon ⁇ concentration or mixing of the two salts.
- the cathodically generated HC0 3 ⁇ ions can be neutralized by the anodically generated protons.
- H + + HCO3 "> H 2 0 + C0 2
- This causes the release of gaseous CO 2 in the salt bridge. This is preferably carried out effectively from the cell ⁇ and is further preferably returned to the catholyte k. As this gas never comes with the anolyte in direct contact, no contamination by anode products, which could harm the Ka ⁇ Thode (eg, Cl 2 or O 2), conceivable.
- Arise for example, at the given implementation anionic see products such as formate or acetate, will this also removed from the salt bridge and limited hours ⁇ th in accordance with embodiments can be separated by a suitable device.
- the protons do not originate from the adonic reaction, but from the dissociation of water in the bipolar membrane.
- the exact nature of the anodic reaction is thus of no importance here.
- the present invention relates to the use of an electrolysis cell or an electrolysis plant according to the invention for the electrolysis of CO 2.
- the process according to the invention is a high-pressure electrolysis.
- Figure 9 shows a two-chamber structure with an AEM as a membrane, wherein the reference numerals correspond to those of Figures 1 to 4.
- HC0 3 ⁇ ions For one cathodically generated HC0 3 ⁇ ions can be directed to the anode by the AEM. The CO 2 bound in it can be released again.
- Cl ⁇ anions can migrate unhindered to the cathode and damage it.
- Figure 10 shows a two-chamber structure with a CEM as a membrane, wherein the reference numerals correspond to those of Figures 1 to 4.
- the construction shown represents an adaptation of a PEM (proton exchange membrane) electrolyzer to hydrogen production. Since this contains a CEM, there is no CO 2 loss via the anode gas, since the CEM migration of HC0 3 ⁇ ions in can prevent the anolyte.
- PEM proto exchange membrane
- the ionic bonding of the cathode can be personalized prob ⁇ lematic.
- much of the charge transport would be through cations such as K + , which can not be reacted in the cathode. This can lead to an accumulation of hydrogen carbonates in the cathode, which can eventually precipitate and block the gas transport.
- FIG. 11 shows a three-chamber structure with a CEM as membrane, the reference numerals corresponding to those of FIGS. 1 to 4.
- FIG. 11 The structure shown in Figure 11 is used for example in the chloralkali electrolysis. It differs from the present 2-membrane structure primarily by the lack of AEM. An analogue to FIG. 3 without AEM is also possible. In these constructions, electro-osmosis can become a problem in the case of CO 2 conversion. Since, in particular, cations have positive zeta potentials, they are pumped through the cathode into the catholyte space I during operation. There you form KHCO 3 .
- the electro-osmotic removal of cations in the case shown in FIG. 11 can lead to a cation depletion of the salt bridge, which can lead to reduced ion conductivity or undesirably low pH values.
- the advantage of the 2-membrane structure shown here is thus the suppression of the electroosmotic pumping of cations into the catholyte, which favors the use of highly concentrated electrolytes and high current densities. At the same time, contamination of the anode gas by CO 2 can be prevented.
- FIG. 12 shows a two-chamber structure with a bipolar membrane as the membrane, the reference numerals corresponding to those of FIGS. 1 to 4.
- Bipolar membranes are also under discussion for C0 2 electrolysis. This is basically a combina ⁇ tion of a CEM and an AEM as set forth above. In contrast to the solution discussed here, however, there is no salt bridge between the membranes, and the
- Membrane components are inversely oriented to the present invention: CEM to the cathode, AEM to the anode.
- pH values in the region of the cathode in the neutral to basic range are advantageous.
- CEM's are usually modified with sulfonic acid or other strongly acidic groups.
- a cathode catalyst attached to the membrane as in FIG. 12 is thus surrounded by a strongly acidic medium, which greatly promotes the evolution of hydrogen relative to CO 2 -duction.
- An electrolysis plant according to the invention was realized according to the representation in Figure 3 on a laboratory scale. The efficiency of the cell was demonstrated success ⁇ rich laboratory scale.
- AEM and CEM A201-CE (Tokuyama) and Nafion N117 (DuPont) were used.
- As Salzbrü ⁇ bridge 2M KHCO served. 3 2.5M aqueous KOH and water-saturated CO 2 served as anolyte and catholyte.
- the anode used was an iridium mixed oxide coated titanium sheet. The anode was not directly connected to the CEM in this case. The chamber III was thus between anode and CEM, as shown.
- the cathode used was a commercial carbon-gas-diffusion layer (Freudenberg H2315 C2) which was coated with a copper-based catalyst and the anion-conducting ionomer AS-4 (Tokuyama). It was directly on the AEM.
- Example 1 The structure of Example 1, a further construction was compared against ⁇ , in which no cathode AEM composite was present.
- the further structure corresponded to that of Example 1, using a silver cathode as the cathode (Example 2).
- an experimental setup entspre ⁇ accordingly Example 1 was used, as the cathode, however, a silver cathode was used (Example 3).
- Fig. 13 shows the comparison of two chromatograms In ⁇ play 3 and Example 2. These were under identical conditions: same current density, silver cathode, approximately moving ⁇ che Faraday efficiency (-95% for CO), and the same CO 2 surplus added.
- Example 2 In the first experiment (Example 2, 11 in Figure 13), no cathode AEM composite was used and the gas streams from the salt bridge and the catholyte were forcedly combined. In the second experiment, a cathode-AEM composite was used and the gas in the salt bridge was measured separately (analogous to Example 1, 12 in FIG. 13).
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Abstract
Description
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| PL18723765T PL3607111T3 (pl) | 2017-05-22 | 2018-05-02 | Dwumembranowa konstrukcja do elektrochemicznej redukcji CO2 |
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| DE102017208610.6A DE102017208610A1 (de) | 2017-05-22 | 2017-05-22 | Zwei-Membran-Aufbau zur elektrochemischen Reduktion von CO2 |
| PCT/EP2018/061102 WO2018215174A1 (de) | 2017-05-22 | 2018-05-02 | Zwei-membran-aufbau zur elektrochemischen reduktion von co2 |
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| EP3607111A1 true EP3607111A1 (de) | 2020-02-12 |
| EP3607111B1 EP3607111B1 (de) | 2021-09-01 |
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| EP18723765.6A Active EP3607111B1 (de) | 2017-05-22 | 2018-05-02 | Zwei-membran-aufbau zur elektrochemischen reduktion von co2 |
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| US (1) | US11932954B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3607111B1 (de) |
| CN (1) | CN110651068B (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2018274491B2 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102017208610A1 (de) |
| ES (1) | ES2898753T3 (de) |
| PL (1) | PL3607111T3 (de) |
| SA (1) | SA519410449B1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2018215174A1 (de) |
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| DE102017211930A1 (de) * | 2017-07-12 | 2019-01-17 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Membran gekoppelte Kathode zur Reduktion von Kohlendioxid in säurebasierten Elektrolyten ohne mobile Kationen |
| DE102017223521A1 (de) * | 2017-12-21 | 2019-06-27 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Durchströmbare Anionentauscher-Füllungen für Elektrolytspalte in der CO2-Elektrolyse zur besseren räumlichen Verteilung der Gasentwicklung |
| DE102018202184A1 (de) * | 2018-02-13 | 2019-08-14 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Separatorlose Doppel-GDE-Zelle zur elektrochemischen Umsetzung |
-
2017
- 2017-05-22 DE DE102017208610.6A patent/DE102017208610A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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2018
- 2018-05-02 CN CN201880033654.0A patent/CN110651068B/zh active Active
- 2018-05-02 WO PCT/EP2018/061102 patent/WO2018215174A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2018-05-02 US US16/615,627 patent/US11932954B2/en active Active
- 2018-05-02 EP EP18723765.6A patent/EP3607111B1/de active Active
- 2018-05-02 ES ES18723765T patent/ES2898753T3/es active Active
- 2018-05-02 AU AU2018274491A patent/AU2018274491B2/en active Active
- 2018-05-02 PL PL18723765T patent/PL3607111T3/pl unknown
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2019
- 2019-10-31 SA SA519410449A patent/SA519410449B1/ar unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| PL3607111T3 (pl) | 2022-01-10 |
| US20200080211A1 (en) | 2020-03-12 |
| CN110651068A (zh) | 2020-01-03 |
| WO2018215174A1 (de) | 2018-11-29 |
| US11932954B2 (en) | 2024-03-19 |
| DE102017208610A1 (de) | 2018-11-22 |
| ES2898753T3 (es) | 2022-03-08 |
| EP3607111B1 (de) | 2021-09-01 |
| SA519410449B1 (ar) | 2023-01-17 |
| CN110651068B (zh) | 2022-05-10 |
| AU2018274491B2 (en) | 2021-08-05 |
| AU2018274491A1 (en) | 2019-10-31 |
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