EP2723949B1 - Stapelbares flächenmodul für eine wandfläche - Google Patents

Stapelbares flächenmodul für eine wandfläche Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2723949B1
EP2723949B1 EP12745392.6A EP12745392A EP2723949B1 EP 2723949 B1 EP2723949 B1 EP 2723949B1 EP 12745392 A EP12745392 A EP 12745392A EP 2723949 B1 EP2723949 B1 EP 2723949B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
module
axis direction
modules
wall
extensions
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EP12745392.6A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2723949A1 (de
Inventor
Klaus Zinser
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Individual
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/44—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose
    • E04C2/46—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by the purpose specially adapted for making walls
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2/04—Walls having neither cavities between, nor in, the solid elements
    • E04B2/12—Walls having neither cavities between, nor in, the solid elements using elements having a general shape differing from that of a parallelepiped
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2002/0202—Details of connections
    • E04B2002/0204—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections
    • E04B2002/0226—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections with tongues and grooves next to each other on the end surface

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a stackable surface module according to claim 1 for a reversibly buildable and degradable wall surface and the use of the surface module according to claim 15 for certain applications, in particular earthquake-proof walls, a bridge, a foliage hut, a construction fence, a sound barrier, a Aufwindkrafttechnik, a heat exchanger or a coastal barrier, heat exchanger as well as for building walls.
  • a curable material eg mortar.
  • a brick is placed on the ends of two adjacent bricks so that it covers the two bricks in half.
  • the wall surface should allow particularly high and thin walls, at the same time high bending stability and pressure absorption in the transverse and longitudinal side direction, ie especially at normal or horizontal forces acting on the wall.
  • the surface modules should in principle be stably connected to a wall surface without additives such as mortar or other fasteners entangled, although the use of such aids should not be excluded.
  • the prior art describes such surface modules in FR 2 653 800 , Such a module is in Fig. 1 shown. However, these extremely thick-walled modules are stacked without rotation and are not interlaced laterally. The lower indentation also does not serve to accommodate the left and right lateral extensions, but instead the upper indentation.
  • document DE 36 22 258 A1 discloses a stackable area module according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a wall module which basically suitable for thin high walls.
  • the module should allow the flexible construction of a variety of wall surfaces, which may have both completely closed surfaces or holes.
  • the wall modules should not fall over laterally and withstand bending stresses despite lower wall thickness.
  • the wall modules should not be laterally displaced against each other. Especially in seismic safety, it is necessary to prevent lateral shear forces or to direct to specific predetermined interfaces.
  • the wall surface should therefore be secured in addition to the Umfallides in the lateral direction against displacement.
  • x, y and z-axis direction corresponds to the direction along the respective axis direction in an orthogonal Cartesian coordinate system.
  • the surface modules are aligned according to their orientation in the wall surface.
  • the z-axis direction is the stacking direction of the modules, which is usually upwards against gravity.
  • the x-axis direction corresponds to the longitudinal axis of the wall surface and the y-axis direction is in the direction of the wall thickness.
  • the invention therefore relates to a surface module according to claim 1.
  • the general advantage of the invention is the construction of particularly thin walls of surface modules, which are secured against falling over.
  • the prior art mostly used in comparison to the module module height quite thick blocks.
  • the use of additional layers causes the module thickness to increase in the y-axis direction, which increases the material cost without providing an additional stabilizing effect.
  • y-axis locking can be achieved in both directions normal to the wall surface with a smaller wall thickness. This can, for example, provide a decisive advantage in the construction of sloping or overhanging walls, such as dome structures or other building structures with special earthquake protection.
  • the base surfaces of the surface module are generally independent of the Entschränkungsstellen before.
  • a barrier in both y-axis directions normal to the wall or shell surface means that the respective abutted surface modules can not be moved against each other at these locations in the assembled state in the y-axis direction, except for an optional slight play. This allows bending moments to be transferred to the modules. Forces can be transferred or derived at the interlocking points. This allows the provided wall surface absorb bending forces and distribute over the wall surface. This is z.
  • the base areas of the module perimeter are the base areas of the upper side, underside, as well as left and right lateral surfaces. These are therefore located between the front and the back of the surface module. These surfaces form a perimeter surrounding the area module.
  • Interruption of the intersection or intersection along the module perimeter means that the modulation of the top, bottom, or side footprint to create the intersection is not continuous along the entire module perimeter. As a result of the interruption, at least one point along the module perimeter results in an area that is continuously parallel to the y-axis.
  • the surface module has defined positions along the perimeter for the entangling points. This saves material and leaves open the option of especially strengthening these areas.
  • the Verschränkungsstellen can be defined as Krafteinlenkungsfrac with particular stability. This disruption can also increase the stability against offsets in the x-axis direction or distribute the deflection of the modules over defined force application points, which can be valuable in earthquake applications.
  • this embodiment has the advantage that the total wall surface may have holes at certain points. If the module is folded along the entire perimeter, then the module modules engage in each other peripherally and holes through which one could see through in the y-axis direction or which could serve for cable guides or other module supports or articulation points at the corners are excluded. Finally, the complete interleaving allows less flexibility in the variation of surface shapes and wall thicknesses.
  • the interlocking pair locks in both y-axis directions and thus does not allow movement of the neighboring modules in the y-axis direction.
  • a wall surface By stacking the surface modules, a wall surface can be formed.
  • This wall surface has the advantage that only one type or type of surface module is needed to build a closed wall surface. Unlike the puzzle, all parts can be largely uniform.
  • the wall undergoes a high lateral stability due to the greater interfacing of the module surfaces, which also leads to a better adhesion between the surface modules due to the higher surface area per volume of the mold compared to a cuboid or cube of a commercial brick. This allows thinner walls to be built, which is particularly important for some applications.
  • wall thicknesses of 2 to 25 cm are achieved; up to 100cm are also possible.
  • the surface modules in the layers above and below are alternately rotated by 180 ° and staggered laterally offset in the x-axis direction.
  • the next surface modulus layer in the z-axis direction is preferably offset by up to half a module length.
  • other alternate dislocation distances in the x-axis direction are possible, eg alternating one-third / two-thirds, etc.
  • the modules are placed from above.
  • the entire inner surface of a recess can be covered by the surfaces of the extensions.
  • the corresponding in the resulting stacked wall surface opposite surfaces are complementary to each other, so that they can be put together accurately.
  • the complete indentation is filled with these extensions.
  • the surface module is also characterized in that for the construction of the wall surface of these surface modules at least two extensions of two in the wall surface layer adjacent surface modules together in a recess of the surface module from the z-axis direction above and / or underlying next wall surface layer can be inserted ,
  • the extensions of the adjacent in a layer plane of the wall surface modules are thus by the clamping effect of the indentation of the surface module from the overlying or underlying next wall surface layer and the modules in the horizontal layer of the wall surface are anchored so that they can withstand tensile stress in the x-axis direction.
  • the surface modules are preferably positively connected to the pulling in the x-axis direction. For this purpose, preferably only one surface module type is used.
  • Lateral faces are generally parallel to the z-axis direction, but can form an angle of up to 45 ° therewith. Lateral surfaces are mostly parallel to the y / z plane and perpendicular to the x-axis direction. An angle greater than 0 ° with the y-axis direction causes the shape of the module to become discontinuous in that direction, which is a central motif of the interlocking locations.
  • Horizontal surfaces are generally parallel to the x-axis direction but may form an angle of less than 45 ° therewith; they are typically parallel to the x / y plane and perpendicular to the z-axis direction, except at the intersection.
  • the face, back, bottom, top, and lateral sides of the face module correspond to the faces visible from the corresponding major axis direction.
  • the front side or rear side preferably corresponds to a single flat surface, but it is possible that, for example, the lateral sides or the lower or upper side are generated from a plurality of surfaces or that the surfaces have a non-planar curve shape.
  • a surface is defined at the edges by outer edges. An edge results from a non-steady course of the derivative along the surface, eg along the x-axis direction.
  • the surface modules are stackable if they can be stacked such that a plurality of these surface modules can form a wall surface which extends in both the z-axis direction and in the x-axis direction. It is a particular feature of the invention that the constructed wall surface is preferably higher in the z-direction than the thickness of the wall surface in the y-axis direction. To do this preferably, surface modules are used which are higher in the z-axis direction than thicker in the y-axis direction; preferably they are at least two times larger. The longest x-axis extent of the face module is also typically greater than the longest z-axis extent in height; preferably it is at least two times larger.
  • the invention also includes a stackable area module in which the total module thickness varies in the z-axis direction. This can be achieved by using differently thick module elements in the wall or alternatively by a variable upward course in the z-axis direction with uniform surface modules. It is a special feature of the invention that these differently thick surface modules still fit together; because the forms are complementary. In preferred variants, the wall surface becomes thinner with increasing height.
  • the surface modules can each preferably be placed on top of each other exclusively from above. Then undercuts of the shape in the z-axis direction are generally excluded unless shims are used.
  • a plurality of the surface modules can be joined to one another in such a way that, in the assembled state, they can form a continuous wall surface in the x-axis direction and in the z-axis direction.
  • a continuous, contiguous wall surface is present when the wall surface can be expanded as far as desired and when the wall surface modules are connected to each other (reversibly detachable).
  • complementary surfaces of the surface modules are opposite each other. These complementary surfaces preferably have at least one line contact. The points of contact of the complementary surfaces may contain gaps.
  • the wall surface in the assembled state has gaps between the modules whose diameters in the x- or z-axis direction are smaller than 1/5 of the maximum x-axis extent of a surface modulus; Preferably, the gaps are less than 1/10 of the maximum x-axis extent of a surface module. Smaller gaps in the shape may be present to make room for other elements of the wall surface so that the wall surface can still accommodate, for example, pipes, bolts or steel girders or ducts (eg, power or water lines) can be pulled.
  • the surface modules can build up a continuous wall surface, it is often intended to incorporate windows or other elements interrupting the wall. Complete modules made of transparent material can perform similar functions.
  • the modules in the x- and / or z-axis direction are flush with each other completely, ie there are only minor gaps whose diameter in the x or z-axis direction is smaller than 1/50 of the maximum x-axis extent of a surface module. preferably less than 1/100 of the maximum x-axis extent of a surface module.
  • the connection between the modules is accurate.
  • the corresponding complementary surfaces touch each other at least at three points. As a result, the surfaces are stably supported relative to each other. Gaps are also conceivable if instead of lateral abutment narrow narrow lines or edges are used.
  • the forces between the module surfaces should be able to be transferred well without excessive local pressure forces being built up.
  • the wall surface consists of a surface module shape. It can be used in particular variants of the invention preferably still intermediate modules, spacers, plates, wedges or other other modules. In order to produce a finished closed wall with straight side surfaces, it is necessary to attach end pieces to the wall surface edges, eg at the bottom or top. In special developments of the invention, additional smaller spacers for constructing the wall surface can also be used, which are located between the surface modules be inserted. For example, an additional plate module element can increase the voltage between the surface modules. If a module element is inserted between the extensions in a recess, then the clamping effect can be additionally increased. The insertion is preferably powerless.
  • the surface module has a cube or cuboid shape with a recess projecting into the module. Preferred are forms that have exclusively or mostly right angles.
  • a side projection surface is the area of a projection of a page onto one of the planes formed by two major axes. This corresponds to the profile of the surface module in the main axis direction. The total area shadows depicted on the respective plane can be compared in their area.
  • the projection area of the front and back is larger than the projection area of the top and bottom; preferably larger by a factor of 2.
  • the former are also preferably larger than the lateral side surfaces; preferably larger by a factor of 10.
  • the maximum extent of the area module in the x-axis direction is greater than the maximum extent in the z-axis direction.
  • the module is therefore wider in the wall than higher.
  • the wall is preferably thinner than it is high and wide.
  • particularly thin walls can be constructed and thus material can be saved.
  • the projection area of each section plane of the area module in the x / z plane does not have the same area as the front side projection. The indentations are then non-continuous in the y-axis direction and there may be undercuts in the y-axis direction.
  • the surface module has at least two lower extensions, which are further extended in the z-axis direction at the bottom than a lower indentation lying in the x-axis direction between these extensions.
  • An extension in a particular direction is a protruding module portion or volume element of the surface module that is further extended in a particular direction than adjacent volume elements.
  • An extension in the z-axis direction at the bottom or at the top means that the lower / upper extensions (module sections) are extended more upwards than a module section located between these extensions, which itself forms a recess.
  • the extensions will also be the module sections furthest down or up in the z-axis direction.
  • the lower extensions are preferably located on the left and right lower sides of the surface module (left and right legs), which are connected via a central, higher intermediate piece of the surface module.
  • the at least two lower extensions in the z-axis direction are most extended downwardly with respect to the total surface module. In the simplest variant, this corresponds in the front profile an inverted angular "U", ie a U-shape. In this case, each two adjacent module layers in the wall surface can be protected from being pulled apart in the x-axis direction.
  • the upper surface of the U-shape is flat, so that no entanglement between the pairs of layers and the wall surface is not continuously protected against tensile stress in the x-axis direction. Therefore, the base surface of the surface module preferably has further elements, as described below.
  • the lower extensions each have a bottom surface.
  • these underside surfaces of the extensions should in any case be complementary to the (upper) superior inner surface of the corresponding indentation. These surfaces are in the wall surface next to each other and should therefore preferably fit together accurately without gaps. Similarly, this also applies to any upper extensions and corresponding (lower) inferior inner surfaces of an upper indentation.
  • the underside surface of the extensions is parallel to the x / y plane or to the y-axis direction and / or the x-axis direction. It is therefore preferably a horizontal flat surface.
  • the underside surfaces of the extensions lie horizontally on the inner side surfaces of the corresponding indentation and in the case of an upright wall, the weight force vector is ideally normal, that is to say at an angle of 90 °, on the surfaces. Accordingly, then the counter surface on the inside of the corresponding indentation must also be parallel to the x / y plane, so preferably horizontal and flat.
  • the extension is preferably delimited by the following boundary surfaces: the lateral inner side (s) of a recess, then clockwise or counterclockwise the underside (s) of the extension itself, then at least a section of a lateral outer side of the surface module and finally a conceptually in the x-axis.
  • Axial direction continued continuation of the top point of the (preferably horizontal) superior inner surface of the indentation.
  • the extension is connected to the main body of the surface module via the imaginary line.
  • the lengths of the extensions in the z-axis direction vary depending on the application. For concrete or stone structures, the extensions are preferably between 0.5 cm and 2 m long in the z-axis direction, preferably between 1 cm and 50 cm, more preferably between 2 cm and 20 cm.
  • the dimensions are preferably smaller by about half.
  • the width of the extensions in the x-axis direction is preferably in the same dimensional ranges as the length.
  • the total module length in the x-axis direction is preferably between 4 cm and 10 m, more preferably between 8 cm and 2 m, most preferably between 10 cm and 100 cm.
  • the total module height in the z-axis direction is preferably between 2 cm and 5 m, more preferably between 5 cm and 90 cm, even more preferably between 20 and 80 cm, most preferably between 62.5 cm and 75 cm. With a floor height of 2.5 to 3 m and 4 surface module layers per floor, an area module would be 62.5 cm to 75 cm high.
  • the depth of the surface module in the y-axis direction is preferably between 1 cm and 1 m, preferably between 2 cm and 50 cm, and more preferably between 3 cm and 20 cm.
  • the lengths of the modules can preferably be shortened to lengthened by a factor of 0.1 to 10, more preferably extended by 1.5, or shortened by 0.75, optionally shortened or lengthened by twice the length.
  • Plastic modules or wood modules are generally thinner than brick modules.
  • the counterpart to the extensions are the indentations.
  • the highest point of the indentation in the z-axis direction is higher than the respective lowest points of the extensions defining this indentation.
  • the extent of the indentation in the x-axis direction is limited by the extensions and extends to the lowest in the z-axis direction points of this indent forming extensions.
  • the extent of the indentation is also limited in the z-axis direction by the extensions and extends in the z-axis direction from the highest point of the indentation to the lowest point of the extensions forming this indentation.
  • each point of the indentation in the z-axis direction will be higher than the respective deepest point of the extensions forming this indentation.
  • These cavities of the surface module manifest themselves by an interruption of the underside surface (or top surface) of the surface module.
  • the upwardly or downwardly directed lower or upper indentation is formed into an upwardly or downwardly open cavity of the surface module.
  • a recess is thus a recessed module section, wherein the module surfaces at this point extend inwards, so as to form a cavity.
  • the surface module on two lower extensions and a lower indentation.
  • the surface module is characterized in that the lower and / or upper Indentation is marked at its edges by an interruption / edge, ie a non-steady derivative of the course of the respective lower and / or upper side surface in the x-axis direction.
  • an interruption / edge ie a non-steady derivative of the course of the respective lower and / or upper side surface in the x-axis direction.
  • the bottom or top of the module is broken in the x-axis direction. This results in two flank sections, which form the extensions and an intermediate indentation with preferably at least three inner surfaces.
  • the indentation is preferably continuous in the y-axis direction. In such a case, the extensions of the surface module are not directly connected.
  • the depth of the indentation thus simultaneously determines the length of the corresponding extension.
  • the depth of the recess is between 25% and 75% of the total height of the module in the z-axis direction.
  • the recessed depth is more than 30%, more preferably between 40% and 60% of the total height of the sheet modulus in the z-axis direction.
  • a greater indentation depth in relation to the overall module dimensions produces a reinforced antislip clamping action and better transmission of bending moment.
  • the larger perimeter surface increases the adhesion between the modules and thus the lateral Umfallstabilmaschine even at lower wall thickness.
  • the maximum surface module thickness in the y-axis direction is less than the maximum depth of the indentation or indentation.
  • An object of the invention is to provide particularly stable but at the same time thin walls. With a greater recess depth not only the lateral stability increases in the x-axis direction, because the surface modules are thereby interlocked form-fitting manner. In addition, with the increasing perimeter surface, better traction is achieved against falling in the y-axis direction. This advantage can be significantly improved if entanglement points at different positions along the z-axis direction available. The further apart the interlocking points are in the z-axis direction, the better the bending moments can be absorbed. A greater depth of the indentation is therefore advantageous in order to avoid falling over in the y-axis direction, in particular for thin walls. Thus, thinner wall surfaces can be set up.
  • the depth of the indentation in the z-axis direction preferably corresponds to half the total height of the surface module.
  • the superior inner surface (SI) (superior in Latin for upper) or inferior inner surface then lies at exactly half height in the z-axis direction.
  • SI superior inner surface
  • inferior inner surface then lies at exactly half height in the z-axis direction.
  • the recess depth usually does not exceed half the module height.
  • the recess depth is then between 51% and 75% of the total module height in the z-axis direction.
  • the tensile stress stability in the x-axis direction can be further improved and the slipping-out of the surface modules can be prevented.
  • the upper lateral corners of a recess can be reduced and thus the thinning of the material of the surface module can be prevented at this point.
  • the surface module may have a higher wall thickness at the weak points.
  • the lower outer surface (lower outer surface of the extension (UAE)) at the edge for indentation with the lateral inner surface of the recess (LI) forms an angle of 90 ° to 130 °, more preferably between 100 ° and 90 °, most preferably 90 ° , out.
  • the Angle should generally be not less than 90 ° (due to undercuts in the z-axis direction), because otherwise the surface modules are no longer stackable without aids such as spacer plates in the z-axis direction.
  • the angles in this case are to be understood as being measured from the lower outer surface of the extensions, through the extension (ie, for the right extension in a counterclockwise direction) to the inner surface of the indentation.
  • a recess has at least one inner surface (I).
  • Inner surfaces of the surface module are those surfaces which form a recess. They are therefore basically within the outer limits of the surface module. Therefore, there is generally always another surface or side of the surface module, which is located farther outward in one of the main axis directions than the inner surfaces.
  • an inner surface is present if, for the respective inner surface, there is an area of the surface module that lies even farther outward (ie, farther outward from the surface center of the indentation in the x / z plane).
  • External surfaces (A) of the surface module are basically those surfaces of the surface module that do not form a recess of the surface module.
  • the surface module will have a total of at least eight surfaces (but more in most cases).
  • the underside surface is divided by the indentation interruption into at least three surfaces: an inner surface and the two lower surface surfaces of the Extensions.
  • an inner surface and the two lower surface surfaces of the Extensions For flat inner surfaces there will be at least two inner surfaces; this leads to exactly two inner surfaces to an upwardly leading wedge-like incision, which may be formed as a more or less steeply extending notch.
  • the angle between the lower extension surface (lower outer surface of the extension (UAE)) and the first inner surface is greater than 90 °.
  • the module then has a total of at least 9 surfaces.
  • the three inner surfaces are then preferably formed in each case by two lateral inner surfaces (LI) and a preferably horizontal upper superior inner surface (SI) running parallel to the x / y plane (in the case of an upper indentation, this is a corresponding horizontal (lower) inferior Inner surface (II)).
  • LI lateral inner surfaces
  • SI superior inner surface
  • II inferior Inner surface
  • At least one of the indentations has a superior inner surface of the surface module, which forms an angle of between 60 ° to 90 ° with the z-axis direction and / or that at least one of the indentations at least two lateral Having inner surfaces which form an angle of between 60 ° to 90 ° with the x-axis direction.
  • the superior inner surfaces are therefore preferably oriented horizontally (at right angles to z). At an angle of 0 ° with the z-axis direction, the superior inner surfaces would be parallel to the z-axis direction.
  • the angle specification describes the angle between the superior inner surface and the z-axis direction in both the clockwise and counterclockwise directions from the front.
  • angular ranges of the superior inner surface having the z-axis direction and the lateral inner surface having the x-axis direction are from 85 ° to 90 °, and more preferably from 88 ° to 90 °, most preferably 90 °.
  • the at least one superior inner surface is typically parallel to the x / y plane and thus horizontal in the constructed wall surface. However, orientations of this upper inner surface are possible, which form an angle of 0 ° to 89 ° with the x / y plane.
  • the superior inner surfaces can also have different characteristics, which include non-planar curves or non-continuous derivatives of the courses (edges).
  • the superior inner surface has one or more additional steps or Indentations on.
  • the superior inner surface (SI) generally serves as a support for the lower extension surfaces, ie the lower outer surface of the extension (UAE). In most embodiments of the invention, the superior inner surfaces are therefore horizontally oriented in the finished panel. It is possible that there are two or more superior inner surfaces that are at the same height or different height or depth.
  • the surface module according to the invention at least two lateral outer surfaces (LA), which form an angle of between 60 ° and 90 ° with the x-axis direction. In this case, too, the angle specification describes the angle between the lateral outer surfaces and the z-axis direction in both directions, ie clockwise and counterclockwise from the front.
  • lateral outer surfaces are therefore not always formed exactly vertical. In the present case, they are referred to as lateral outer surfaces (LA).
  • LA lateral outer surfaces
  • these lateral outer surfaces lying on the surface module are arranged vertically in a wall surface formed from a plurality of surface modules.
  • the surface module preferably has between two and ten lateral outer surfaces.
  • the lateral outer surfaces of the surface module are also simultaneously the outer lateral boundaries of the extensions - lateral outer surfaces of the extensions (LAE). This is the case in particular when the surface module has only a lower and / or upper indentation.
  • the extensions form at least two lateral outer surfaces or outer edges of the surface module which are furthest outward in the x-axis direction, which form an angle of between 60 ° and 90 ° with the x-axis, for the most part.
  • the lateral outer surfaces of the extensions (LAE) are preferably located at the lower portion of the lateral outer surfaces of the Surface module.
  • the lateral outer surfaces of the extensions (LAE) then correspond to a partial section of the lateral outer surfaces (LA) of the surface module.
  • the stackable surface module according to the invention is designed such that at least two of the lateral outer surfaces, which are located on different sides of the surface module, in the wall surface constructed at least partially complementary and / or fitting can be joined together. In some cases, however, a line contact along the complementary surfaces is sufficient.
  • the inner surfaces of a recess of the surface modules are each completely covered by the complementary extension surfaces, which are inserted into the recess to build a wall surface.
  • these are two extensions of two different surface modules from adjacent layers in the z-axis direction.
  • the next-to-surface area module layers preferably do not touch each other. This leads to better tensile stability in the x-axis direction (longitudinal axis stability).
  • the weight force leads to a clamping effect, which additionally fixes the surface modules.
  • the weight force is particularly important in variants in which the lateral inner surfaces are not aligned exactly vertically, ie parallel to the z-axis direction.
  • the lateral outer surfaces of two surface modules adjacent to one another in a layer are joined together.
  • These outermost surfaces (LA) which are furthest outward in the x-axis direction (which usually also form the outer surfaces of the extensions (LAE)) therefore have to be formed at least partially, that is, at least at the locations which touch each other in the wall surface.
  • the contact sections are generally defined by the lateral outer surfaces of the extensions (LAE). Only if, in particular embodiments of the invention, as described above, the extensions do not completely fill the corresponding indentation, can places along the extension outer surfaces in the assembled state of Do not touch the wall surface.
  • a connection is formed between the lateral outer surfaces of an extension (LAE) and an upper bulge of a module of the next layer.
  • LAE extension
  • these variants will be described later. In most cases, these surfaces are flat and perpendicular to the x-axis direction, which makes it easy to join two parallel outer surfaces.
  • Non-planar surfaces or additional steps or indentations in the side surfaces mean that the surfaces facing each other in the wall surface are no longer equal. In preferred variants, however, the side surfaces are parallel to the z-axis direction to ensure stackability from above.
  • the lateral inner side surfaces (LI) of the recess are at the same time the lateral inner boundary surfaces of the extensions - the lateral inner side surfaces of the extensions (LIE).
  • the lateral inner side of a recess consists of a single lateral inner side surface. There are basically two options for this. In the first case, the surface module is rotated by 180 ° in the y-axis direction to construct the next wall layer. In this case, the left or right lateral inner surface (LLI) or (RLI) of a surface module comes to rest next to the same inverted surface of the next module.
  • this surface portion must be complementary to its own, rotated by 180 ° about the x-axis inner surface.
  • the surface module is rotated by 180 ° in the x-axis direction to construct the next wall layer.
  • the left lateral inner surface (LLI) of a surface module comes to lie next to the right lateral inner surface (RLI).
  • the (LLI) must be complementary to its own by 180 °, rotated around the x-axis, (RLI) and vice versa.
  • the bottom surfaces of the extensions are each complementary to the corresponding portion (usually one half) of the upper inside surface of the Indentation - the upper superior inner surface (SI), so that two extensions cover the entire upper inner side surface. There are also preferably two options here.
  • the surface module is rotated by 180 ° in the y-axis direction to construct the next wall surface layer.
  • the lower outer surface of the left extension (UALE) comes to lie next to the left section of the superior inner surface (LSI). These surfaces must therefore be shaped complementarily.
  • the length of the lower outer surface of the left extension (UALE) in the x-axis direction then corresponds to the length of the left portion of the superior inner surface (LSI).
  • UARE lower outer surface of the right extension
  • the surface module is rotated through 180 ° in the x-axis direction to build up the next wall layer.
  • the lower outer surface of the left extension comes to lie next to the right section of the superior inner surface (RSI) and vice versa. These surfaces must therefore be shaped complementarily.
  • the length of the superior inner surface (SI) is equal to (or in some cases greater) the summed lengths of the lower outer surface of the extensions (UAE) in the x-axis direction.
  • the total area of two extensions is equal to the total area of the indentation formed between these extensions in the x-axis direction.
  • the cavity of the indentation is preferably at least so large that it can accommodate the two extensions of the surface module, which form the indentation.
  • the total areas are the same.
  • the extensions of two adjacent surface modules in a layer of the wall surface then fit flush into the indentation of a surface module fitted in the wall stack layer in the z-axis direction above or below. This will provide a (positive) lock against slipping in the x-axis direction reached. It is also possible that a bulge of the surface module protrudes from the next but one layer in the surface area of the recess of a module in the wall surface.
  • the surface module preferably has at least one upper outer surface (OA) which forms an angle of between 60 ° and 90 ° with the z-axis.
  • OA upper outer surface
  • the angle indication refers to the angle from the z-axis direction in both directions of rotation to the surface viewed from the front (in the other direction, of course, the angle is correspondingly greater than 90 °).
  • the upper outer surfaces are preferably on the upper sides of the upper extensions.
  • the surface module according to the invention has at least two lower outer surfaces, which form an angle of between 60 ° to 90 ° with the z-axis. More preferred are angular ranges in the z-axis direction of 85 ° to 90 °, and more preferably 88 ° to 90 °, most preferably 90 °.
  • the lower outer surfaces are preferably on the lower sides of the lower extensions.
  • the surface module has two or more upper and / or lower outer surfaces; preferably three to twelve, more preferably from four to ten.
  • each lower extension of two different surface modules can be precisely fitted to the upper inner surface (superior inner surface) of a recess of a third surface module.
  • All exterior and interior surfaces of the module can also be represented by non-flat surfaces.
  • these surfaces are by a curved course characterized.
  • rectangular arrangements of flat surfaces are preferred because in this case any tensile loads in the x-axis direction and the compressive loading by the wall surface weight in the z-axis direction normally rest on the surfaces.
  • additional indentations or bulges are conceivable, eg additional stages.
  • certain conditions and symmetries must be met, as each surface must be complementary when mating the module surfaces to another mating surface to avoid gaps.
  • the front and back surfaces which have no counter surface and define the usually visible outer surfaces in the wall surface.
  • the inventive surface modules can be joined to one another in such a way that, in the assembled state, they can form a reversibly detachable and non-positive or positive wall surface, at least in the x-axis direction and / or y-axis direction.
  • the wall surface is constructed in the z-axis stacking direction of alternately arranged layers of surface modules, wherein preferably in a layer, the surface modules rotates by 180 ° about the x-axis direction and / or the y-axis direction compared to the underlying and overlying layer rest.
  • the surface modules of the next layer in the x-axis direction must additionally be shifted laterally.
  • the shift length is half the area module length in the x-axis direction.
  • the surface modules of the next but one layer preferably do not touch each other in the z-axis stacking direction.
  • at least one surface of the surface module forms an angle of 60 ° to 90 ° with the x-axis; preferred are 75 ° to 90 °, more preferably 85 ° to 90 °, more preferably 88 ° to 90 °, most preferably 90 °.
  • the surface is arranged vertically.
  • the connection partners already without weight or shear force in one direction of movement in the way.
  • the pressure forces in normal arrangements act normal, that is perpendicular to the surfaces of the connection partners.
  • the result is a lock in the x-axis direction.
  • without additives such as mortar / adhesive / screws, etc., a movement in the x-axis direction is achieved.
  • the formed wall is stable against tensile stress in the x-axis direction. The deeper the indentation, the better the locking surface per volume against tensile stresses in the x-axis direction.
  • the height of an upper bulge Preferably, several of these surface modules are joined to one another in such a way that they can form a wall surface in the assembled state and this wall surface can be reversibly built up and dismantled without loss, so that the surface modules can be reused.
  • a key advantage of the invention is the reusability of the modules. There are no auxiliaries such as mortar or the like needed to build the wall.
  • the surface modules are preferably reversibly detachable in the z-axis direction. In addition, due to their larger surface area, the surface modules may have an improved force or form fit in some surface types.
  • a plurality of these surface modules are at least in the x-axis direction and / or in the y-axis direction and / or in the z-axis direction positively joined to each other, so that they can form a wall surface in the assembled state.
  • the stability of the wall is typically ensured by its own weight.
  • a Styrofoam wall is generally easier to avoid.
  • the weight typically acts down in the z-axis direction for a raised or stacked panel. This increases the frictional resistance at the bearing surfaces in the x / y plane when moving in the x or y axis direction.
  • the larger surface area per volume of the surface module thus also increases the real static friction of the surface modules.
  • the surface module has additional steps, extension pieces and / or recesses.
  • a step, extension, or recess is created when an area of the surface module is broken. The interruption is characterized in that at this point an additional edge and other surfaces arise; at the boundary of the surfaces, the derivative of the course of the surface is discontinuous and jumps to a new value.
  • a level generally creates two new surfaces from one base area - a total of three surfaces. In the present case, the footprints are usually named with abbreviations in brackets.
  • the inner surfaces and / or the outer surfaces preferably have additional steps, extension pieces or recesses.
  • the steps, extensions, or recesses result in a better distribution of tensile forces in the wall surface because the surface per unit volume of the surface module is increased.
  • the lateral inner surfaces have at least one step. As a result, the lateral inner surface is divided into at least two lateral surfaces.
  • a first lateral inner surface (ELI) is created on the left and right, a second lateral inner surface (ZU), which is higher in the z-axis direction, ie the first, and an intermediate middle superior inner surface (MSI).
  • the middle superior inner surface like the superior inner surface, preferably forms an angle of 60 ° to 90 ° with the z-axis direction, it is preferably oriented horizontally.
  • the lateral inner surfaces generally do not have recesses that are undercut in the z-axis direction, because this would mean that the surface module for forming the wall surface can no longer be set from the z-axis direction.
  • further surfaces along the lateral inner sides can be generated by further steps.
  • the symmetry conditions or complementarity of these surfaces must be taken into account.
  • the extra areas created must always meet the above conditions of the original area. Basically, therefore, the area that grows through the extensions in the upper section by a corresponding step, in the lower half of the lateral inner surface of the extension again as a recess must be taken. In a single step, for example, the three surfaces mentioned above arise.
  • the first lateral inner surface When assembled in the wall surface, the first lateral inner surface (ELI) must then be complementary to the second lateral inner surface (ZLI), either the right and left lateral inner surfaces, depending on how it is rotated.
  • the intermediate middle superior inner surface rests on another middle superior inner surface (MSI) on either the right or left side.
  • the middle superior inner surface is not horizontal but bevelled. Preferably, it forms an angle of 20 ° to 89 ° with the z-axis direction, more preferably 35 ° to 60 °, most preferably 45 °. With a single middle superior inner surface (MSI), this is always complementary to the same surface rotated by 180 ° about the x or y axis.
  • the lateral inner surfaces have several stages, preferably 2 to 15, more preferably 3 to 5. The more stages are introduced, the larger the surface area per volume of the surface module and the adhesion is improved.
  • the steps should not be so small that the many rectangular step surfaces are ultimately approximated to a diagonal. Then the module loses barrier effect and the positive connection weakens, because the modules could slip past each other and break out under tensile stress in the x-axis direction.
  • additional steps it is also possible to increase the depth of the indentation. Lowering the superior inner surface (SI) at the lateral ends of this surface, which corresponds to a step in the lateral inner surface, results in material thickening at the locations where the extensions are connected to the module main body.
  • SI superior inner surface
  • the surface module can have thin spots.
  • tensile stress fields can be built up, which can lead to the extensions being able to break under stress.
  • steps in the inner surfaces are useful.
  • a step is preferably located in the corner between the superior inner surface (SI) and the lateral inner surface.
  • the surface module 1 to 28 flat inner surfaces are 2 to 19 flat inner surfaces, more preferably 3 to 10, most preferably 4 to 7.
  • the length of the steps in the x-axis direction is usually defined by the extent of the non-lateral surfaces (ie in particular the horizontal surfaces).
  • One level has a middle superior inner surface (MSI).
  • the total length of the step is between 5% and 65% of the total module length in the x-axis direction.
  • the height of the step in the z-axis direction ranges from 5% to 40% of the total module length.
  • the lateral inner surface of the surface module is preferably divided into two halves in the z-axis direction and two equally high lateral inner surfaces are formed - the first lateral inner surface (ELI) and a second lateral inner surface (ZLI).
  • the superior inner surface has one or more Extension pieces, recesses or steps. Recesses increase the depth of the recess and thus enhance the blocking effect in the x-axis direction.
  • the complementary surfaces must also have corresponding complementary recesses, extension pieces or steps.
  • a recess in the left portion of the superior inner surface will result in a corresponding extension piece in the lower outer surface of the left or right extension (UALE / UARE).
  • extension pieces in the superior inner surface SI
  • UARE the extension pieces increase the total lockout area, which can act on the forces in the x-axis direction. They thereby improve the positive connection between the surface modules in the wall.
  • the borders are to be seen here as in the steps where the material of the surface module is rugged and fractures can occur.
  • the superior inner surface has a central extension piece or recess at the location where the two extensions come together.
  • the complementary extensions on the lower outer surface on a corresponding counter-recess or counter-extension piece Preferably, a central extension piece as center pin in the indentation leads to a recess at the outermost lowest corner of the respective extension.
  • the pen is exactly in the middle of the surface module.
  • all surfaces may have additional extension pieces or recesses that overlay the base surface.
  • the footprints in this document have been labeled with letter combinations and a list of footprints is listed at the end of the description.
  • further sub-surfaces arise in the base areas of the surface module.
  • For very large extension pieces / recesses in principle simply create new base areas; the transition between an extension piece / recess and a base is fluid.
  • adjacent surfaces in the wall surface must be correspondingly complementarily formed, and if the modules are to be stacked from the z-axis direction, then undercuts in the z-axis direction are to be avoided. Therefore, the lateral surfaces preferably will not have recesses in the x-axis direction that are not at the lowermost or uppermost edge (in the z-axis direction) of the surface module and have at most one extension piece in the x-axis direction.
  • the extension pieces may have right angles and then preferably have a rectangular tooth shape with three additional surfaces.
  • the extension pieces are tapered or have a pyramidal shape and preferably have two surfaces. Variants with non-planar or curved surfaces are also possible.
  • at least one surface has a lifting and a sink, for example, a sine wave-shaped extension piece and / or sinusoidal-shaped recess. Both side by side results in a complete sine wave.
  • the lifting and lowering can also take the form of a 0/1 function or another lifting / lowering function. On average, the lifting surfaces and the corresponding drainage surfaces level out.
  • the superior inner surface (SI) has at least one sine wave-shaped extension piece and / or sinusoidal wave-shaped recess.
  • the sine wave can form part of the superior inner surface (SI) or completely lengthwise. It is important that the complementary surfaces on the lower outer surfaces of the extensions (UAE) execute a complementary sine wave corresponding to this sine wave.
  • the superior inner surface (SI) has two complete sine waves, wherein in each case a counter-sine wave at the two lower outer surfaces of the extensions (UAE) complementary to this section of the superior inner surface (SI) correspondingly complementary.
  • the height and length of the sine wave can be varied.
  • the sine-wave extension piece and the sinusoidal wave-shaped cutout can, however, also be separated from one another on the base area.
  • the left section of the superior inner surface (LSI) and the right section of the superior inner surface (RSI) have a complete sine wave, but preferably not along the entire section length.
  • the superior inner surface (SI) still preferably has the original base surface, which is preferably a horizontal surface. For a better Auflagerung is achieved.
  • the corresponding complementary surfaces on the lower outer surfaces of the extensions (UAE) also have sine waves.
  • the sinusoidal expansion pieces or recesses have very special advantages.
  • each horizontal surface is formed with at least one step, recess, extension piece or preferably a complete (preferably continuous) sine wave.
  • the blocking effect in the z-axis direction is maximized because, ultimately, each surface contributes to blocking except for the front and rear surfaces.
  • the surface module according to the invention has a blocking surface in the x-axis direction on at least 3 surfaces.
  • the surface module on four to eight surfaces, preferably 4 surfaces, a blocking surface in the x-axis direction.
  • the tensile stress in the x-axis direction does not rest on only one surface. Additional steps, recesses, or extension pieces introduce multiple lateral surfaces at different positions in the x-axis direction, thereby distributing the stresses in the surface module.
  • the surface module has more than one lower recess on the lower outer surface (UA), which produces an upwardly leading cavity. In this case, 3 to 10 recesses are preferred.
  • each recesses is an indentation in the sense of the invention, in which two extensions of adjacent surface modules in a layer of the constructed wall surface can be introduced into this indentation.
  • the further recesses may have the same shape as the indentation but in this case the complementary surface to this recess is an additional extension piece of a single surface module.
  • the surface module has an odd number of surfaces.
  • a plurality of surface modules can be firmly connected to one another at the lateral outer surfaces. These then form a surface module combination which extends in the wall surface layer over a plurality of surface modules.
  • the surface module according to the invention has at least one axis of rotation symmetry and / or mirror plane symmetry. Symmetrical surface modules are easier to manufacture.
  • the surface module is characterized in that for the construction of a wall surface by rotation through 180 ° about the y-axis or x-axis extensions of two in the x-axis direction laterally adjacent surface modules in the respective indentation of lying in the layer above or below the surface module come lie. The result is a closed area and conversely, the modules can be cut without loss of material from an existing plate.
  • the halves of the area module preferably have a rotational axis symmetry at 180 ° rotation in the y-axis direction.
  • Half of the surface of the indentation then preferably corresponds to the surface of one of the extensions forming this indentation.
  • the entire area module preferably has a rotational axis symmetry at 180 ° rotation in the z-axis direction, for example the U-shaped modules.
  • crossover compatible modules have no rotational axis symmetry at 180 ° rotation in the z-axis direction. The latter also have no mirror plane symmetry in the y / z plane.
  • the surface module has no rotational axis symmetry at 180 ° rotation in the y-axis direction and / or x-axis direction.
  • shapes with upper and lower indentations can have rotational axis symmetries at 180 ° rotation in all major axes.
  • the area module preferably has a mirror plane symmetry in the y / z plane. Then, the section through half of the expansion of the surface module in the x-axis direction gives exactly half of the module surface volume.
  • the first and second embodiments of the invention also preferably have a mirror plane symmetry in the x / z plane. This is important for y-axis continuous modules where the front profile matches the back profile.
  • the stackable area module according to the invention has no mirror plane symmetry in the x / y plane.
  • the previous embodiments achieve blocking of the surface modules in the x-axis direction.
  • this lock occurs only between a module dual layer.
  • the Wall surface should be stable in itself and may have smaller holes.
  • the surface modules in the wall surface are accurately connected to each other. At least several lines of contact or points of contact between the module surfaces are necessary.
  • a further embodiment is described. There are basically two variants. In the first variant, the lower indentation principle of the first embodiment is also applied above.
  • H-shape H-shaped module
  • the surface module on top of a recess on a bulge This leads to an upper cusp which can be built quite analogous to the lower indentation, but just vice versa: where the indentation has no surface (cavity) is now the surface of the bulge and where there are extensions down left and right is now one recess.
  • This surface module has a recess in the top left and right as opposed to the square (inverted) U-shape is therefore referred to as an (inverted) V-shape.
  • This is preferably stackable as a tower.
  • the V-shape is in the wall surface - as far as it is surrounded by elements - always surrounded by 6 elements: top 2, bottom 2 and side 1 each.
  • the H-shape is always surrounded by 4 elements.
  • the surface module comprises at least two upper extensions in the z-axis direction and at least one upper z-axis downwardly delimited indentation in the x-axis direction which is in the x-axis direction between these upper extensions .
  • the surface module comprises at least two upper extensions and at least one upper indentation.
  • This shape is preferably H-shaped.
  • the surface module comprises at least two lower extensions and at least two upper extensions, with the at least two upper extensions being further extended in the z-axis direction at the top than one in the x-axis direction between these upper lying upper recess.
  • the H-shape area module preferably has a mirror plane symmetry in the x / y plane, preferably half the total height in the x-axis direction.
  • the H-shape also preferably has a mirror plane symmetry in the y / z plane and the x / z plane.
  • the H-shape has a very good blocking effect in the x-axis direction due to the double clamping effect both at the bottom and in the upper module half. It is compact and highly symmetrical and therefore easy to manufacture.
  • the central areas are amplified, at each of which the extensions are connected to the entire body of the module surface, so that these joints are reinforced and the extensions can withstand greater voltages.
  • the H-shape in addition to the surfaces of the lower recess, as already described for the U-shape, preferably further surfaces. Basically, these upper surfaces preferably correspond to the same surfaces due to the upper indentation as for the lower indentation. Therefore, the H-shape preferably has lateral inner surfaces (LIO) of the upper indentation, preferably a left lateral internal surface (LLIO) and a right lateral internal surface (RLIO). These are preferably arranged vertically. Between these lateral inner surfaces there is a (lower) inferior inner surface (II) of an upper indentation, which is preferably horizontal or can form similar angular ranges with the x / y plane as the superior analog inner surface (SI).
  • LIO left lateral internal surface
  • RLIO right lateral internal surface
  • the upper extensions are preferably characterized by lateral outer surfaces of the upper extensions (LAEO) and by upper outer surfaces of the extension (OAE); these are preferably the upper outer surface of the left extension (OAL) and the upper outer surface of the right extension (OARE). These upper outer surfaces are preferably compatible with the corresponding inner surfaces of the upper indentation, ie, the left-hand portion of the inferior inner surface (LII) and the right-hand portion of the inferior inner surface (RII). But it is a property of the H-shape that these stacked even without 180 ° rotation can be. Then the lower outer surfaces of the extension (UAE) come to rest on the inferior inner surfaces (II) of the upper indentation.
  • the H-shape may also have steps such as a first lateral inner surface of the upper indentation (ELIO), a second lateral inner surface of the upper indentation (ZLIO), and a middle inferior inner surface of the upper indentation (MII) or have additional additional surfaces.
  • all surfaces can be overlaid with additional recesses or extension pieces.
  • the H-shape at the lower outer surfaces of the extension (UAE) and the upper outer surfaces of the extension (UAE) in each case a full sine wave or another jump function or lifting / Senkungsausformung. Accordingly, the superior inner surface (SI) and the inner inner surface (II) are also formed with two complete sine waves. This increases the blocking effect in the x-axis direction.
  • the stackable area module comprises at least two recesses uppermost in the z-axis direction and at least one upper upwardly extending in the z-axis direction defined by these recesses in the x-axis direction, which extends in the x-axis direction between present these upper recesses.
  • the upper bulge in the V-shape is analogous to the lower recess and has the same edge profile only the surface areas are reversed, ie where in the lower part of the module has volume, is in the upper part of an empty space / recess and vice versa.
  • the upper and lower regions are preferably above or below half the module height. However, the condition described above only applies as long as no median strip is present, as described below. Then the upper and lower areas begin from the median strip.
  • the surface module has an upper bulge.
  • the V-shape has recesses on the top left and right and a bulge in between.
  • the V-shape of the surface module achieves a blocking effect in the x-axis direction both below through the indentation and in the upper module half with the indentation.
  • the depth of the indentation can be increased, because there is a bulge on the upper side in a central position instead of a recess. This achieves a very high blocking area per module volume.
  • the V-shape can be stacked to a gapless tower with straight outer surfaces, in which only the V-shape modules are piled up directly without side offset. The V-shape achieves a very high surface area per volume and has many blocking surfaces without consuming a lot of volume.
  • V-shape a shape that has a bulge in both directions.
  • this shape has a high volume for the achieved total locking surface.
  • this module is not protected against tensile stress in the x-axis direction.
  • the V-shape in which there is a recess on the lower side and a bulge on the upper side.
  • This area module achieves high x-axis stability with low material consumption.
  • the V-shape has recesses left and right.
  • the V-shape therefore preferably has only outer surfaces in the upper half of the surface module, specifically where, in the H-shape analogous to an indentation, the surfaces would only be the other way round - instead of inner surfaces now outer surfaces.
  • this module has a bow or V-shape.
  • This shape optimally derives the weight load from above in the individual module elements. It uses the bow or dome principle and therefore represents an optimal compromise between the arch shape and a cuboid.
  • the weight force, which attaches to the upper outer surfaces of the module is derived along the extensions down.
  • the shape has improved springiness and elasticity.
  • the bulge of the V-shape therefore has lateral outer surfaces (LAA) of the bulge: a left lateral outer surface (LLAA) and a right lateral outer surface (RLAA). Left and right refer to the module viewed from the front.
  • LAA lateral outer surfaces of the bulge: a left lateral outer surface (LLAA) and a right lateral outer surface (RLAA).
  • Left and right refer to the module viewed from the front.
  • the left lateral outer surface (LLAA) is complementary to either the next left lateral outer surface (LLAA) or the right lateral outer surface (RLAA) of the surface module in the next layer, depending on whether the module is 180 ° about the x-axis. or the y-axis is rotated.
  • the modules of the next layer are each joined by 180 ° about the x-axis or the y-axis rotated on each other.
  • the Ausbuchtungstellen this is analogous to the indentations.
  • the inner surfaces, the bulge outer surfaces come to rest; These surfaces must be complementary to each other.
  • the V-shape has an upper superior outer surface (SA) of an upper protrusion, which in preferred variants can be divided into a left portion of the superior outer surface (LSA) and a right portion of the superior outer surface (RSA).
  • the V-shaped surface module preferably includes upper outer surfaces of the bulge recess (OAA) at the left and right edges in the x-axis direction. These serve as support surfaces for the upper superior outer surface (SA) of the surface module in the next layer.
  • the module preferably has an upper outer surface of the left bulge recess (OALA) and an upper outer surface of the right bulge recess (OARA). These surfaces are preferably horizontal. When building a tower, the lower outer surfaces of the extensions can rest here.
  • the left portion of the superior outer surface will come to rest either adjacent the upper outer surface of the left lobe (OALA) or the upper outer surface of the right lance (OARA), as rotated about the x or y axis , These surfaces must then be shaped complementarily.
  • the length of the upper outer surface of the left bulge recess (OALA) in the x-axis direction then corresponds to the length of the left portion of the superior outer surface (LSA). Analogously, this applies to the right side.
  • the length in the x-axis direction of the upper superior outer surface (SA) is equal to the summed lengths of the left and right outer surfaces of the bulge recesses.
  • the total area is thus connected alternately between the layers via extensions and indentations or between the next layers over two bulges.
  • the surface modules in one layer touch over the lateral outer surfaces of the lower extensions (LAE). Two modules next to each other are secured against being pulled apart by a module below or above.
  • the area module with the V-shape has no plane of symmetry in the x / y plane.
  • the superior inner surface (SI) of the lower indent is at the same height in the z-axis direction as the upper outer surfaces of the protuberance recess (OAA). This height usually corresponds to half the total height of the module.
  • the V-shape can also be described by dividing the surface into 3 mutually connected, adjacent rectangles: left and right rectangles and a center piece.
  • the left and right rectangles are on the left and right beyond the line where the lateral inner surfaces of the lower indent intersect the x-axis.
  • the two left and right rectangles then preferably together have exactly the same area as the third rectangle of the center piece.
  • the large center rectangle is located in a module in the x-direction in the middle of the two small rectangles.
  • the surface module can also have further steps on the lateral outer surfaces of the upper bulge. Thus, additional surfaces are generated.
  • the lateral outer surfaces have at least one step.
  • the lateral outer surface is divided into at least two lateral surfaces.
  • the angles between the step surfaces are 90 °.
  • three levels are created by one level; two lateral outer surfaces and one upper outer surface.
  • a first lateral outer surface of the bulge (ELAA) is formed on the left and right, a second lateral outer surface of the bulge (ZLAA), which is higher in the z-axis direction, that is, the first and an intermediate middle superior outer surface (MSA).
  • the middle superior outer surface (MSA) like the superior outer surface, preferably forms an angle of 60 ° to 90 ° with the z-axis direction, it is preferably oriented horizontally.
  • further surfaces along the lateral outer sides can be generated by further steps.
  • the symmetry conditions of these surfaces must be observed.
  • the extra areas created must always meet the above conditions of the original area. Basically, therefore, the area that grows from the extensions in the upper section by a corresponding step in the lower half of the lateral inner surface of the extension must be taken as a recess again.
  • the three surfaces mentioned above arise.
  • the first lateral outer surface of the bulge (ELAA) must then be complementary to the second lateral outer surface of the bulge (ZLAA), either the right and left, depending on how it is rotated.
  • the intermediate middle superior outer surface (MSA) rests on another MSA on either the right or left side.
  • the middle superior outer surface is not horizontal but bevelled. Preferably, it forms an angle of 20 ° to 89 ° with the z-axis direction, more preferably 35 ° to 60 °, most preferably 45 °.
  • the lateral outer surfaces have several stages, preferably 2 to 15, more preferably 3 to 5.
  • the total length of the step in the x-axis direction is between 10% and 75% of the total module length in the x-axis direction.
  • the superior outer surface comprises one or more extension pieces, recesses or steps. However, this must be done Complementary surfaces also corresponding complementary recesses, extension pieces or stages.
  • the superior outer surface (SA) has a central extension piece or recess at the location where the two lower extensions of the next layer come together.
  • the complementary upper outer surfaces of the bulge recess (OAA) have a corresponding recess or extension piece.
  • the bulge surfaces can preferably be superimposed with a sine wave.
  • the superior outer surface (LSA) preferably has at least one, preferably two complete sine waves.
  • the upper outer surface of the left lobe recess (OALA) and the upper outer surface of the right lance recess (OARA) each have a complete sine wave.
  • a material middle strip may preferably be present in the middle section between the upper and lower regions with the respective indentations or bulges.
  • the central strip is not cut by any indentation or recess.
  • This median strip preferably has 5% to 70% of the total module height in the z-axis height, more preferably 10% to 35%.
  • the median strip has the largest dimension in the x-axis direction.
  • the surface module preferably has no cavities. This saves material and allows easier processing. In particular, the surface module has no cavity in the x / y plane.
  • Verschränkungsstellenschreib 2 Entschränkungsstellen different locking direction positive / negative (extension + trough each on the front and back of a module)
  • proximal interlocking pair 2 interlacing sites in direct order in the x-axis direction
  • Double interlocking pair 4 interpolation points to accommodate bending moments in one axis direction
  • triple interlocking pair 6 interpolation points to accommodate bending moments in two axes
  • the invention relates to a stackable surface module, wherein the surface module comprises at the Verschränkungsstellen at least two interlocking connecting elements. Such elements are preferably extensions and complementary troughs.
  • the stackable surface module has interlocking points, each interlocking point comprising surface modulations with at least one interlocking extension from the base plane and a complementary interlocking trough so that complementary surface modulations on adjacent surface modules in the assembled state of the wall surface can form a interlocking network, wherein at the intersection, the course of the area modulation in the y-axis direction is not continuous parallel to the y-axis direction such that a interlocking compound forms a positive barrier in at least one y-axis direction normal to the wall or shell surface.
  • the area modulation at the intersection is not continuous parallel to the y-axis direction; however, it can be continuous in the y-axis direction.
  • This course creates an area along the module perimeter at the intersection, which is not parallel to the y-axis direction at least at one point. As a result, a y-axis lock with the next surface module is possible at this point.
  • a (preferred vertical) blocking surface is created, which blocks in the y-axis direction.
  • the vertical surface is preferred; this is at right angles to the y-axis direction.
  • the course at the intersection in the y-axis direction may be completely continuous, resulting, for example, in a bevelled edge.
  • this shape is not preferred, because forces can be created on it when printing from the front onto the surface modules in the wall, which are not normal to the y-axis direction. This threatens the adjacent modules slide apart. Better is therefore a discontinuous course and preferably at least partially a vertical blocking surface.
  • the surface modulus at that location does not extend completely along that of the entire y-axis extent. If the interlocking extension is at the front of the module, then there is a gap in the y-axis direction behind the extension.
  • the area module is preferably thinner in the y-axis direction than the maximum y-axis extent.
  • the Verschränkungsfortsatz a finger or similar outgrowth.
  • the elements of the Verschränkungsstelle so both Verschränkungsfortsatz and complementary Verschränkungsmulde on one side, so the module front or the back can be formed or each opposite.
  • these lie one behind the other in the y-axis direction, resulting in a larger effective barrier area at this point along the module perimeter.
  • the extension of the lower module then engages, for example, the front of the trough of the next module, while in the y-axis direction behind the extension of the upper module engages in the trough of the lower module.
  • the Verschränkungsfortsatz on the front (in the y-axis direction front) and the corresponding wells on the rear side of the surface module is arranged.
  • extension and recess are not consecutive on a module but offset in the x-axis direction or the z-axis direction next to each other. Preferably, both are next to each other.
  • extension and trough are further apart, so as to absorb bending moments in the respective axis.
  • the complementary interlocking trough of the same face module will be either 180 ° around the x-axis, either at the front or at the back, depending on whether the modules are joined together to form a wall or shell surface or the y-axis rotates toward each other in the z-axis direction are stackable.
  • the surface module at the Entschränkungsstelle on at least two layers on with different Ausuchsmens on, so a jump-like non-steady course in the y-axis direction.
  • a digital profile of the surface profile at the entanglement point in the y-axis direction is particularly preferred.
  • a new interface (or blocking surface) is formed, which is preferably parallel to the x / z plane, and thus preferably parallel to the front or back of the module.
  • the size of the interface depends on the difference in level of the layer volumes at the entanglement point. If an extension is followed by a trough, then the area of the interface is optimized. In most cases, the newly emerging surfaces, like the underlying surfaces, are aligned horizontally or, in the case of lateral starting surfaces, vertically aligned.
  • the blocking effect in the y-axis direction is optimal and the entanglement points can not slip past each other.
  • further surfaces which are for support or for assembly serve the modules.
  • the new areas may be at different levels in the z-axis direction, thus forming terraced structures with level gradations.
  • the Verschränkungs slaughter two layers, for example in the form of a 1-0 profile.
  • a jump occurs parallel to the z-axis y-blocking surface between two in the x / y plane extending horizontal surfaces at the jump. This gives a step function in the y-axis direction.
  • the extension which may form a new step, extends to half of the y-axis orientation. This creates a new interface at half the y-axis depth - the interface or blocking surface.
  • the entanglement point includes at least one locking surface on a y-axis position that is between 40% and 60% of the maximum y-axis depth of the surface module.
  • the blockage is optimized against dumping or breaking individual modules out of the wall. Even more preferred is the exact half-thickness position of the blocking surface.
  • the invention therefore preferably comprises a stackable area module, wherein a groove system is formed on at least one lateral surface of the surface module and on another lateral Surface is a complementary to this groove system pin system.
  • a groove system is formed on at least one lateral surface of the surface module and on another lateral Surface is a complementary to this groove system pin system.
  • Two or more jumps in the y-axis course at a crossing point are preferred here.
  • the continuous curve with jump between the interlocking points can lead to a V-shape or notch with two bevelled edges. To the notch, the corresponding edge is complementary.
  • This area modulation blocks in both y-axis directions and therefore serves as a pair of interlocking locations, in which case both interlocking points of the pair are in succession in the y-axis direction.
  • the interlocking point has a digital course, because in this case vertical surfaces are generated which can receive lateral forces perpendicularly.
  • the step function (1-0-1) also has two entanglement points (1-0 and 0-1). Still other steps are possible and increase the lateral stability of the wall surface, but are only conditionally preferred because this tends to keep the wall surface thin in the y-axis direction.
  • the surface modules are also protected against tensile movements and forces in this direction, as well as against rotation or tilting.
  • the area module in the y-axis direction is no longer consistent.
  • the y-axis locking is achieved by creating / cutting two identical surface modules that are continuous in the y-axis direction and then displacing them or rotating / tilting them through 180 ° and irreversibly connecting them to the front sides or back sides ( eg glued).
  • a complete sine wave surface creates a double sine wave, as described below. The offset length then corresponds to half the wavelength, so that a wave trough comes to lie in front of a wave crest and vice versa.
  • the mortise and tenon system does not run along the entire surface.
  • a barrier at only one point would have the disadvantage that around this point, the wall surface could absorb rotational forces and the detachment of a surface module at high pressure or tensile forces would be possible. Therefore, individual sections of a surface should preferably be equipped with the connection systems or barriers at several points.
  • the groove system or the pin system has no undercut in the z-axis direction. Then the modules can be stacked on top of each other. The next module can be guided along the groove or pin when inserting the next module.
  • the extension is a rectangular finger and the trough is a complementary rectangular recess.
  • the classic mortise and tenon system with a rectangular recess and corresponding pin has three additional surfaces (one step). This variant therefore creates new surfaces (like an extension piece in the x / z plane described above). In the profile view from the top in the z-axis direction, 5 new edges of the 5 surfaces of a pin and also so many surfaces in the groove surface are created. As a result, the wall thickness in the y-axis direction must be divided into three, and a sufficient thickness of the pin in the y-axis direction must be considered for thin walls.
  • the groove system is a notch and the pin system is a complementary tapered edge extension.
  • the locking in the y-axis direction can be achieved with only 2 areas which converge to a peak in the x-axis direction.
  • Preferred angles are from 30 ° to 60 °, more preferably 45 °.
  • the trunnion comb can be easily inserted into the notch groove and, as in the previous system, preferably runs along all lateral surfaces of the surface module. The advantage of this system is that only one change of direction takes place along the y-axis of the lateral surfaces and therefore the wall thickness in this direction per area direction only has to be halved.
  • a chamfered surface may also be used as the most general form of the mortise and tenon system.
  • This feature is intrinsically a Verschränkungselement and in combination with a counter surface with a similar bevel forms the Verschränkungsstellenverbund the surfaces a lock in a y-axis direction.
  • the inclined surfaces running parallel to the x-axis direction do not form a 90 ° angle with the z-axis direction, but preferably an angle of 15 ° to 75 °, more preferably 45 °.
  • a single beveled surface is easier to form than the groove-pin systems, but locks only in a y-axis direction.
  • the chamfers are not continuous in the x-axis direction. Alternating chamfers may also form interlocking pairs. Preferably, two chamfers are located in the x-axis direction one behind the other with different bevel angles with the y-axis direction. In preferred variants, the double bevels each form an angle of + 45 ° and -45 ° with the y-axis direction. Seen from above, they are then crossed. However, in order to be able to attach the surface modules from above, they must not have any undercuts in the z-axis direction. Therefore, the lower chamfer should be cut deeper (in the x-axis direction) than the upper chamfer surface.
  • the bevels do not stand in the way of building.
  • these bevel pairs are present in pairs on the lateral surfaces of the module per area.
  • the corresponding mating surfaces also have double bevel pairs which match the complementary surfaces.
  • the module is fixed to each of these bevel pairs in both y-axis directions. Therefore, the wall thickness in the y-axis direction may be particularly thin to still build high wall surfaces which are secured from falling over in the y-axis direction if the foundation of the wall surface is secured.
  • the interlocking points in the y-axis direction have an extension of 5 to 20% of the maximum total module extent in the x-axis direction.
  • the entanglement points should be bounded in the x-axis direction to be defined To provide power take-off points and to save material.
  • the shape of the course of the entanglement point in the x / z plane may vary.
  • the extension or the hole is represented at the Verschränkungsstelle by a square 0/1 function in the x / z plane.
  • the entanglement points can thus have a digital step profile.
  • a trough follows. This increases the lateral stabilization in the x-axis direction. The falling in this direction is of course less problematic but shifts of the module surfaces against each other, for example, in earthquakes are also undesirable.
  • all lateral and / or horizontal surfaces comprise entanglement points.
  • the horizontal surfaces have Verschränkungsstellen, then the wall surface gets a special stability, because the rotational forces present on individual modules can be blocked by the Verschränkungsstellen to prevent individual surface modules can be levered out of the wall.
  • the horizontal surfaces are typically the superior / inferior inner surfaces, the lower / upper outer surfaces of the extensions and the upper outer surfaces of the bulge recess (OAA).
  • OOA bulge recess
  • the wall surface can absorb buckling loads and the wall thickness can be reduced.
  • the decisive factor is that the respective surfaces lying opposite one another in the wall surface have mutually complementary interlocking element elements.
  • the respective complementary surfaces have already been described. In the case of the lateral surfaces, these are preferably the lateral outer surfaces and the lateral inner surfaces of the indentations.
  • the extension may be present, for example, on the / the right lateral outer surfaces and the trough on the / the left lateral outer surfaces (analog or vice versa for the inner surfaces).
  • the extension may be present, for example, on the simplest rectangular H-shape, all 6 lateral surfaces are provided with interlocking points.
  • the modulation surfaces on the base surface can form one-sided or two-sided curved surfaces.
  • the curve in the x / z plane can then be described by a curve.
  • the extension and the corresponding recess form a curve.
  • the curve is a sine function that has a one-sided curve in the x-axis direction. This curvature in the x-axis direction has several advantages. For one, assembling is easier. When the modules are pushed into each other, the upper surface module automatically slides into the lower trough, because the module moves the module to the lowest point of the sine wave due to gravity.
  • the blocking effect of the sine wave is lower, so that it must be decided here as needed, which Verschränkungsetti be selected.
  • the surface modules can accommodate lateral play, so the sine wave would be beneficial because here temporarily gravitational forces and even lateral movements in the x-axis direction can be recorded.
  • the wall heals itself, because the modules then fall back into the starting position. Frictional forces absorb energy. Rubber buffers or other spring elements can also be used in intermediate spaces. Multiple sine excursions in the x-axis direction are preferred because this increases the valley-hill lift.
  • the course of the entanglement point in the y-axis direction is also characterized in the sine wave variant by a step function, with two level differences.
  • both sides of the interface are preferably surfaces parallel to the x / y plane.
  • a direct sequence in the x-axis direction is referred to as a proximal interlocking pair.
  • the transition between the positive entanglement point and the negative entanglement point is sharp, while preferably at the full sine function the transition is fluent, ie the function of the course of the surface edge in the x / Y-plane is continuous throughout the course of the crossing point transition.
  • a special additional variant of a connecting element is the double sine wave. Complete sine waves have already been described as extension pieces. However, it is possible to use the double sine wave similar to the double bevel pairs as the y-axis lock. The double sine wave can exist only on the horizontal surfaces, because the wave crests would otherwise stand in the way.
  • the complete sine wave extension pieces are preferably divided into two sections in the y-axis direction: for example, section halves front and rear, for both complementary mating surfaces.
  • the front of the lower surface then has an upper crest on the left, for example, and the following right crest has a recess or vice versa (for horizontal surfaces, the next wave is in the x-axis left or right).
  • the back half of the lower surface has then correspond to inverted peaks and troughs. Thus one sees from the front at the lower surface left a front mountain and right a rear mountain, next wave troughs are.
  • the waves are arranged exactly the opposite, so that the When fitting together, they fit together exactly. There is no gap; where the upper surface has a wave crest, the lower surface is a wave trough and vice versa. There are therefore two left peaks in the y-axis to lie behind each other and the surfaces are locked in one direction. The right crests lock in the other y-axis direction. Similar to the double bevel, such a lock is achieved in both y-axis directions.
  • the double sine wave is preferably on the horizontal surfaces for which sinusoidal extension pieces have already been described.
  • the surface module has a pair of interlocking locations with two interlocking locations.
  • the Verschränkungsungs In the Verschränkungsungscontract at least one Verschränkungsfortsatz on the front (in the y-axis direction front) and at least one further Verschränkungsfortsatz formed on the rear side of the module.
  • the corresponding wells are arranged in reverse. If both entanglement extensions are on the same side, then both lock in the same direction.
  • a complete y-axis lock can be achieved with opposite Verschränkungsungsstellen front and rear.
  • at least one Verschränkungsstellen on the same base surface of the surface module.
  • the surface module has three or more Entschränkungsstellen. Odd numbers of entanglement points may be useful if wall stability in a y-axis direction is to be particularly increased. However, an even number of entangling points is preferred for uniform protection to achieve the lateral breakout of individual modules. Therefore, interlacing site pairs are preferred.
  • the surface module comprises at least two Verschränkungsstellencrue, so a double Verschränkungsstellenschreib.
  • each pair can be connected on a base with two pairs of another base.
  • a blockage in both y-axis directions is achieved on two base surfaces of the surface module.
  • a crossing site or interbody pair or proximal interlocking site pair or a double interlocking site pair is located on an inner surface of the indentation or on an outer surface of the extension or both the lower outer surface of the extension (UAE) and one of the upper superior inner surface (SI). a lower indentation.
  • a Verschränkungsstelle located on all horizontal and / or vertical bases.
  • a Verschränkungsstelle is located on all horizontal bases.
  • the area modulation should also have a certain length in the z-axis direction.
  • the extension of the extension of the entanglement points in the z-axis direction is at least 10% of the total module extent in the z-axis direction.
  • the extension of the extension of the entanglement points in the z-axis direction is at least 10% of the total module extent in the z-axis direction, preferably at least 20% of the total module extent. This achieves greater entanglement, which is particularly important in thin-walled systems.
  • a larger blocking surface at the interface is beneficial to absorb the forces, so that the modules in the wall can not break out.
  • the wall formed is secured against lateral overturning provided that the base is firmly anchored, the wall is not linearly designed as a "Spanish wall” or is sufficiently wide at the base.
  • This is usually achieved by fixing the wall elements to at least two connection points which are attached at different heights in the z-axis direction (by joints, adhesive, etc.).
  • this is done Securing by fixing at least two points with the connecting elements and not only by the wide support, as in a thick wall or by a homogeneous material of a concrete wall. In this case, no additional component (screws, bolts) is required. Therefore, the wall surface can be used in principle as a floor use.
  • the surface module is used to construct an inclined coastal protection ramp.
  • the surface module has a curvature in one or two directions.
  • the curvature is in the x-axis direction and / or the z-axis direction. If the module curvature in two directions, the wall, when placed horizontally, could look like a valley / mountains, ie a landscape can be replicated. Curvatures can be taken up to a certain angle. This allows, for example, the dome construction with modules, because the y-axis lock ensures the falling apart of the surface modules even in non-vertical structure. The Verschränkungsstellen be adapted to the radii of curvature and adjusted obliquely.
  • the bearing surfaces are then no longer flat Just parallel to the x / y-plane but follow the general curvature.
  • the stackable area module is designed such that the module front side surface (s) and rear side surface (s) is not flat, but bent in the x-axis direction and / or z-axis direction.
  • the front surface is shortened as compared with the back surface in the x-axis direction.
  • the area module does not have to be even and flat in the x / z plane, but may have a bend.
  • the bend is in the x-axis direction. But it can also exist in z-axis direction.
  • the bend preferably describes a circular arc, wherein the center angle of the circular arc does not exceed 180 °, ie that a complete circle is formed from at least two modules.
  • the center angle of the arc is between 1 ° and 180 °, more preferably between 5 ° and 15 °. It is particularly advantageous if the center angle represents an integer fraction of the full circle, so 360 °, as this can be formed from several modules, a circle.
  • the forming of a circle may be particularly advantageous for the construction of towers, since already preformed arcuate modules can form a tower which can be erected and dismantled reversibly.
  • the x-axis curved surface module can also form wave-shaped walls when rotated 180 degrees in x-axis direction in a module layer side by side.
  • the wall surface no longer consists of a single surface module type. So it is in principle possible, with a single surface module form quickly a curved wall surface without the use of mortar or the like. up and down again.
  • the surface module may be bent in the z-direction.
  • the bend preferably describes a circular arc.
  • the center angle of this arc should preferably be between 0 ° and 90 °, more preferably between 1 ° and 10 °. Since the stacking of the modules in the z-axis direction to take place, larger angles are not useful. Curved dyke walls or bridges can be formed with a slight bend along the z-axis direction. It is also possible to use the wall surface as a flat or curved ceiling. These structures are then particularly stable against tensile load in the x direction. With a firm hedge of the top and bottom modules, the bending stability from the respective y-axis direction, which is aligned in each case orthogonal to the module front side surface, can be ensured.
  • the thickness of the surface modules in the y-axis direction may decrease upward in the z-axis direction in different layers (for non-similar modules).
  • the stability can also be realized by the fact that the lower modules are twice or three times as thick (wide) as the modules located further up. Regardless of the surface module thickness, they still fit together. Tapered (round) wall surfaces can also be used in solar power stations or power station towers. Larger holes / windows in the wall surface are possible.
  • the surface module in addition to a larger thickness, have an interruption of the surface in the y-axis direction.
  • the surface module similar to eg Isorast® can be used as shuttering stone.
  • the advantage of such a formwork is that it is very stable.
  • the created shape can be provided with predetermined breaking points, so that a separation is possible at this.
  • the formwork can be filled eg with bulk material. The area module must therefore be sufficiently stable that the formwork can also absorb concrete.
  • the thickness of the shuttering walls of the module in the y-direction is 3 to 5 cm with a subsequent cavity of 20 to 30 cm (in the case of concrete 15 to 20 cm).
  • the advantage of such a formwork is that it can be reused.
  • the formworks are very stable.
  • As a special material for the surface modules can inflatable or otherwise eg inflated with water plastic sleeves act. These result in the inflated state a formwork or mold.
  • This embodiment has the advantage that after filling a filling medium in the inflated form, the shuttering, for example by draining the air / water is removable again.
  • the formwork is volume reduced during transport.
  • the surface module of concrete, wood, Plexiglas, Styrofoam or mixtures of these materials are not particularly limited. Preference is given to concrete, wood, Plexiglas or Styrofoam, casting materials of metals, non-ferrous metals, aluminum, wax, bonded press materials (eg wood pressboard), particularly preferably fiber reinforced concrete, concrete with steel fibers or textile fibers. Other possible materials are glass or acrylic glass. The materials should be able to withstand the corresponding compressive, tensile and bending forces. These materials have the advantage that they have particular stability and can meet the requirements of the tensile stability in the x-axis direction by entanglement. A particularly preferred material is fiber reinforced concrete.
  • Pure concrete is less stable against tensile loads.
  • Particularly preferred are sandwich materials or composite materials.
  • the central approach here is that the production and reuse of existing modules is very cost-effective, whereas a change of the module without destruction - in the simplest case by melting - is significantly more expensive.
  • the sides of surface modules which are exposed to the sun are painted white or mirrored, so as to contribute to climate protection.
  • the surface modules are placed side by side in a layer.
  • the surface modules in the layers above and below are alternately rotated by 180 ° and staggered laterally offset in the x-axis direction.
  • next surface modulus layer is offset by half a module length in the x-axis direction.
  • another transfer may also be necessary if the area module has no axis symmetry with respect to the y / z axis.
  • the invention comprises a wall surface consisting of the stackable surface modules according to the invention as described above.
  • ⁇ modules according to the invention can form a wall surface according to the method described above, wherein the outer surfaces of the front and back of the individual surface modules in the x / z plane form the front and back of the wall surface which can be built up from the surface modules.
  • a wall system comprising a plurality of panel modules according to the invention which are interconnectable to form a closed panel in a bonded condition, the panel modules having at least two lower extensions located in the z-axis direction below are further extended than a lower indentation lying in the x-axis direction between these extensions, wherein a plurality of the surface modules, each in the z-axis stacking direction, offset in the x-axis direction and 180 ° about the x-axis and / or the y-axis rotated towards each other in the z-axis direction are stackable.
  • the surface modules in the wall surface module layers are each aligned alternately with the extensions in the z-axis direction pointing upwards or downwards.
  • the wall system comprises at least three connected area module units.
  • the interface between the layers in the wall runs alternately on different contour lines.
  • the wall surface comprises at least three identical or similarly shaped surface modules which are in contact (ie at least 3 surface modules are necessary for the transmission of force).
  • the dead weight of the modules is an amplifier of stability. Styrofoam modules, for example, are more stable the higher they are.
  • the surface modules are plugged into each other so that the firm anchoring of a module with the connection via another module causes the wall does not fall over.
  • the walls can be stabilized against falling down in which either a wide pedestal in The wall is integrated (eg 40 to 60 cm) or a deep embedded in the ground foundation with base is used, or a lateral rectangular wall, which serves as a retaining wall, is used.
  • the wall system may still have lateral brackets that ensure the stability of the wall against falling.
  • As a base at least two modules mounted on each other in the y-axis direction or side by side can be used, which then no longer fall over.
  • the surface modules of the wall system do not have the same thickness in different layers. Preferred is an upwardly tapering wall thickness.
  • the surface modules are arranged offset from each other in the y-axis direction.
  • a kinked wall surface can be constructed according to the principle of the Spanish wall.
  • the modules are designed so that a right-angled bend in the wall surface without projection is possible.
  • the surface modules in the wall surface are aligned alternately in the x-axis direction such that an angle of less than 180 ° is present between the surface modules. At an angle of 180 °, the surface modules would give a straight wall surface.
  • the result is a kinked wall surface corresponding to a Spanish wall. With curved modules it is possible to build a curved Spanish wall surface, which has a higher stability against falling over.
  • the wall system or wall surface created does not have a straight plane at the top. Rather, this preferably runs on different contour lines.
  • the wall system or panel according to the invention further comprises end caps for filling the outer gaps of the constructed wall surface to obtain a straight outside of the built-up wall.
  • the end pieces consist of the same materials as the surface modules to ensure a uniform mural.
  • the end pieces consist of sawn, cut or otherwise produced parts of the surface modules according to the invention.
  • the surface module according to the invention can be used to construct a wall surface. It can also be a part of a wall, a garden fence or similar in the wall surface. act.
  • the surface module according to the invention can also be used to build a bridge, a roof dome of a foliage hut, a fence, a house, a tower, a Aufwindkraftwerk, a power plant chimney, a round wall, a construction fence, a soundproof wall, a coastal defense, a terror protection defense wall, a water reservoir , a toy house or toy models, a heat exchanger, a puzzle, other toys, exhibition stands, an earthquake-proof wall or generally as a two-dimensional, universally usable form.
  • Such an inclined wall can be used, for example, in coastal protection as a dike replacement or breakwater.
  • the face module for a puzzle in which all pieces are identical
  • the task for the user would be to assemble the puzzle by the pictures alone.
  • the surface module can also be used for example for casting materials such as plastics or waxes. This has the advantage that these parts can be melted down again after a few years.
  • the area module is preferably reusable but at least recyclable if lost.
  • the surface modules can be cut out of a wall surface for later construction on site. For the defense against terrorism, the modules have the advantage that no screws etc. can be loosened because no screws are needed. High walls can be erected quickly and reversibly to protect against enemy attacks.
  • the wall system therefore preferably also includes tubes for a heat exchanger system.
  • the tubes are preferably guided in the module layers and run in adjacent layers preferably opposite (countercurrent principle).
  • the high surface area per volume of the present surface modules ensures an excellent heat exchange effect.
  • the top module of a wall module can act as a water reservoir or as a plant trough, if only every second module is used as the end piece of a wall. The gap can then take over the corresponding function.
  • plant troughs can be built. Such a collar can also be mounted at the top of the wall.
  • the modules are also suitable as a body for a water storage, which can be buried in the ground in contrast to pure metal, ie this is stable in itself and can also accommodate uneven loads.
  • large structures can be realized, such as houses or, in the case of the curved surface module, towers. This has the advantage that they can be reversibly assembled and disassembled and thus can be easily disposed of or reused even after several years.
  • the surface module is made of plastic and has a continuous thickness of 1.5 cm in the y-axis direction.
  • the maximum extent in the x-axis direction is 30 cm.
  • the maximum extension in the z-axis direction is 12 cm.
  • the module is squared U-shaped. Based on a cuboid basic shape with the dimensions mentioned above, a cuboid indentation is cut out centrally in the x-axis direction at a length of 15 cm (in the x-direction), width of 6 cm (in the z-direction) and thickness of 1.5 cm (in y direction).
  • the front profile is continuous in the y-axis direction.
  • the edge lengths of the surfaces of the surface module in the counterclockwise direction are listed below, starting from the lower left corner of the module.
  • the surface module according to the invention is made of plastic and has a continuous thickness of 1.5 cm in the y-axis direction.
  • the maximum extent in the x-axis direction is 30 cm.
  • the maximum extension in the z-axis direction is 24 cm.
  • the module is H-shaped. Starting from a cuboid basic form with the mentioned dimensions, a cuboid indentation was cut out in the middle at the top and bottom, respectively a length of 15 cm (in the x-direction), width of 8 cm (in the z-direction) and thickness of 1.5 cm (in the y-direction).
  • the front profile is continuous in the y-axis direction.
  • a second module can be offset by half a module length (ie 15 cm) on the first module so that an interlocking surface that is positive in the x-axis direction is formed between the two modules.
  • a third module can now also be offset by half a module length - but in the other direction - be set to the first module. This results in a coherent, form-fitting surface of all three modules. With moderate tensile stress of the second or third module in the x-direction, this can be compensated by the first module. This creates a coherent surface, which is stable against tensile stress in the x-direction.
  • Example 2 Based on the H-shaped surface module shown in Example 2, a surface module with sinusoidal horizontal surfaces can be modeled.
  • the area module is also made of plastic and basically has the same footprint as Example 2.
  • each of the six horizontal surfaces has at least one sine wave.
  • the lower and upper outer edges of the extensions are shaped so that the sine wave starts at a straight distance of 0.75 cm from the left corner of the edge.
  • the gain in area in the case of an upper edge or the loss of area in the case of a lower edge compared to Example 2 increases in the x-direction sinusoidal up to a maximum height of 1 cm in the z-direction at a length of 2.25 cm (in x-direction).
  • the height is reduced sinusoidally to a minimum value of minus 1 cm in the z-direction and 5.25 cm in the x-direction, which represents an areal loss compared to Example 2.
  • the z-value increases again and ends at a value of 6.75 cm in the x-direction starting from the left corner of the edge and a value of 0 cm in the z-direction again in a horizontal line with 0.75 cm to to the next edge point.
  • the horizontal inner surfaces (SI and II), whose edge length is twice the lower and upper outer edges of the extensions, have two adjacent sine waves spaced 1.5 cm apart in the middle.
  • This H-shaped module thus has horizontal edges with a total of 8 identically shaped sinusoidal waves, which fit flush in stacking.
  • sine waves may be formed as double sine waves as set forth in the description above. Then, however, the surface shape is no longer continuous in the y-axis direction.
  • the surface module can be modeled with vertical surfaces with groove-pin system.
  • the Surface module is also made of plastic and has in principle the same base areas as Example 2.
  • the area module is not continuous in the y-axis direction. Instead, it has on all vertical surfaces (at an angle of 90 ° or 270 ° so LLI, RLI, LLIO, RLIO, and both LAs) on a groove or corresponding pin.
  • LLI, RLI, LLIO, RLIO, and both LAs on one of the lateral outer sides LA at a y-value of 0.5 cm from the front there is a 0.5 cm deep (in the x-direction) and 0.5 cm wide (in the y-direction) groove whose total length extends over the entire length of the surface (ie 24 cm long).
  • a groove with a depth of 0.5 cm (in the x-direction) and 0.5 cm in width (in the y-direction) extends on the surfaces LLI and LLIO.
  • the surfaces RLIO and RLI have a correspondingly shorter pin with otherwise identical dimensions.
  • examples 3 and 4 can also be combined in a single area module.
  • the surface module according to the invention consists of wood and has a thickness of 5 cm. In a variant made of concrete, all lengths (as well as the height details and thicknesses) must be multiplied by 2 to 5.
  • the maximum extent in the x-direction is 1 m.
  • the maximum extension in the z-axis direction is 40 cm.
  • the module is V-shaped. It has only horizontal or vertical side surfaces that are orthogonal to each other. It is mirror symmetric with respect to the x / z plane.
  • the surface module consists in principle of three firmly connected, adjacent rectangles, two rectangles have the same area and the third rectangle has twice the area.
  • the large rectangle is located in a module in the x-direction in the middle of the two small rectangles. All rectangles have a common side length of 25 cm. The common side length is aligned in the z direction.
  • the equal sides of the small rectangles are located at a z-height, the side of the large rectangle is at a lower height (by 15 cm), so that there is a V-shape of the surface module.
  • the front profile is continuous in the y-axis direction.
  • the edge lengths of the surfaces of the surface module in the counterclockwise direction are listed below, starting from the lower left corner of the module.
  • the angles are given from the end point of the previous edge in the counterclockwise direction of the normal graduation of a unit circle (the horizontal in the positive x-axis direction corresponds to 0 °):
  • UARE 25 cm (0 °);
  • a second module can be offset by half a module length (ie 50 cm) and rotated by 180 ° about the ⁇ -axis so as to be placed on the first module so that a form-fitting, contiguous surface is formed between the two modules.
  • a third module can now also be offset by half a module length and rotated 180 ° about the y-axis to the first module. This results in a coherent, form-fitting surface of all three modules. With moderate tensile stress of the second or third module in the x-direction, this can be compensated by the first module.
  • the surface module according to the invention consists of wood and has a thickness (in the y-direction) of 1.5 cm.
  • the maximum extent in the x-axis direction is 30 m.
  • the maximum extension in the z-axis direction is 12 cm.
  • the surface module is V-shaped and also has additional steps. It has only horizontal or vertical side surfaces that are orthogonal to each other. It is mirror symmetric with respect to the xz plane.
  • the module consists of five contiguous rectangles, with 2 each having the same area in the x / z plane.
  • Two rectangles are squares with an edge length of 6 cm.
  • Two rectangles have half the square area, but the same edge length at one edge.
  • the fifth rectangle has twice the square area and also the same edge length of 6 cm.
  • the equally long edge is aligned in the z direction, the rectangles are each offset by half the edge length in the z direction according to the following patterns: square - high - small rectangle - high - large rectangle - down - small rectangle - down - square.
  • the front profile is continuous in the y-axis direction.
  • the edge lengths of the surfaces of the surface module in the counterclockwise direction are listed below, starting from the lower left corner of the module.
  • the angles are given from the end point of the previous edge in the counterclockwise direction of the normal graduation of a unit circle (ie, the horizontal in the positive x-axis direction equals 0 °):
  • an inventive surface module results in a V-shape with step.
  • a second module can be offset by half a module length (ie 15 cm) and rotated through 180 ° about the y-axis on the first module, so that a form-fitting, contiguous surface is formed between the two modules.
  • a third module can now also be offset by half a module length and rotated 180 ° about the y-axis to the first module. This results in a coherent, form-fitting surface of all three modules. With moderate tensile stress of the second or third module in the x-direction, this can be compensated by the first module.
  • the area in the x / z plane is also stable against disturbances from the y direction.
  • the surface module according to the invention consists of wood and has a thickness (in the y-direction) of 1.5 cm.
  • the maximum extent in the x-axis direction is 30 m.
  • the maximum extension in the z-axis direction is 12 cm.
  • the surface module is V-shaped and also has additional steps. It has only horizontal, vertical or side surfaces that are at 45 ° to each other. It is mirror symmetric with respect to the x / z plane. It is based in principle on the surface module of Example 6, wherein the additional steps, ie the formed normally horizontal middle superior inner surfaces and middle superior outer surfaces are replaced by angled surfaces at a 45 ° angle, as are the lengths of the first and second lateral Areas (ELI, ZLI, ELAA, ZLAA).
  • the Front profile is continuous in the ⁇ -axis direction.
  • the edge lengths of the surfaces of the surface module in the counterclockwise direction are listed below, starting from the lower left corner of the module.
  • the angles are given from the end point of the previous edge in the counterclockwise direction of the normal graduation of a unit circle (ie, the horizontal in the positive x-axis direction equals 0 °):
  • an inventive surface module results in a V-shape with a flattened step.
  • the surface module according to the invention consists of wood and has a thickness (in the y-direction) of 1.5 cm.
  • the maximum extent in the x-axis direction is 30 m.
  • the maximum extension in the z-axis direction is 12 cm.
  • the surface module is V-shaped and moreover has several additional steps and a middle elevation in a recess (the shape is similar to an inverted W). It has only horizontal or vertical side surfaces that are orthogonal to each other. It is mirror symmetric with respect to the x / z plane.
  • the front profile is continuous in the y-axis direction.
  • the edge lengths of the surfaces of the surface module in the counterclockwise direction are listed below, starting from the left lower module corner.
  • angles are given from the end point of the previous edge in the counterclockwise direction of the normal graduation of a unit circle in 360 ° (the horizontal in the positive x-axis direction thus corresponds to 0 °).
  • the exact designation of the areas is dispensed with.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
EP12745392.6A 2011-05-30 2012-05-30 Stapelbares flächenmodul für eine wandfläche Not-in-force EP2723949B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102011050725A DE102011050725B4 (de) 2011-05-30 2011-05-30 Stapelbares Flächenmodul für eine Wandfläche
PCT/DE2012/000574 WO2012163336A1 (de) 2011-05-30 2012-05-30 Stapelbares flächenmodul für eine wandfläche

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2723949A1 EP2723949A1 (de) 2014-04-30
EP2723949B1 true EP2723949B1 (de) 2017-11-22

Family

ID=46639937

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP12745392.6A Not-in-force EP2723949B1 (de) 2011-05-30 2012-05-30 Stapelbares flächenmodul für eine wandfläche

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US8752353B2 (zh)
EP (1) EP2723949B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN103534423B (zh)
AU (1) AU2012265280B2 (zh)
BR (1) BR112013025476A2 (zh)
DE (1) DE102011050725B4 (zh)
WO (1) WO2012163336A1 (zh)
ZA (1) ZA201308674B (zh)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EA030891B1 (ru) 2016-01-15 2018-10-31 Владимир Павлович КРУПСКИЙ Строительный элемент из волокнистого материала и строительная конструкция с его использованием
IT201800006488A1 (it) * 2018-06-20 2018-09-20 Elemento strutturale componibile e struttura comprendente tali elementi
US11326343B2 (en) * 2020-07-02 2022-05-10 Anchor Wall Systems, Inc. Modular concrete building block and methods

Family Cites Families (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE7403455U (de) 1974-05-02 Gewerkschaft Keramchemie Spiel-Baustein in I-Form
FR557828A (fr) 1922-10-26 1923-08-16 Perfectionnement au carreau de plâtre
DE971377C (de) 1951-12-30 1959-01-15 Wilhelm Steinhage Mehrschalige Wand und Bausteine hierzu
FR2367161A1 (fr) 1976-10-05 1978-05-05 Heintz Albert Systeme " h "
FR2422780A1 (fr) 1978-12-01 1979-11-09 Denereaz Hildegarde Plot de construction pour l'edification de murs
DE2911261A1 (de) 1979-03-22 1981-01-29 Alexander Berenyi Baustein fuer moertelfreien verbau
EP0050625A1 (en) * 1980-04-24 1982-05-05 MARRA, Armando Bricks or blocks
DE3622258C2 (de) * 1986-07-02 1995-02-09 Gerhaher Max Bauplatte
FR2653800B1 (fr) 1989-10-31 1992-02-07 Valdebouze Jean Francois Petits composants nouveaux de construction.
DE9300686U1 (de) * 1993-01-20 1993-04-29 Kepert, Hans, 6915 Dossenheim Bausteinsystem
US5888612A (en) * 1995-06-05 1999-03-30 Poly Plus Inc. Load-bearing structures
DE19934264A1 (de) * 1999-07-21 2001-03-22 Andreas Hoboy Naturstein/Betonstein zum Fundamentenbau für Häuser und anderer Einsatzbereiche/Anwendungsbereiche
AUPQ285499A0 (en) * 1999-09-15 1999-10-07 Henderik Corporaal Building block or panel

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN103534423A (zh) 2014-01-22
US20130333319A1 (en) 2013-12-19
US8752353B2 (en) 2014-06-17
BR112013025476A2 (pt) 2017-12-12
EP2723949A1 (de) 2014-04-30
WO2012163336A1 (de) 2012-12-06
ZA201308674B (en) 2015-02-25
AU2012265280B2 (en) 2016-04-21
DE102011050725B4 (de) 2012-12-13
CN103534423B (zh) 2016-01-06
DE102011050725A1 (de) 2012-12-06
AU2012265280A1 (en) 2013-11-28

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