EP2771278A1 - Procede de preparation d'un materiau composite silicium/carbone, materiau ainsi prepare, et electrode notamment electrode negative, comprenant ce materiau. - Google Patents
Procede de preparation d'un materiau composite silicium/carbone, materiau ainsi prepare, et electrode notamment electrode negative, comprenant ce materiau.Info
- Publication number
- EP2771278A1 EP2771278A1 EP12775708.6A EP12775708A EP2771278A1 EP 2771278 A1 EP2771278 A1 EP 2771278A1 EP 12775708 A EP12775708 A EP 12775708A EP 2771278 A1 EP2771278 A1 EP 2771278A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- silicon
- carbon
- nano
- objects
- capsules
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
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- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 158
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 158
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 92
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 71
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 195
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 158
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- 239000005017 polysaccharide Substances 0.000 claims description 29
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Definitions
- the invention relates to a silicon / carbon composite material.
- the invention relates to a silicon / carbon composite material consisting of capsules.
- the invention further relates to a process for preparing said silicon / carbon composite material.
- the invention relates to a silicon / carbon composite material for use as an electrochemically active electrode material, in particular a negative electrode, in non-aqueous organic electrolyte electrochemical systems, such as Rechargeable electrochemical accumulators with organic electrolyte, especially in lithium batteries and even more specifically in lithium ion batteries.
- the invention also relates to an electrode, in particular a negative electrode comprising this composite material as an electrochemically active material.
- the technical field of the invention may, in general, be defined as that of silicon / carbon composite materials.
- Lithium technology offers the best features compared to other technologies present.
- the lithium element is the lightest and the most metals and electrochemical systems using lithium technology can reach voltages of 4V against 1.5V for other systems.
- Lithium ion batteries have a specific energy density of 200 Wh / kg against 100 Wh / kg for NiMH technology, 30 Wh / kg for lead, and 50 Wh / kg for NiCd.
- active electrode materials consist of an electrochemically active material which constitutes a host structure in which the cations, for example lithium cations, are inserted and disintegrated during cycling.
- the most commonly used negative electrode active material in lithium ion batteries is graphite carbon, but has a low reversible capacitance and exhibits an irreversible loss of capacitance "ICL".
- silicon represents a desirable alternative to carbon as a negative electrode material. Nevertheless, this material has a major disadvantage preventing its use. In fact, the volume expansion of the silicon particles, which can reach up to 400% during charging during the insertion of the lithium (Li-ion system), leads to a degradation of the material with the cracking of the particles and the detachment of these of the current collector.
- Energy grinding consists of mixing silicon and carbon particles under the mechanical action of balls.
- the silane (Si H 4 ) is generally the precursor gas.
- the carbon to be coated In the furnace enclosure is the carbon to be coated. The gas as it passes through the heated enclosure, breaks down into nanoscale silicon particles on the surface of the carbon.
- the CVD deposition method on graphite allows the synthesis of composites with effective gains of the specific graphite capacity greater than 30% as described in the document by M. Holzapfel, H. Buqa, F. Krumeich, P.Novak , FM Petrat and C. Veit., Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 8: A 516, 2005.
- a CVD chemical vapor deposition process particularly suitable for the preparation of carbon / silicon composite materials is the CVD deposition process in a fluidized bed.
- the fluidized bed technique is suitable for class A powders (granulometry of 20 ⁇ at 150 ⁇ and density of less than 2 g / cm 3 ), and B (particle size of 40 ⁇ at 500 ⁇ and density between 2g / cm 3 and 4g / cm 3 ).
- Class C powders such as nanoparticles are therefore considered to be incompatible with the fluidized bed technique.
- carbon nanotube powders and silicon nanoparticle powders are part of class C of the Geldart classification as indicated in Jun Liu's paper, and Andrew T. Harris, "Industrially scalable process to separate catalysts from MWNTs synthesized by fluidised-bed CVD on iron / alumina catalysts", Chemical Engineering Science 64 (2009), pages 1511-1521.
- document FR-A-2 928 938 describes a method and a system for depositing a metal or a metalloid on carbon nanotubes (CNTs).
- the CNTs are mixed with a precursor of a metal or a metalloid such as silicon, for a time sufficient for the CNTs to be impregnated with this precursor, and then the impregnated CNTs are introduced while flushing a gas in a reactor. , so as to obtain a fluidized bed of CNTs in the heated reactor.
- a precursor of a metal or a metalloid such as silicon for a time sufficient for the CNTs to be impregnated with this precursor, and then the impregnated CNTs are introduced while flushing a gas in a reactor. , so as to obtain a fluidized bed of CNTs in the heated reactor.
- a deposit of metal or metalloid such as silicon is created on the NTC powder under the effect of heat.
- the method of this document does not make it possible to deposit pure silicon on the carbon nanotubes.
- the deposit is not homogeneous, because of the existence of agglomerates of carbon nanotubes.
- the yields are often low and the volatility of the nanotubes used is such that they disperse rapidly in the reactor, which leads to a fouling thereof by the nanotubes.
- This document describes in particular the vibration conditions for maintaining the fluidized bed under low pressure for powders of micrometric glass particles whose size is 6 ⁇ .
- the cohesion of the nanometric powders is still an order of magnitude above the micron fine powders.
- Another phenomenon that is often poorly addressed in the literature is the low apparent density of the nanopowders, which is for powders of CNT and silicon less than 0.2 g / cm 3 .
- the Si / C composites have a better cyclability than pure silicon but show a drop in capacity after a certain number of charge-discharge cycles. This can be explained by the microstructural change of the silicon during the cycling, because the silicon particles swell up to burst and unhook from the electrode. The contact is not sufficiently intimate between the carbon and the silicon so that the carbon compensates the voluminal changes of the silicon.
- a Si / C Si silicon composite material which, when it is used as an electrode active material, in particular a negative electrode, for example an electrode for an accumulator Lithium ion and especially negative electrode for a lithium ion accumulator, has excellent mechanical strength during cycling and excellent electrochemical performance in terms of capacity, stability of capacity, and efficiency.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a carbon-silicon composite material and a process for preparing this carbon-carbon composite material which, among other things, meets the needs mentioned above.
- the object of the present invention is still to provide a carbon-silicon composite material and a process for preparing a silicon / carbon composite material that do not have the disadvantages, defects, limitations and disadvantages of the materials and processes of the prior art. and which solve the problems of materials and methods of the prior art.
- the invention relates to a silicon / carbon composite material, constituted by at least one capsule comprising a silicon shell inside which are carbon nano-objects coated partially or totally with silicon, and silicon nano-objects. .
- the capsule may further comprise an amorphous carbon shell internal to the silicon shell and adjacent thereto.
- This amorphous carbon shell can be considered as a "sub-shell" of amorphous carbon.
- the silicon shell may completely or partially cover the sub-shell amorphous carbon.
- the silicon shell may be continuous or discontinuous and thus totally or partially cover the sub-shell of amorphous carbon which is continuous.
- the silicon shell is continuous.
- the carbon nano-objects can be chosen from nanotubes, nanowires, nanofibers, nanoparticles, carbon nanocrystals, carbon blacks, and mixtures thereof; and the nano-silicon objects can be selected from nanotubes, nanowires, nanofibers, nanoparticles, silicon nanocrystals, and mixtures thereof.
- the carbon nano-objects are chosen from carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers; and the nano-silicon objects are selected from silicon nanoparticles.
- the porosity of the interior of the capsule is greater than
- the silicon shell is a dense shell, with a density of 1 to 3 g / cm 3 , preferably 1 to 2 g / cm 3 , measured by helium pycnometry.
- the density of the shell and the sub-shell is generally from 1 to 3 g / cm 3 , preferably from 1.8 to 2.5 g / cm 3 , more preferably 1.9 g / cm 3 to 2.3 g / cm 3 as measured by helium pycnometry.
- the apparent density of the capsules is generally from 0.1 g / cm 3 to 0.2 g / cm 3 , for example 0.112 g / cm 3 .
- the BET developed surface of the capsules can generally be between 20 and 70 m 2 / g according to the batches manufactured.
- the capsule is in the form of a sphere or a quasi-hollow sphere.
- the capsule generally has a larger dimension, such as a diameter, of 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm, preferably of 0.5 mm to 2 mm, more preferably of 1 mm to 2 mm, better from 1.5 mm to 2 mm.
- the capsules preferably have a larger dimension, such as a diameter, of 0.5 to 2.5 mm, preferably 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm. mm, for example 2 mm.
- carbon nano-objects such as carbon nanotubes or nanofibers
- form both a three-dimensional network trapping nano-silicon objects such as silicon nanoparticles, and a three-dimensional skeleton, sheathed partially or totally of silicon.
- the silicon shell may have a thickness of 50 nm to 500 nm, preferably 100 nm to 500 nm, more preferably 100 nm to 200 nm.
- the silicon shell and the amorphous carbon sub-shell have a total thickness of 50 nm to 500 nm, preferably 100 nm to 500 nm, more preferably 100 nm to 200 nm.
- the silicon of the shell and the silicon which completely or partially covers the carbon nano-objects, such as carbon nanotubes is made up in majority, and preferably entirely, of amorphous silicon or partially or totally recrystallized cubic.
- the capsule comprises a silicon shell inside which are:
- nano-carbon objects such as carbon nanotubes or nanofibers, partially or totally coated with amorphous silicon
- cubic silicon nano-objects such as cubic silicon nanoparticles trapping one or more carbon nano-objects, such as carbon nanotubes or nanofibers;
- amorphous silicon nanowires on amorphous silicon seeds are formed by nano-objects, for example cubic silicon nanoparticles which served as precursors for the partial chemical reaction Si + Si0 2 2SiO and which then collapsed.
- liquid or gaseous precursor thermally decomposed under vacuum brings on the surfaces of these same agglomerates amorphous silicon seeds for the growth of silicon nanowires not supported by carbon nano-objects, such as NTCs.
- the amorphous silicon nanowires have a length of 0.5 ⁇ at 10 ⁇ and a diameter of between 5 nm and 50 nm.
- Nano-carbon objects such as carbon nanotubes, totally or partially coated with amorphous silicon, and silicon nanowires, can be partially or fully crystallized and twinned, especially in the direction of the silicon nanowires section and carbon nanoboxes such as carbon nanotubes, depending on the heat treatment time after the liquid or gaseous precursor injection phase.
- the carbon nano-objects such as carbon nanotubes
- the carbon nano-objects are effectively coated with silicon, generally in a homogeneous manner, or not, depending on the applications of the batteries.
- the material according to the invention does not have the defects, limitations and disadvantages of the silicon / carbon composite materials of the prior art.
- the material according to the invention has excellent mechanical properties and does not undergo degradation during cycling.
- the composite material according to the invention has a high specific capacity, at least equal to or greater than 800 mAh / g.
- the material according to the invention while having a capacity greater than that of the silicon / carbon composite materials of the prior art does not have the disadvantages, in particular as regards the unsatisfactory mechanical properties.
- the silicon shell which is generally dense, with a density close for example of 1 to 2 g / cm 3 and continuous, contributes to maintaining the mechanical strength of the capsules, and in addition ensures an effective confinement during the synthesis of the nanostructure.
- Nano-objects such as nanotubes or nanoparticles, both of carbon and of silicon, are inside said shell.
- Each capsule behaves like a semi-open reactor with gases and precursors.
- the silicon shell also ensures the securing of the material according to the invention, since the silicon nano-objects and the carbon nano-objects such as carbon nanotubes remain confined within this shell.
- This shell plays a role of "nano security” in that it prevents the nano-objects are released and disseminated in the environment.
- the invention furthermore relates to a process for the preparation of the silicon / carbon composite material described above, in which:
- lyophilized capsules prepared by lyophilization of first capsules are placed, said first capsules each comprising a solvent, carbon nanobots and silicone coated non-objects.
- macromolecules of a polysaccharide being homogeneously distributed in each of the first capsules, and said macromolecules forming in at least a portion of each of the first capsules a gel by crosslinking with positive ions;
- a carrier gas is injected into the reactor to form a fluidized bed of the lyophilized capsules
- a silicon precursor silicon compound is injected into the reactor, in which a temperature and a pressure such as are deposited by evaporation and condensation of the silicon on the carbon nanobonds such as carbon nanotubes inside have previously been established. capsules, that triggers the reaction Si + Si0 2 2 SiO, and that take place the evaporation and sorption of SiO on the surface of nano-objects of silicon and carbon;
- the reactor is cooled, preferably to room temperature, and the capsules are removed from the reactor.
- Said lyophilized capsules are prepared by the method described in application WO-A1-2010 / 012813 to the description of which reference may be made.
- the nano-objects for example the nanoparticles, of silicon are distributed homogeneously inside.
- a three-dimensional network of nano-carbon objects preferably carbon nanotubes or nanofibers.
- the lyophilized capsules have a size defined by their largest dimension such as their diameter from 2 mm to 3.5 mm, for example from 2 mm to 3 mm.
- the lyophilized capsules are made up in percent by weight of 50% to 70%, for example 60% polysaccharide macromolecules, 20% to 40%, for example 35% silicon, and 1% to 20% for example 5% of carbon nanotubes, for example carbon nanotubes.
- the polysaccharide is chosen from pectins, alginates, alginic acid, carrageenans, and mixtures thereof.
- the precursor silicon compound is chosen from silane, trichlorosilane and tetraalkyl (1 to 4C) silanes such as tetramethylsilane.
- the carrier gas is selected from hydrogen, argon, and mixtures thereof.
- the reactor is charged with a temperature of 900 ° C. to 1200 ° C. and a pressure of 1 to 50 mbar.
- a deoxygenation treatment of the capsules in particular carbon nano-objects, for example carbon nanotubes, is carried out.
- this deoxygenation treatment is carried out at a temperature of 1000 ° C. to 1450 ° C., for example 1350 ° C., for a period of 5 minutes to 60 minutes, for example 10 minutes, under an atmosphere of pure hydrogen. or under an inert gas atmosphere, or under an atmosphere of a mixture of hydrogen and an inert gas such as hydrogenated argon.
- the method according to the invention has never been described in the prior art.
- the process according to the invention differs fundamentally from the processes of the prior art in that it uses specific lyophilized capsules to form the fluidized bed of the CVD reactor.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible for the first time to prepare a composite material comprising carbon nano-objects, such as carbon nanotubes, effectively coated with pure silicon, and nano-silicon objects, for example nanoparticles of silicon. silicon, by a chemical vapor deposition process with a fluidized bed.
- the method according to the invention thus goes against a widespread prejudice according to which it was impossible to prepare a composite material comprising nano-objects of different materials, for example silicon nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes, by a process CVD deposition in a fluidized bed.
- the process according to the invention in particular because it implements said freeze-dried capsules, solves the problems of the prior art processes for preparing carbon / silicon composite materials and in particular processes for preparing silicon / carbon composite materials. comprising nano-objects of silicon and carbon, in particular carbon nanotubes and silicon nanoparticles.
- the yields of the process according to the invention are high, and the use of freeze-dried capsules avoids all the problems which were related to the volatility of nano-objects, in particular nanotubes, and to the dispersion of nano-objects, in particular nanotubes, in the reactor.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to implement in a fluidized bed both nano-silicon objects and carbon nano-objects, for example silicon nanoparticles and a powder.
- nanometric carbon NTCs, carbon blacks, carbon fibers etc.
- This simultaneous implementation in a fluidized bed of both nano-silicon objects and nano-carbon objects is precisely made possible according to the invention by the prior manufacture of porous capsules containing these two types of nano-objects, by example these two types of powder, with a control of their distribution in these capsules.
- catalyst supports such as activated carbon, porous aluminas, but not pre-organized nanostructure capsules such as those used in application WO-A1-2010 / 012813.
- the method according to the invention also makes it possible to provide a solution to the problems mentioned above, related to the low bulk density of the powders.
- the method according to the invention makes it possible to control the bulk density of mixtures of silicon powders and carbon nanoparticles such as NCTs.
- the method according to the invention uses the capsules prepared by the method of the application WO-A1-2010 / 012813 which thus maximizes the amount of silicon-coated NTC within submillimeter objects.
- the invention further relates to an electrode comprising as an electrochemically active material the composite material described above.
- This electrode inherently has all the advantageous properties related to the composite material that it contains as an electrochemically active material.
- This electrode may be a positive electrode or a negative electrode.
- the invention further relates to an electrochemical system comprising an electrode as described above.
- this electrochemical system can be a non-aqueous electrolyte system such as a rechargeable electrochemical accumulator with non-aqueous electrolyte.
- This electrochemical system can be in particular a lithium ion accumulator.
- Figure 1 is a photograph, taken under the microscope, which shows the organization of carbon nanotubes in a three-dimensional network and silicon nanoparticles, after extrusion of an extrudable polycarbonate paste.
- This extrudable paste is prepared from a mixture derived from the dispersion of carbon nanotubes and silicon nanoparticles in a first solvent, and then the dissolution of the polysaccharides in this mixture, before freezing and lyophilization of the capsules.
- the polycarbonate was then dissolved in acetone to reveal the organization of NTCs and silicon nanoparticles.
- the scale indicated in FIG. 1 represents 2 ⁇ .
- Figures 2 and 3 are photographs, taken under the microscope, which show the internal organization of lyophilized capsules, made of nanotubes of carbon and silicon nanoparticles, obtained by the method of WO-Al-2010/012813 before the treatment of CVD.
- FIG. 4 is a photograph that shows a set of capsules that constitute the material of the invention, in a jar.
- This material consists of silicon, carbon nanotubes and alginate in proportions of 57% alginate, 33% silicon and 10% NTCs.
- FIG. 5A is a photograph, taken under a microscope, which shows the deposit of amorphous silicon obtained at 900 ° C. by the process according to the invention on lyophilized capsules obtained by the process of the application WO-Al-2010/012813.
- the proportions are 80% silicon and 20% CNT.
- FIG. 5B is a photograph, taken under a microscope, showing the coating of amorphous silicon around a network of carbon nanotubes generated on the one hand by the surface reactions of cubic silicon nanoparticles (Si + SiO 2 SiO) and on the other hand, by the decomposition of the silane precursor generating amorphous silicon nucleation-growth phenomena on the collapsed cubic silicon nanoparticles around the carbon nanotube network and on the carbon nanotubes alone.
- Figure 6 is a graph showing a macroscopic scale X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) which shows the majority presence of cubic silicon in the capsules prepared by the method according to the invention.
- XRD X-ray diffraction pattern
- the abscissa is 2 Theta and the ordinate is the number of strokes / s;
- FIG 7 is a graph that shows an energy dispersive spectroscopy ("EDS") spectrum on a set of silicon-coated carbon nanotubes that shows the predominant presence of cubic silicon at the nanostructure scale
- Figure 8 is a schematic vertical sectional view of a button cell battery comprising for example a negative electrode to be tested according to the invention.
- EDS energy dispersive spectroscopy
- Figure 9 is a schematic side sectional view of the ultrasonic device used to disperse silicon nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes;
- Figure 10 is a schematic side sectional view of the device for preparing self-assembled lyophilized carbon nanotube and nanoparticle capsules
- FIG. 11 is a schematic side sectional view of the extrusion device used for the manufacture of the electrode material according to the invention.
- Figure 12 is a graph which gives the specific capacity (in mAh / g), in discharge (white circles, empty) and in load (black circles, solid), according to the number of cycles during the test according to a cycling with C / 20 of a button cell such as that shown in Figure 8 (Example 4), whose positive electrode is composed of lithium metal and whose negative electrode comprises as a negative electrode active material a composite material prepared in Example 1 by the process according to the invention;
- FIG. 13 is a graph which gives the specific capacity (in mAh / g) in discharge as a function of the number of cycles (square markers) during the test according to a C / 20 cycling of a button cell such as that represented on FIG. FIG. 8, the positive electrode of which is composed of lithium metal and the negative electrode of which comprises, as negative electrode active material, a composite material according to the invention; as well as the specific capacity (in mAh / g) in discharge as a function of the number of cycles during the test according to a C / 20 cycling of a button cell such as that represented in FIG. 8, whose positive electrode is composed metal lithium and whose negative electrode comprises as negative electrode active material a material not according to the invention (diamond markers) (see Example 5).
- Figure 14A is a photograph of a preparation of 4 composite capsules according to the invention, prior to observation under the electron microscope. The scale shown in Figure 14A represents 2 mm.
- Figure 14B is an X-ray image of a composite capsule according to the invention showing the almost spherical shape of this capsule.
- Figure 15 is a photograph taken under a microscope which shows an example of damage to the protective shell of composite capsules during synthesis.
- the scale shown in Figure 15 represents 100 ⁇ .
- Figure 16A is a photograph, taken under a microscope, of a composite capsule according to the invention after detachment of a shell fragment.
- the scale indicated in FIG. 16A represents 1 ⁇ .
- Figure 16B is a photograph, taken under a microscope, of a composite capsule with an area rich in silicon particles and a region rich in carbon nanotubes coated with amorphous silicon.
- the scale indicated in FIG. 16A represents 1 ⁇ .
- Figures 17A and 17B are microscopic photographs of the first type of silicon nano-objects.
- the scale indicated in FIG. 17A represents 2 ⁇ and the scale indicated in FIG. 17B represents 300 nm.
- Figure 18 is a photograph, taken under the microscope, of the second type of silicon nano-objects.
- the scale shown in Figure 18 represents 200 nm.
- Figures 19A and 19B are microscopic photographs showing examples of carbon nano-objects in the vicinity of an agglomeration of carbon nanotubes.
- Figure 20 is a X-ray image showing the inside of composite capsules.
- Figures 21A and 21B are photographs, taken under a microscope, showing the structure of the internal partitions of the composite capsules. The scale shown in Figure 21A represents 400 nm.
- the scale indicated in FIG. 21B represents 1 ⁇ .
- Figure 22A is a photograph showing lyophilized capsules before synthesis.
- the scale shown in Figure 22A represents 2 mm.
- Figure 22B is an X-ray image showing the lyophilized capsules before synthesis.
- Figures 23A and 23B are microscopic photographs showing the outer surface of a lyophilized composite capsule with cracks.
- the scale shown in Figure 23A represents 200 ⁇ .
- the scale shown in Figure 22B represents 100 ⁇ .
- Figures 24A and 24B are photographs, taken under a microscope, showing the organization of carbon nanotubes and silicon particles within the cells of the lyophilized capsules.
- the scale shown in Figure 24A represents 200 nm.
- nano-objects we generally mean any single object or related to a nanostructure of which at least one dimension is less than or equal to 500 nm, preferably less than or equal to 300 nm, more preferably less than or equal to 200 nm, and better still less or equal to 100 nm, for example is in the range of 1 to 500 nm, preferably 1 to 300 nm, more preferably 1 to 200 nm, more preferably 1 to 100 nm, more preferably 2 to 100 nm, or even 5 to 100 nm.
- nano-objects can be for example nanoparticles, nanowires, nanofibers, nanocrystals, nanotubes for example carbon nanotubes (“NTC”) single-walled (“SWNT” or Single Wall Nanotube).
- NTC carbon nanotubes
- SWNT single-walled
- nanostructure we generally mean an architecture consisting of an assembly of nano-objects that are organized with a functional logic and that are structured in a space ranging from cubic nanometer to cubic micrometer.
- polysaccharide is generally meant a polymeric organic macromolecule consisting of a chain of monosaccharide units.
- Such a macromolecule can be represented by a chemical formula of the form - [3 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 2 0) ⁇ ] ⁇ -.
- macromolecules consisting of mannuronic acid (M-pattern) and guluronic acid (G-pattern) are preferably used according to the invention.
- the macromolecular chains most suitable for the invention are those which maximize the M units (that is to say that the ratio of M units / G units is greater than 60%), because they retain by coordination a greater amount of ions gelling the capsule.
- the composite material prepared by the process according to the invention is the positive or negative electrode active material of a lithium ion rechargeable battery, but it is quite obvious that the description which follows may easily be extended and adapted, where appropriate, to any application and any method of implementation of the composite material prepared by the process according to the invention.
- lyophilized capsules prepared by freeze-drying of a first capsule, are placed in a thermal vapor phase chemical vapor deposition reactor, said first capsule comprising a solvent, nano-objects. carbon nanotubes, and nano-silicon objects such as silicon nanoparticles, said nano-objects being coated with macromolecules of a polysaccharide and being distributed in a homogeneous in said first capsule, and said macromolecules forming in at least a portion of the first capsule, a gel by crosslinking with positive ions.
- the first capsule (or first agglomerate) can be called to simplify “gelled capsule” or “gelled agglomerate”.
- the capsule (or agglomerate) prepared by lyophilization of this first capsule (or first agglomerate) gelled can be called for simplification "capsule (or agglomerate) gelled freeze-dried" or "capsule (or agglomerate) lyophilized.”
- nano-objects are uniformly distributed regularly throughout the volume of the first capsule and that their concentration is substantially the same throughout the volume of the first capsule (of the first agglomerate) in all parts of it.
- This homogeneous distribution is furthermore preserved in the freeze-dried capsule (agglomerate) prepared from this first capsule.
- the term "lyophilization” is a term well known to those skilled in the art.
- the lyophilization generally comprises a freezing step during which the solvent (liquid) of the first agglomerate is put into solid form, for example in the form of ice, and then a sublimation step during which, under the effect of vacuum, the solid solvent such as ice is converted directly into steam, for example water vapor, which is recovered.
- the capsules, agglomerates are dried cold.
- lyophilized capsules are prepared by the method described in the application WO-A1-2010 / 012813 to the description of which we can refer.
- capsule in the application WO-A1- 2010/012813 and in the first terms capsules and lyophilized gelled capsules, generally means a system, comprising, preferably composed, consisting of, a solvent, preferably a solvent comprising mostly water or consisting of water; nano-objects or nanostructures, namely in this case nano-carbon objects such as carbon nanotubes, and nano-silicon objects such as silicon nanoparticles; macromolecules of polysaccharides; and positive ions acting as cross-linking nodes between two polysaccharide molecules.
- a solvent preferably a solvent comprising mostly water or consisting of water
- nano-objects or nanostructures namely in this case nano-carbon objects such as carbon nanotubes, and nano-silicon objects such as silicon nanoparticles
- macromolecules of polysaccharides and positive ions acting as cross-linking nodes between two polysaccharide molecules.
- the process described in the application WO-Al-2010/012813 may be optionally adapted, in particular to adjust the size, diameter of the first capsules (the capsules before lyophilization) as well as the nano-carbon object ratios, for example nanotubes of carbon "NTC" / na no-objects, eg Si nanoparticles, and the level of porosity.
- these first capsules are preferably "small" capsules with a diameter generally of 100 ⁇ to 5 mm, for example 2 to 3 mm or 4 to 5 mm to have an optimal behavior in the fluidized bed and a maximum mass quantity in the volume of the chemical vapor deposition reactor "CVD".
- the protocol for preparing the first capsules described in this application WO-Al-2010/012813 will also be advantageously optimized so that the silicon nano-objects, preferably the silicon nanoparticles, are preferably distributed homogeneously in a three-dimensional network of nano-carbon objects, for example carbon nanofibers or carbon nanotubes ("NTC").
- NTC carbon nanofibers or carbon nanotubes
- the method of the application WO-Al-2010/012813 is implemented according to the invention with specific nano-objects or nanostructures which are nano-objects of carbon, and nano-objects of silicon.
- the method of application WO-Al-2010/012813 is implemented according to the invention with nano-objects consisting of carbon nanotubes or nanofibers and silicon nanoparticles.
- Carbon nanotubes (“NTC” or “CNT” or Carbon nanotubes in English language) may be single-walled carbon nanotubes (“SWCNT” or multi-walled single-carbon nanotubes) or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (“MWCNT” or Multi Wall Carbon nanotubes in English) such as double-walled carbon nanotubes ("DWCNT” or “Double Wall Carbon Nanotubes” in English).
- SWCNT single-walled carbon nanotubes
- MWCNT multi-walled carbon nanotubes
- DWCNT Double Wall Carbon Nanotubes
- the carbon nanotubes may have an average length of 1 ⁇ at 10 ⁇ , for example 2 ⁇ and a mean diameter of 10 nm to 50 nm, for example 20 nm.
- carbon nanotubes examples include carbon nanotubes Graphistrength ° brand and are described below.
- the silicon nanoparticles can have an average size defined by their largest dimension such as their diameter from 100 to 500 nm.
- the silicon nanoparticles may be in the form of a powder whose particle size is centered on 200 nm or 310 nm.
- a first solvent generally comprising in the majority of water nano-objects or nanostructures namely in the present case carbon nano-objects such as than carbon nanotubes and nano-silicon objects such as silicon nanoparticles, and the first solvent is dissolved in at least one macromolecule belonging to the family of polysaccharides, whereby a first solution is obtained in which the nano -objects or nanostructures are scattered.
- a polymer or monomer soluble in the first solvent for example a water-soluble polymer or monomer, the function of which will be to maintain the gelled structure and mechanically reinforce it when the first solvent such as water will be gone. It is thus possible to minimize the volume reduction at the time of lyophilization.
- solvent comprising mostly water
- the solvent comprises 50% by volume or more of water, preferably 70% by volume or more of water, and more preferably more than 99% by volume of water. water, for example 100% water.
- the first solvent may comprise, in addition to water in the abovementioned proportions, at least one other solvent compound, generally chosen from alcohols, in particular aliphatic alcohols such as ethanol; polar solvents, in particular ketones such as acetone; and their mixtures.
- the first solution may, as specified above, also contain at least one polymer chosen from all the polymers that are soluble in the first solvent, in particular water-soluble polymers such as PEGs, poly (oxide ethylene) s, polyacrylamides, poly (vinyl pyridine) s, (meth) acrylic polymers, celluloses, chitosans, PVAs, whose function is to effectively stabilize the dispersion of nano-objects, nanostructures namely in the case of carbon nanotubes and silicon nanoparticles.
- water-soluble polymers such as PEGs, poly (oxide ethylene) s, polyacrylamides, poly (vinyl pyridine) s, (meth) acrylic polymers, celluloses, chitosans, PVAs, whose function is to effectively stabilize the dispersion of nano-objects, nanostructures namely in the case of carbon nanotubes and silicon nanoparticles.
- polysaccharide macromolecule there is no limitation on the polysaccharide macromolecule and all molecules belonging to the family of polysaccharides can be used in the process according to the invention. It can be natural or synthetic polysaccharides.
- the polysaccharide macromolecule may be selected from pectins, alginates, alginic acid, and carrageenans.
- alginates alginic acid as well as salts and derivatives thereof such as sodium alginate.
- Alginates and especially sodium alginate are extracted from various brown seaweed Phaeophyceae, mainly Laminaria such as Laminaria hyperborea; and Macrocystis such as Macrocystis pyrifera.
- Sodium alginate is the most common commercialized form of alginic acid.
- Alginic acid is a natural polymer of the empirical formula (C 6 H 7 NaO 6 ) n consisting of two monosaccharide units: D-mannuronic acid (M) and L-guluronic acid (G) (see FIG. WO-Al-2010/012813).
- the number of base units of the alginates is generally about 200.
- the proportion of mannuronic acid and guluronic acid varies from one species of seaweed to another and the number of units M on the number of units G may range from 0.5 to 1.5, preferably from 1 to 1.5.
- Alginates are linear unbranched polymers and are not generally random copolymers but depending on the alga they come from, they consist of sequences of similar or alternating units, namely GGGGGGGG, MMMMMMMM, or GMGMGMG M.
- the M / G ratio of alginate from Macrocystis pyrifera is about 1.6 while the M / G ratio of alginate from Laminaria hyperborea is about 0.45.
- alginates polysaccharides derived from Laminaria hyperborea mention may be made of Satialgine SG 500, among the alginates polysaccharides derived from Macrocystiis pyrifera of different lengths of molecules, mention may be made of the polysaccharides designated A7128, A2033 and A2158 which are generics of acids alginic.
- alginate that can be used according to the invention is the alginate available from CIMAPREM under the name CIMALGIN * 80/400.
- the polysaccharide macromolecule used according to the invention generally has a molecular weight of 80000 g / mol to 500000 g / mol, preferably 80000 g / mol to 450000 g / mol.
- the dispersion of the nano-objects or nanostructures in the first solvent and the dissolving of the polysaccharides may be two simultaneous operations, or it may be two consecutive operations, the dispersion preceding dissolution, or vice versa.
- the dispersion of nano-objects such as nanoparticles or nanotubes, or nanostructures, in the first solvent can be done by adding the nano-objects to the first solvent and subjecting the solvent to the action of ultrasound with a density of acoustic power generally from 1 to 1000 W / cm 2 , for example 90 W / cm 2 , for a period generally of 5 minutes to 24 hours, for example 2 hours.
- the dissolution of the polysaccharides can be done by simple addition to the first solvent with stirring generally at a temperature of 25 ° C to 80 ° C, for example 50 ° C, for a period of generally 5 min to 24 hours, for example two hours.
- the content of nano-objects or nanostructures and the content of polysaccharides depend on the quantity of nano-objects and nanostructures to be coated with respect to the quantity of polysaccharide molecules.
- the nano-object content in the first agglomerate, or gelled agglomerate, as well as the polysaccharide content are generally less than or equal to 5% by weight, preferably less than or equal to 1% by weight, of the mass of the solvent.
- the nano-object content and the polysaccharide content are from 10 ppm to 5% by weight, more preferably from 10 ppm to 1% by weight, and more preferably from 10 ppm to 0.1% by weight of the mass of the solvent in the first agglomerated or gelled agglomerate.
- the ratio of the number, the quantity, of macromolecules to the number of nano-objects in the first solution and consequently in the first agglomerates or gelled agglomerates is generally from 0.1 to 10, preferably equal to or close to 1 .
- This ratio between the quantity, the number of macromolecules of polysaccharides and the quantity, the number of nano-objects or nanostructures sets the level of dispersion or dispersion factor and the average distance for the nanoparticles, or fixes the elementary mesh of the network for nanostructures, nanowires, nanofibers, and nanotubes.
- the mixture resulting from the dispersion of the nano-objects or nanostructures in the first solvent, and the dissolution of the polysaccharides may then optionally be subjected to an ultracentrifugation treatment to obtain an extrudable paste.
- This extrudable paste is then treated during an extrusion step which makes it possible to form, after extrusion, an extruded material comprising a three-dimensional "3D" network, for example expanded with carbon nanotubes in which the silicon nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed. as shown in Figure 1.
- the pressure in the last shear zone which is generally between 50 and 80 bar at the top of the extruder is an important factor for the three-dimensional structuring of the expanded network of carbon nanotubes. It should be noted that at this stage there has not yet been contact with cations and crosslinking.
- capsules, gelled agglomerates are prepared by bringing into contact the first solution of dispersed nano-objects prepared during the first step, described above, or else the extruded material prepared as described above, with a second solution.
- This second step of preparation of the freeze-dried capsules is generally carried out as described in application WO-A1-2010 / 012813.
- This second solution is a solution, in a second solvent comprising mainly water, at least one water-soluble salt capable of releasing into the solution cations selected from monovalent, divalent and trivalent cations.
- solvent comprising mostly water
- solvent of the second solution comprises 50% by volume or more of water, preferably 70% by volume or more of water, and more preferably more than 99% by weight. % by volume of water.
- the solvent may comprise, in addition to water in the abovementioned proportions and when it does not comprise 100% water, at least one other solvent compound generally chosen from alcohols, in particular aliphatic alcohols such as ethanol; polar solvents such as ketones, for example acetone; and their mixtures.
- alcohols in particular aliphatic alcohols such as ethanol
- polar solvents such as ketones, for example acetone
- the divalent cations can be selected from Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ca 2+ , Co 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ ⁇ and Hg 2+ .
- the monovalent cations can be chosen from Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , Cs + , Ag + ,
- the trivalent cations may be selected from Fe 3+ , and Al 3+ .
- the anion of the salt (s) may be chosen from nitrate, sulfate and phosphate halide ions such as chloride and bromide.
- the solution may comprise only one salt or it may comprise several salts.
- the solution comprises several salts so that a mixture of cations can be released in the second solution.
- the solution comprises a mixture of salts which can release into the solution a mixture of cations comprising at least one monovalent cation, at least one divalent cation, and at least one trivalent cation.
- a mixture of cations chosen from the three families of monovalent, divalent and trivalent cations and preferably comprising at least one cation chosen from each of the families makes it possible to control the quantity of crosslinking nodes of the system, and makes it possible, in particular, to make this quantity of minimal crosslinking nodes to thus ensure the structural stability of the capsules, gelled agglomerates and capsules, freeze-dried agglomerates.
- the amount of crosslinking nodes is a parameter that must be controlled according to the use that is made of agglomerates and their applications.
- the solution of nano-objects or dispersed nanostructures or the extrudable paste drops by drop in the second solution.
- the size of the tip of the injector nozzle is important since it determines the size of the gelled agglomerate. Too big, lyophilization, eg extraction of water, is going moderately well and the shrinkage is more important so the dispersion is not so good.
- the optimum size of the nozzle, injector is for example between 0.5 and 2 mm.
- agglomerates Depending on the conditions of the contacting and the nature of the nano-objects or nanostructure, it is possible to manufacture agglomerates, capsules, spherical gellates or filamentary gelled aggregates and stretched with controlled stretching ratios. In the present, it is preferred for their implementation in a fluidized bed, the preparation of spherical gelled agglomerates.
- the gelled spherical agglomerated capsules may have a size, defined by their diameter, of 100 ⁇ m to 5 mm, for example from 2 mm to 3 mm or from 4 mm to 5 mm.
- the first agglomerates or gelled agglomerates obtained at the end of the second step may be separated by any suitable separation process, for example by filtration.
- Gelled agglomerates such as spheres obtained in the second stage may optionally in a third stage be treated by impregnation, for example with polyethylene glycol or any other water-soluble polymer or monomer, in solution (for example for water the optimum polyethylene glycol concentration is 20%).
- polyethylene glycol or any other water-soluble polymer or monomer in solution (for example for water the optimum polyethylene glycol concentration is 20%). Examples of such polymers have already been given above.
- a separation step is generally carried out, for example by filtration with a Buchner, before the collected capsules are frozen, for example by being immersed in the water. liquid nitrogen.
- Instant solidification minimizes the release of the solvent, such as water, from capsules maintaining maximum dispersion. This solidification, freezing, is in fact the first part of the lyophilization treatment.
- the frozen capsules may be optionally stored in a freezer prior to sublimation and subsequent treatments.
- This solidification, freezing of the optionally impregnated agglomerates, is followed by a sublimation step which constitutes the second part of the lyophilization treatment.
- the frozen solvent such as ice
- the polymer such as polyethylene glycol
- the agglomerates can therefore be placed for example in an enclosure cooled to -20 ° C at a minimum and under a high vacuum (10 ⁇ 3 -10 ⁇ 7 mbar) to sublimate the frozen solvent such as ice and possibly crystallize the polymer present such than polyethylene glycol.
- the lyophilization treatment may comprise a third part during which the agglomerates are cold-dried.
- this lyophilization step can be carried out even if the first solvent does not comprise any polymer or monomer and / or if the gelled agglomerates are not impregnated in a third step with a particularly water-soluble polymer or monomer.
- Freeze-drying can be carried out whatever the solvent of the gelled agglomerates, whether it be water or any other solvent or mixture of solvents. Generally, however, it is necessary that the solvent of the gelled agglomerates contains predominantly water.
- the solvent content is generally less than 0.01% by weight.
- the solvent of the gelled agglomerates consists of water
- the water content of the capsules, lyophilized agglomerates is generally less than 0.01% by mass.
- the capsules, gelled aggregates obtained at the end of the second stage retain their shape and generally 90% of their volume after lyophilization.
- freeze-dried capsules can generate a moisture uptake, for example of the order of 6% by weight.
- the organization of nano-objects, namely preferably NTCs, and silicon nanoparticles is stored in the freeze-dried capsules.
- the lyophilized capsules generally have a size defined by their largest dimension, such as their diameter in the case of spherical capsules, from 2 to 3.5 mm, for example from 2 to 3 mm. Spherical lyophilized capsules having such a diameter are easily fluidized but are not easily entrained and do not foul the reactor.
- the freeze-dried capsules are made up as a percentage by weight of 10% to 60%, for example 40% of macromolecules of polysaccharide, 30% to 89%, for example 35% of nano-silicon objects, for example silicon nanoparticles, and from 1% to 10%, for example 5% carbon nano-objects, for example carbon nanotubes.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 show the internal organization of the freeze-dried capsules obtained by the process of the application WO-Al-2010/012813, optionally optimized with regard to the size of the nozzle so that the size of the first gelled capsules before lyophilization, ie preferably from 4 to 5 mm for spherical capsules, and with regard to the technique of mixing nanotubes and silicon nanoparticles, so that the silicon nanoparticles are homogeneously distributed in a "3D" three-dimensional network or expanded network of carbon nanotubes.
- They are generally hollow spheres with a diameter of, for example, 3 +/- 0.1 mm composed for example of carbon nanotubes, silicon nano-powder and calcium-crosslinked alginate.
- the carbon nanotubes are, for example, Graphistrength® brand nanotubes, which are multi-wall nanotubes with a purity greater than 90%, with a mean diameter of between 10 nm and 15 nm, and with an average length of 7 ⁇ m.
- the specific surface area of these nanotubes is between 20 m 2 / g and 70 m 2 / g.
- Silicon is, for example, in the form of a powder of the company S'tile °.
- the initial particle size of this silicon powder is 310 nm consisting of substantially spherical particles with small agglomerates between ⁇ and 5 ⁇ .
- Alginate is a commercial alginate manufactured by CIMAPREM. The grade used is CIMALGIN * 80/400.
- the lyophilized capsules generally have a polymorphous alveolar structure delimited by partitions formed by the crosslinked alginate. Inside the volume delimited by the partitions are the network of carbon nanotubes and the silicon particles. The same type of septum forms the outer shell of the freeze-dried capsule.
- the photographs of the outer surface of the capsule of Figures 23A and 23B show a smooth surface made of alginate gelled with calcium. Lyophilization reveals some cracks that allow to see the organization of carbon nanotubes and silicon in the polymorphic volumes of the cells.
- the freeze-dried capsules prepared as described above are placed in a thermal vapor deposition ("CVD" or Chemical Vapor Deposition) reactor under vacuum.
- This reactor is provided with heating means and means for establishing a vacuum, usually a primary vacuum inside the chamber.
- a carrier or carrier gas is injected into the reactor to form a fluidized bed of the lyophilized capsules.
- the reactor is generally designed in such a way that the carrier gas or vector can be injected in two zones that are independent of one another, in particular by implementing appropriate regulation means: namely a central zone and a peripheral zone.
- the reactor is further generally designed so that the freeze-dried capsules are placed in the bottom, bottom, of the reactor in the vicinity or on its inner wall or base.
- the lower part of the reactor is generally in the form of a cone, which may be called a fluidization cone.
- the reactor is also generally designed so that the carrier carrier gas, fluidizing the freeze-dried capsules is injected from the bottom of the reactor into the peripheral zone, and the carrier carrier gas stream generally has an upward direction to to ensure the fluidization of the lyophilized capsules.
- the lyophilized capsules are sufficiently light, with an apparent density generally less than 0.1 g / cm 3 , so that the fluidization is generated solely by the periphery.
- the carrier gas may be selected from hydrogen, argon and mixtures thereof.
- the carrier gas flow, vector is generally chosen so that it allows fluidization of the fluidized capsules without causing the capsules to be driven from the fluidized bed.
- the carrier gas flow rate, vector may be 0.3 to 15.0 L / h.
- One or more silicon precursor compound (s) is (are) further injected into the reactor.
- the precursor compound (s) is (are) injected (s) from the bottom of the reactor into the central zone of the fluidization cone.
- the precursor silicate compound (s) may be chosen from silane, trichlorosilane and tetraalkylsilanes (whose identical or different alkyl groups generally have from 1 to 4C), such as tetramethylsilane.
- the precursor compound (s) is (are) generally injected into the central zone of the reactor at a constant flow rate, for example from 0.1 l / h to 1 l / h throughout the duration of the reaction. treatment of the capsules, namely during the depositing operation.
- This time is generally 0.5 hours to 4 hours, for example 2 hours.
- a target temperature of, for example, 900 ° C. to 1200 ° C., which is maintained throughout the duration of the treatment, that is to say of the operation of deposition of silicon on the carbon nanobots such as than carbon nanotubes.
- the precursor compounds are injected.
- the pressure that prevails in the reactor during the deposition operation is generally a pressure of 1 to 50 mbar and more particularly 5 mbar.
- the vacuum is primary, that is to say that the pressure in the reactor is of the order of, for example, 1 mbar before the start of the treatment, of the deposition operation, and this pressure goes back to a value in the range specified above, for example at a value of about 5 mbar during the treatment, the deposition operation.
- the temperatures of 900 ° C. to 1200 ° C. mentioned above are those which make it possible to deposit Si and SiO 2 on carbon nano-objects, for example carbon nanotubes.
- the vapor pressure of the silicon is only 3.10 "8 Pa while the diffusion rate is negligible.
- reaction Si + Si0 2 ⁇ SiO + Si makes it possible to generate an atmosphere of SiO and of radical Si within each capsule as many microreactors in which take place successively the evaporation and the condensation of SiO on all the surfaces of the nano-objects, for example carbon nanotubes.
- the SiO 2 is reduced in the form of SiO x with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.
- the capsules, which comprise nano-objects, for example carbon nanotubes, coated with Si and SiO x are after cooling, generally to room temperature, extracted from the CVD reactor.
- Nano-carbon objects for example carbon nanotubes, are coated with Si and SiO x generally in a proportion of 2/3 of silicon and 1/3 of SiO x (with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2).
- a deoxygenation treatment is performed. This deoxygenation treatment notably makes it possible to reduce SiO x to Si.
- This deoxygenation treatment is generally carried out in a graphite-coated alumina crucible at a temperature of 1200 ° C. to 1400 ° C., for example 1350 ° C. for a period of 10 minutes to 2 hours, for example 20 minutes, under an atmosphere of pure hydrogen, or under an inert gas atmosphere, such as argon, hydrogenated, for example under a 5% by volume hydrogenated argon atmosphere.
- a graphite-coated alumina crucible at a temperature of 1200 ° C. to 1400 ° C., for example 1350 ° C. for a period of 10 minutes to 2 hours, for example 20 minutes, under an atmosphere of pure hydrogen, or under an inert gas atmosphere, such as argon, hydrogenated, for example under a 5% by volume hydrogenated argon atmosphere.
- the material obtained is a set of porous capsules with a dense shell.
- porous capsules is meant that the inside of the capsules is porous with a porosity of the capsule interior generally greater than 50%.
- the silicon shell has a density generally of 1 to 3 g / cm 3 , preferably 1 to 2 g / cm 3 , measured by helium pycnometry.
- the density of the shell and the sub-shell is generally from 1 to 3 g / cm 3 , preferably from 1.8 to 2.5 g / cm 3 , more preferably 1.9 g / cm 3 to 2.3 g / cm 3 measured by helium pycnometry.
- the apparent density of the capsules is generally from 0.1 g / cm 3 to 0.2 g / cm 3 , for example 0.112 g / cm 3 .
- the chemical composition of the material was determined by IGA and GDMS.
- the BET developed surface of the capsules can generally be between 20 and 70 m 2 / g according to the batches manufactured.
- the capsule is generally in the form of a sphere or quasi-hollow sphere.
- the capsule is generally larger in size, such as a diameter, from 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm, preferably from 0.5 to 2 mm, more preferably from 1 mm to 2 mm, more preferably 1, 5 mm to 2 mm.
- the capsules In the case where a carbon sub-shell is present, the capsules generally have a larger dimension such as a diameter, from 0.5 to 2.5 mm, preferably from 1.5 mm to 2.5 mm, for example 2 mm.
- the color of the capsules may range from light ocher to dark ocher ( Figure 4).
- These capsules include nano-carbon objects, for example carbon nanotubes, mostly covered with silicon with some possible traces of SiO x (with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2).
- the outside of the capsules is formed by a dense shell made of silicon having a thickness of 50 nm to 500 nm, preferably 100 nm to 500 nm, more preferably 100 nm to 200 nm.
- This shell plays a role that can be described as "nano security” since it is generally continuous and confines nano-silicon objects, for example silicon nanoparticles, and carbon nano-objects, for example nanotubes. of carbon inside the capsules.
- the inside of the capsules is formed for example of a three-dimensional network of NTCs, expanded, and coated with silicon as shown in the photos of Figures 5A and 5B.
- the composite capsules may optionally comprise a thin amorphous carbon shell coated partially or totally with the silicon shell.
- nano-objects Inside, two types of nano-objects can be found, namely: "silicon nano-objects" and "carbon nano-objects”.
- the apparent density of the composite capsules may be 0.112 g / cm 3 .
- the material which constitutes these composite capsules generally has, for example, a density of between 1.9 g / cm 3 and 2.3 g / cm 3 (measurement by helium pycnometry).
- the chemical composition of the material was determined by IGA and GDMS.
- the developed area BET can be for example between 20 and 22.
- FIG. 14A 4 composite capsules according to the invention are thus represented in FIG. 14A. They are surrounded by a conductive black carbon paste to allow observation by electron microscopy (SEM). They are arranged on a sample holder of MEB.
- SEM electron microscopy
- Figure 16 clarifies this point since the observation ( Figure 16A) focused on the area left by the detachment of such a fragment.
- Figure 16A We can observe around the detached area, an image of the shell (sub-shell) of amorphous carbon. Around the cracked areas of the shell, we can observe local deposits of amorphous silicon in the form of small, light gray drops that stand out from the darker bottom of the surface of the carbon shell. This observation proves that these cracks existed during the synthesis and that part of the SiO formed by the reaction between Si and SiO 2 escapes through these cracks.
- FIG. 16B shows both a zone rich in carbon nanotubes coated with amorphous silicon and a zone rich in silicon particles partially forming locally a mesoporous silicon nanostructure. These two areas highlight two types of nano-silicon objects, which should be well defined.
- Figures 17A and 17B show the first type of silicon nano-objects, the most sought after for the application of batteries.
- Figure 18 shows the second type of silicon nano-objects marking a non-optimization of the lyophilized material in the manufacture of composite capsules.
- the first type of "silicon nano-objects” are those consisting of carbon nanotubes coated with amorphous silicon (FIGS. 17A and 17B).
- the analysis of the plates shows that the coverage of amorphous silicon on the network of carbon nanotubes is not homogeneous.
- Within the composite capsule a variety of silicon nano-objects with atypical shapes and variable thicknesses are observable. In all cases, these nano-silicon objects are recognized by their underlying organization which is that of the network of carbon nanotubes.
- the nano-silicon objects consist solely of partially sintered silicon particles forming a mesoporous network. These nano-objects are distinguished from the previous ones by the absence of carbon nanotubes within their nanostructure.
- the carbon nano-objects are carbon nanotubes that have not been coated with amorphous silicon, often visible in the agglomerates of carbon nanotubes (FIGS. 19A and 19B).
- this interior of the capsules is divided into different domains within which the synthesis of the nano-objects described above takes place. These domains are separated by partitions of amorphous carbon coated with silicon, like the outer shell of the capsule in the case where it comprises a silicon shell and an amorphous carbon sub-shell.
- Partitions have varying shapes and thicknesses and are characterized by smooth surfaces partially or wholly covered with amorphous silicon.
- FIGS. 21A and 21B show an example when the surfaces of the partitions are partially covered, drops of silicon are observed.
- the nano-silicon objects are generally integral with the partitions and fill the volume defined by said partitions.
- the composite material prepared according to the invention as described above can be used as an electrochemically active material in any electrochemical system.
- the composite material prepared according to the invention can in particular be used as electrochemically active material of positive or negative electrode in any electrochemical system, in particular in any non-aqueous electrolyte electrochemical system.
- This positive or negative electrode comprises, besides the electrochemically active material of positive or negative electrode as defined above, a binder which is generally an organic polymer, optionally one or more additive (s) conductor (s) electronic (s), and a current collector.
- a binder which is generally an organic polymer, optionally one or more additive (s) conductor (s) electronic (s), and a current collector.
- the organic polymer may be chosen from polytretrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and the PVDF-HFP copolymer (propylene hexafluoride); carboxymethylcellulose; and elastomers such as CMC-SBR (carboxymethylcellulose-rubber styrene butadiene).
- PTFE polytretrafluoroethylene
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVDF-HFP copolymer propylene hexafluoride
- carboxymethylcellulose and elastomers
- CMC-SBR carboxymethylcellulose-rubber styrene butadiene
- the optional electronic conductive additive may be chosen from metal particles such as Ag particles, graphite, carbon black, carbon fibers, carbon nanowires, carbon nanotubes and electronically conductive polymers, and their mixtures.
- the current collector is generally in the form of a sheet of copper, nickel or aluminum.
- the electrode generally comprises from 70% to 94% by weight of electrochemically active material, from 1% to 20% by weight, preferably from 1% to 10% by weight of the binder, and optionally from 1% to 15% by weight. the electronic conductive additive (s).
- Such an electrode can be prepared in a conventional manner by forming a suspension, paste or ink with the electrochemically active material, the binder, optionally the additive (s) conducting (s) and a solvent, by depositing, coating or printing this suspension , paste or ink on a current collector, drying the ink, paste or suspension deposited, and calendering, pressing the ink or paste deposited, dried and the current collector.
- the capsules, generally spherical, of the material according to the invention are advantageously ground to facilitate shaping in the suspension, paste, or ink.
- the capsules may be passed through an extruder with the binder of the ink, suspension, or paste, optionally the additive (s) and a solvent (s) so as to achieve at one time the ink, suspension or paste in which the electrochemically active material is incorporated.
- the ink, paste or suspension can be applied by any suitable method such as coating, coating, gravure, flexography, offset.
- the electrochemical system may in particular be a rechargeable electrochemical accumulator with non-aqueous electrolyte such as an accumulator or a lithium battery, and more particularly a lithium ion accumulator, which in addition to the positive or negative electrode as defined above, comprising in particular As electrochemically active material the composite material prepared according to the invention comprises a negative or positive electrode which does not comprise the composite material according to the invention, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the negative or positive electrode which does not comprise as an electrochemically active material the composite material according to the invention, comprises an electrochemically active material different from the composite material according to the invention, a binder, optionally one or more additive (s) electronic conductor (s) and a current collector.
- electrochemically active material of the negative or positive electrode which does not comprise the composite material according to the invention as electrochemically active material may be chosen from any material known to those skilled in the art.
- the electrochemically active material of the negative electrode when the composite material according to the invention is the electrochemically active material of the negative electrode, then the electrochemically active material of the positive electrode can be chosen from lithium metal and any material known to those skilled in the art in this field. field of technology.
- the electrochemically active material of the positive electrode is formed by the material according to the invention
- the electrochemically active material of the negative electrode may be made of any material known and adaptable by those skilled in the art.
- the electrolyte may be solid or liquid.
- the electrolyte is liquid, it consists for example of a solution of at least one conductive salt such as a lithium salt in an organic solvent and / or an ionic liquid.
- the electrolyte When the electrolyte is solid, it comprises a polymeric material and a lithium salt.
- the lithium salt may be chosen for example from LiAsF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiBOB, LiODBF, LiB (C 6 H 5 ), LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 (LiTFSI) LiC (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 (LiTFSMj.
- the organic solvent is preferably a solvent compatible with the constituents of the electrodes, relatively nonvolatile, aprotic and relatively polar.
- ethers, esters and mixtures thereof may be mentioned.
- the ethers are chosen in particular from linear carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), methylethyl carbonate (EMC), dipropyl carbonate (DPC), cyclic carbonates such as propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and butylene carbonate; alkyl esters such as formates, acetates, propionates and butyrates; gamma butyrolactone, triglyme, tetraglyme, lactone, dimethylsulfoxide, dioxolane, sulfolane and mixtures thereof.
- the solvents are preferably mixtures including EC / DMC, EC / DEC, EC / DPC and EC / DMC.
- the accumulator may have the shape of a button cell.
- the different elements of a button cell, in 316L stainless steel, are described in Figure 8.
- the stainless steel wedges (4) which serve both for example to cut the lithium metal and, later, to ensure good contact of the current collectors with the external parts of the battery,
- a composite material silicon / carbon nanotubes "NTC" according to the invention is prepared by the process according to the invention.
- the manufacture of the Si / NTC composite material according to the invention comprises 4 steps: (a) Fabrication of the NTC / Si assembly, (b) Manufacture of the NTC / Si capsules, (c) Chemical vapor deposition "CVD" of silicon, (d) Heat treatment. a) Manufacture of 120 g of self-assembled NTC / Si:
- the carbon nanotubes used are the multiwall nanotubes of the Arkema ° company.
- Step a) itself comprises sub-steps al) to a4).
- the predispersion of the silicon nanopowders is first achieved by wetting the 100 g of silicon with 500 ml of ethanol and incorporating them into 4 liters of deionized water.
- the silicon nanoparticles are dispersed using the ultrasound device shown in FIG. 9.
- This device comprises a first (91) and a second (92) large capacity container, an open reactor (93) provided with an ultrasonic cane (94), a first line (95) connecting the base (96) of the first vessel (91) at the top (97) of the reactor (91), a second pipeline (98) connecting the base (99) of the reactor (91) to the base (910) of the second container (92), and two pumps (911, 912) respectively on the first and second lines (95, 98).
- the predispersed silicon nanoparticles (913) are placed in the first container.
- the flow rate of the pumps is regulated, for example, at 50 ml / min and the capacity of the reactor containing the ultrasound rod is, for example, 100 ml.
- the characteristics of the ultrasounds generated are for example the following: 200 Watts, 24 kHz.
- the dispersion of silicon nanoparticles thus prepared is kept under magnetic stirring while the dispersion of carbon nanotubes is prepared as described below.
- the predispersion of the carbon nanotubes is carried out by wetting the 10 g of CNT with 50 ml of ethanol. The mixture is then dispersed in 1 liter of deionized water with the same device (FIG. 9) and under the same conditions as for silicon. This second dispersion is formed in 20 minutes.
- a3 10 g of alginate are incorporated in the dispersion of carbon nanotubes prepared in the sub-step a2), with a disperser, homogenizer, for example an Ultra-turrax ° apparatus, operating for example at 10000 rpm or at a circular speed of 9 m / s.
- a disperser, homogenizer for example an Ultra-turrax ° apparatus, operating for example at 10000 rpm or at a circular speed of 9 m / s.
- the mixing time is 10 minutes.
- the dispersion obtained is maintained with magnetic stirring.
- the alginate incorporated at this stage serves as a dispersant. a4) the dispersion of carbon nanotubes prepared in the preceding sub-step a3) is incorporated in the dispersion of silicon nanoparticles prepared during the first substep a1) and the dispersion obtained is maintained with magnetic stirring.
- the self-assembly of the NTC-Si system is done automatically during magnetic stirring. At the end of the sub-step a4), therefore, capsules consisting of a self-assembly of nanoparticles of silicon, of NTC, and of alginate in small quantity are obtained.
- 300 g of capsules are made from 120 g of self-assembled NTC-Si powder, 180 g of alginate, and 6.7 liters of deionized water.
- the capsules obtained at the end of step a) (at the end of substep a4) are mixed with a larger quantity of alginate, for example in a mixer. such as an extruder, and these capsules are crosslinked with ions as the mixture flows from the mixer into a bath containing the ions.
- 180 g of alginate are first moistened in 500 ml of ethanol and the alginate thus moistened with alcohol is mixed with 6.7 liters of water.
- This mixture of water and alginate is introduced into a conventional mixer.
- This conventional mixer may be a corotative twin-screw extruder (101) such as that shown in Figure 10.
- This extruder (101) is equipped with a first hopper (102) through which is introduced the mixture of water and alginate (103) prepared as described above and a second hopper (104) through which is introduced a powder of CNT and Si (105), more exactly it is the freeze-dried self-assembled dispersion prepared during step a4).
- Extrusion expands the self-assembled nanostructure, provides optimal dispersion and breaks the last agglomerates.
- the mixture of the various components introduced by the two hoppers (102, 104) is carried out with the corotative twin-screw extruder (101) and the capsules are generated directly at the extruder outlet (106) by a special extruder head of type "shower head” (107) to form the calibrated drops of the capsules.
- the final composition of these capsules is 120 g of self-assembled NTC-Si in a weight ratio of 10% to 90%, and 180 g of alginate.
- Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of silicon.
- the capacity of the CVD reactor is 225 cm 3 , which corresponds to 15 g of lyophilized capsules.
- the lyophilized capsules are loaded into the reactor and their fluidization is carried out by hydrogen in the peripheral zone at a flow rate of 7 liters / h.
- the oven is then heated to reach the temperature of 900 ° C.
- TriChloroSilane (TCS) is injected at a rate of 0.51 l / h. After 1 h 30 CVD deposition, the injection is cut off.
- the yield of the operation defined as the ratio between the mass of capsules introduced into the reactor and the mass of the capsules after CVD treatment is 70%.
- the flow rate of hydrogen for the fluidization is increased up to 15 l / h in the peripheral zone of the reactor, which oven is heated at the same time to reach a temperature of 1355 ° C.
- Example 2 The heat treatment lasts 20 minutes, then the reactor is cooled, generally to room temperature, and the nanostructured nanomaterials object of the invention are taken out of the reactor and characterized (see FIGS. 4, 5A, 5B, 6, 7). .
- Example 2
- a negative electrode is prepared with the material according to the invention prepared in Example 1.
- the preparation of the negative electrode with this material is done in two steps: a) extrusion and refining of the electrode material; b) Coating, drying and calendering of the negative electrode material. a) Extrusion and refining of the electrode material:
- the extrusion operation is carried out in a twin-screw extruder (111) shown in FIG.
- This extrusion operation is performed at room temperature.
- 100 g of material according to the invention (112), prepared in example 1, are placed in a first doser (or hopper) (113) which is provided with the extruder (111).
- These two feeders (113, 115) are positioned on the first portion (116) for transporting the twin-screw extrusion.
- water (117) is introduced with a controlled flow rate to obtain a paste with a rest viscosity of between 1000 Pa.s and 10,000 Pa.s.
- the mixture is extruded again, either at room temperature or at a temperature between 40 ° C and 80 ° C, to gel the electrode material and increase the elastic properties of the material.
- the material is passed once in a tri-cylinder whose spacings have been reduced to a minimum depending on the possibilities of the equipment.
- the coating speed must be between 10 " 3 m / s and 10 ⁇ 2 m / s for coating thicknesses between 100 ⁇ and 300 ⁇ .
- the viscosity was adjusted to 50 Pa.s, the coating speed is 5.10 2 m / s for a thickness of 150 ⁇ .
- the coating is carried out on a copper current collector with a basis weight of 2 mg / cm 2 , but it could also be carried out on a nickel current collector.
- the negative electrode prepared in Example 2 is then tested in a lithium-metal battery (half-battery test) of the button cell type.
- Each button cell is mounted carefully respecting the same protocol.
- a negative electrode according to the invention (16 mm in diameter, 150 ⁇ , thick) (1) deposited on a copper disc (or nickel) serving as a current collector;
- the electrolyte impregnates a separator which is a microporous polyolefin membrane, more specifically a microporous polypropylene membrane Celgard ° (2) 0 16.5 mm;
- a positive electrode (3) consisting of a disc of 14 mm diameter lithium metal; a disk or wedge of stainless steel (4);
- the stainless steel case is then closed with a crimper, making it perfectly airtight.
- the button cell Due to the high reactivity of lithium and its salts with oxygen and water, the button cell is put in a glove box. This is maintained in slight overpressure under anhydrous argon atmosphere. Sensors provide continuous monitoring of oxygen and water concentrations. Typically, these concentrations should remain below the ppm.
- the button cell prepared according to the procedure described above is cycled, i.e. charges and discharges at different constant current regimes, for a specified number of cycles, to evaluate the practical capacity of the battery. .
- a battery that charges at C / 20 is a battery which is imposed a constant current for 20 hours in order to recover its full capacity C.
- the current value is equal to the capacity C divided by the number of hours of charging ie in this case 20 hours.
- the capacity is 8.5 mAh.
- Room temperature formation was performed at C / 20 for 5 hours and C / 10 at 4.2V. After this step, a "floating" is done at C / 100 before a rest period of 5 minutes.
- the training ends with a precharge at C / 5 up to 2.5V.
- Cycling is at 20 ° C to C / 20 at 100% of capacity.
- a negative electrode is prepared as in Example 2 with 80% of the material of the invention, 10% Super P carbon black, and 10% CMC with an electrode weight of 2 mg / cm 2. cm 3 .
- This electrode is then tested in a lithium-metal battery (half-battery test) of the button-cell type following the same protocol as in example 3 for mounting the battery and for forming.
- FIG. 12 The performances of such an electrode are shown in FIG. 12 and show load capacities greater than 600 mAh / g of capsules with an improved cycling stability compared to the state of the art on the silicon electrodes. The tests were performed at C / 20 cycles.
- a negative electrode according to the invention is prepared as in Example 2, from an ink containing 80% of the material according to the invention such as that prepared in Example 1, 10% of black of carbon, and 10% of CarboxyMethylCellulose CMC, with a basis weight of the electrode of 2 mg / cm 3 .
- a negative electrode not according to the invention is prepared by a procedure analogous to that of Example 2, starting from an ink containing 80% of silicon powder, 10% of carbon black and 10% of CMC. with a weight of the electrode of 2 mg / cm 3 .
- FIG. 13 shows the effect of the reinforced silicon nanostructure in the material according to the invention, which clearly improves the stability in the cycle.
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Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1159685A FR2981643B1 (fr) | 2011-10-25 | 2011-10-25 | Procede de preparation d'un materiau composite silicium/carbone, materiau ainsi prepare, et electrode notamment electrode negative, comprenant ce materiau. |
| PCT/EP2012/071177 WO2013060790A1 (fr) | 2011-10-25 | 2012-10-25 | Procede de preparation d'un materiau composite silicium/carbone, materiau ainsi prepare, et electrode notamment electrode negative, comprenant ce materiau. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2771278A1 true EP2771278A1 (fr) | 2014-09-03 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
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| EP12775708.6A Withdrawn EP2771278A1 (fr) | 2011-10-25 | 2012-10-25 | Procede de preparation d'un materiau composite silicium/carbone, materiau ainsi prepare, et electrode notamment electrode negative, comprenant ce materiau. |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20140287317A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2771278A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2015501279A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20140087022A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2981643B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2013060790A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2969946A4 (fr) * | 2013-03-15 | 2017-02-15 | Wellstat BioCatalysis, LLC | Dépôt de matériaux nanométriques dans des nanofibres revêtues en réseau |
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2011
- 2011-10-25 FR FR1159685A patent/FR2981643B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2012
- 2012-10-25 US US14/353,398 patent/US20140287317A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2012-10-25 JP JP2014537622A patent/JP2015501279A/ja active Pending
- 2012-10-25 WO PCT/EP2012/071177 patent/WO2013060790A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2012-10-25 KR KR1020147014046A patent/KR20140087022A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2012-10-25 EP EP12775708.6A patent/EP2771278A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
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| See also references of WO2013060790A1 * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP2969946A4 (fr) * | 2013-03-15 | 2017-02-15 | Wellstat BioCatalysis, LLC | Dépôt de matériaux nanométriques dans des nanofibres revêtues en réseau |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2013060790A1 (fr) | 2013-05-02 |
| US20140287317A1 (en) | 2014-09-25 |
| JP2015501279A (ja) | 2015-01-15 |
| FR2981643B1 (fr) | 2013-12-27 |
| KR20140087022A (ko) | 2014-07-08 |
| FR2981643A1 (fr) | 2013-04-26 |
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