EP2390267B1 - Stable and soluble antibodies inhibiting TNF(alpha) - Google Patents

Stable and soluble antibodies inhibiting TNF(alpha) Download PDF

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EP2390267B1
EP2390267B1 EP11002906.3A EP11002906A EP2390267B1 EP 2390267 B1 EP2390267 B1 EP 2390267B1 EP 11002906 A EP11002906 A EP 11002906A EP 2390267 B1 EP2390267 B1 EP 2390267B1
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antibody
tnfα
seq
derivative
scfv
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EP2390267A1 (en
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Stefan Ewert
David Urech
Peter Lichtlen
Alcide Barberis
Adrian Auf Der Maur
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Esbatech a Novartis Co LLC
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Esbatech a Novartis Co LLC
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    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
    • C07K16/241—Tumor Necrosis Factors
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    • C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/04—Inotropic agents, i.e. stimulants of cardiac contraction; Drugs for heart failure
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
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    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/10—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by their source of isolation or production
    • C07K2317/14—Specific host cells or culture conditions, e.g. components, pH or temperature
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    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
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    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/24—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin containing regions, domains or residues from different species, e.g. chimeric, humanized or veneered
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    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/52—Constant or Fc region; Isotype
    • C07K2317/522—CH1 domain
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    • C07K2317/55—Fab or Fab'
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    • C07K2317/622—Single chain antibody (scFv)
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    • C07K2317/94—Stability, e.g. half-life, pH, temperature or enzyme-resistance

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to optimised antibodies and antibody derivatives that bind to and block the function of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF ⁇ ) and are useful for the diagnosis and/or treatment, prevention or amelioration of TNF ⁇ -associated diseases; their coding sequences, production, and use in pharmacologically suitable compositions.
  • TNF ⁇ tumour necrosis factor alpha
  • Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF ⁇ , also known as cachectin), is a naturally occurring mammalian cytokine produced by numerous cell types, including monocytes and macrophages in response to endotoxin or other stimuli. TNF ⁇ is a major mediator of inflammatory, immunological, and pathophysiological reactions ( Grell, M. , et al. (1995) Cell, 83: 793-802 ).
  • Soluble TNF ⁇ is formed by the cleavage of a precursor transmembrane protein ( Kriegler, et al. (1988) Cell 53: 45-53 ), and the secreted 17 kDa polypeptides assemble to soluble homotrimer complexes ( Smith, et al. (1987), J. Biol. Chem. 262: 6951-6954 ; for reviews of TNF, see Butler, et al. (1986), Nature 320:584 ; Old (1986), Science 230: 630 ). These complexes then bind to receptors found on a variety of cells.
  • Binding produces an array of pro-inflammatory effects, including (i) release of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-1, (ii) release of matrix metalloproteinases and (iii) up regulation of the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, further amplifying the inflammatory and immune cascade by attracting leukocytes into extravascular tissues.
  • pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-1
  • TNF ⁇ has been shown to be up-regulated in a number of human diseases, including chronic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory bowel disorders including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, sepsis, congestive heart failure, asthma bronchiale and multiple sclerosis.
  • RA rheumatoid arthritis
  • Mice transgenic for human TNF ⁇ produce high levels of TNF ⁇ constitutively and develop a spontaneous, destructive polyarthritis resembling RA ( Keffer et al. 1991, EMBO J., 10,4025-4031 ). TNF ⁇ is therefore referred to as a pro-inflammatory cytokine.
  • TNF ⁇ is now well established as key in the pathogenesis of RA, which is a chronic, progressive and debilitating disease characterised by polyarticular joint inflammation and destruction, with systemic symptoms of fever and malaise and fatigue.
  • RA also leads to chronic synovial inflammation, with frequent progression to articular cartilage and bone destruction.
  • Increased levels of TNF ⁇ are found in both the synovial fluid and peripheral blood of patients suffering from RA.
  • TNF ⁇ blocking agents are administered to patients suffering from RA, they reduce inflammation, improve symptoms and retard joint damage ( McKown et al. (1999), Arthritis Rheum. 42:1204-1208 ).
  • TNF ⁇ is also associated with protection from particular infections ( Cerami. et al. (1988), Immunol. Today 9:28 ). TNF ⁇ is released by macrophages that have been activated by lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria. As such, TNF ⁇ appears to be an endogenous mediator of central importance involved in the development and pathogenesis of endotoxic shock associated with bacterial sepsis ( Michie, et al. (1989), Br. J.Surg.76:670-671 .; Debets. et al. (1989), Second Vienna Shock Forum, p. 463-466 ; Simpson, et al. (1989) Crit. Care Clin. 5: 27-47 ; Waage et al.
  • TNF ⁇ has also been shown to play a key role in the central nervous system, in particular in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders of the nervous system, including multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome and myasthenia gravis, and in degenerative disorders of the nervous system, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
  • TNF ⁇ is also involved in disorders of related systems of the retina and of muscle, including optic neuritis, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, dermatomyositis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and muscular dystrophy, as well as in injuries to the nervous system, including traumatic brain injury, acute spinal cord injury, and stroke.
  • Hepatitis is another TNF ⁇ -related inflammatory disorder which among other triggers can be caused by viral infections, including Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis A-E viruses. Hepatitis causes acute liver inflammation in the portal and lobular region, followed by fibrosis and tumor progression.
  • TNF ⁇ can mediate cachexia in cancer, which causes most cancer morbidity and mortality ( Tisdale M.J. (2004), Langenbecks Arch Surg. 389:299-305 ).
  • TNF ⁇ The key role played by TNF ⁇ in inflammation, cellular immune responses and the pathology of many diseases has led to the seach for antagonists of TNF ⁇ .
  • TNF ⁇ is an important cytokine whose systemic blockade carries the risk for increased frequency and severity of clinically manifested infections, in particular re-activation of latent tuberculosis and possibly other risks including induction of lymphomas, demyelinating diseases and heart failure.
  • TNF ⁇ antagonists designed for the treatment of TNF ⁇ -mediated diseases are antibodies or antibody fragments that specifically bind TNF ⁇ and thereby block its function.
  • the use of anti-TNF ⁇ antibodies has shown that a blockade of TNF ⁇ can reverse effects attributed to TNF ⁇ including decreases in IL-1, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-8, adhesion molecules and tissue destruction ( Feldmann et al. (1997), Adv. Immunol. 1997:283-350 ).
  • Antibodies directed against TNF ⁇ have been proposed for the prophylaxis and treatment of endotoxic shock ( Beutler et al. (1985) Science:234,470-474 ).
  • the use of anti-TNFa antibodies in the treatment of septic shock is discussed by Bodmer et al., 1993, (Critical Care Medicine, 21:441-446,1993 ), Wherry et al.,1993, (Critical Care Medicine, 21:436-440 ) and Kirschenbaum et al. ,1998, (Critical Care Medicine, 26:1625-1626 ).
  • a method for treating a neurodegenerative disease in a human by administering an anti-TNF ⁇ monoclonal antibody or a TNF ⁇ binding fragment thereof has been disclose in US2003147891 .
  • WO0149321 teaches the use of TNF ⁇ blockers including anti TNF ⁇ antibodies to treat neurologic and related disorders caused by TNF ⁇ . It provides a method for treating said disorders by administering a TNF ⁇ antagonist.
  • WO03047510 discloses various kinds of monoclonal and engineered antibodies directed against TNF ⁇ , their production, compounds comprising them and use in medicine.
  • Antibodies useful for therapies of TNF ⁇ mediated diseases are usually either monoclonal antibodies (mAB) produced by hybridoma technology from a natural source, usually a mouse, or engineered antibodies.
  • mAB monoclonal antibodies
  • the latter either correspond to naturally occurring antibodies in that they comprise full-length heavy and light chains, or to the Fab fragments that can also be generated from natural antibodies by proteolytic cleavage, or to single chain scFv antibodies wherein fragments of the variable heavy and light chain regions are linked by a peptide linker.
  • Both, heavy and light chains of an antibody comprise constant and variable domains.
  • non-human antibodies are immunogenic, the amount of human-like sequences in an antibody is often increased in a so-called “hybrid” antibody, which comprises constant regions of a human IgG, and variable regions matching the sequences of an animal antibody, in most cases murine antibodies with the desired specificity. These variable regions can then be further adapted to become more similar to a typical human antibody by mutagenesis, leading to a "humanised” antibody.
  • CDRs complementary determining regions
  • US591942 discloses anti-TNF ⁇ chimeric antibodies and their use in treating pathologies associated with the presence of TNF ⁇ .
  • anti-TNF ⁇ antibodies used in the treatment of RA and Crohn's disease is discussed in Feldman et al.(1998), (Transplantation Proceedings 30:4126-4127 ), Adorini et al., 1997, (Trends in Immunology Today 18:209-211 ) and in Feldmann et al., 1997, (Advanced Immunology 64:283-350 ).
  • the antibodies to TNF ⁇ used in such treatments are generally chimeric antibodies, such as those described in US5919452 .
  • US20003187231 discloses humanised anti-TNF ⁇ antibodies with at least one non-human CDR region that have improved binding characteristics. Furthermore, in the International Patent Application WO 92/11383 , recombinant antibodies, including CDR-grafted antibodies, specific for TNF ⁇ are disclosed. Rankin et al. (1995), (British J. Rheumatology 34:334-342 ) describe the use of such CDR-grafted antibodies in the treatment of RA.
  • WO9211383 discloses a recombinant, humanised CDR-grafted antibody specific for TNF ⁇ that is derived from the murine monoclonal antibody 61E7, hTNFI, hTNF3 or 101.4, and it teaches the production and use of said antibodies in diagnosis and/or therapy of TNF ⁇ -associated disorders.
  • US22002037934 discloses the treatment of hepatitis by administration of an anti-TNF ⁇ antibody such as infliximab.
  • US6428787 teaches the treatment of neurologic and TNF ⁇ -associated diseases with anti-TNF ⁇ antibodies including infliximab, CDP571 and D2E7.
  • D2E7 (Adalimumab), a human anti-TNF ⁇ monoclonal antibody (Abbott) has been developed to treat RA and Crohn's disease ( WO9729131 ).
  • Celltech is developing CDP571 ( EP0626389 ), a humanised monoclonal anti-TNF ⁇ IgG4 antibody to treat Crohn's disease and CDP870, a humanised monoclonal anti TNF ⁇ antibody fragment to treat RA.
  • the local administration of said antibodies for treatment of localised disorders is disclosed in US2003185826 .
  • scFvs single chain antibodies
  • scFv antibodies can be produced in microbial systems which are associated with fewer costs compared to the production of therapeutic full-length antibodies.
  • scFvs have also been successfully used for intracellular applications ( Wörn et al. 2000, JBC, 28; 275 (9) :2795-2803 ; Auf der Maur et al. 2002, JBC, 22;277(47):45075-45085 ; Stocks MR, 2004, Drug Discov Today. 15;9(22):960-966 ); hence, scFvs directed against intracellular antigens have been developed.
  • intracellular expression of functional scFvs is limited by their instability, insolubility, and tendency to form aggregates.
  • the present invention provides antibodies, compositions and methods for effective and continuous treatment of inflammatory processes of arthritis and other TNF ⁇ -mediated disorders or pathophysiological mechanisms, in particular various forms of pain.
  • said antibody derivative is an scFv antibody or Fab fragment.
  • said antibody or antibody derivative is manifested by the features that it comprises a light chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:1 that is combined with a heavy chain variable domain of SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the antibody or antibody derivative of the present invention has specificity to human TNF ⁇ .
  • antigen binding is characterized by a K d of ⁇ 100 nM or less. More preferred is an antibody with a K d of 10 nM or less, and most preferred of 1 nM and less.
  • Antibody derivatives according to the present invention are for example Fc fusions, toxin fusions, fusions to enzymatic activities, different formats such as minibodies, diabodies, linear antibodies, single chain antibodies, bispecific antibody fragments, in particular scFv and Fab fragments.
  • Another preferred object of the present invention is a scFv antibody whose VL and VH domains are connected by a linker, preferably in a VL-linker-VH sequence arrangement. More preferably said linker has the sequence SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • Another preferred object of the present invention is the. Fab fragment comprising a VL domain that is fused to the constant region of a human Ig kappa chain, and a VH domain that is fused to the CH1 domain of a human IgG, whereby the two fusion polypeptides are connected by an inter-chain disulfide bridge.
  • the antibody or antibody derivative, e.g. the antibody fragment, of the present invention is labelled or chemically modified.
  • the present invention also provides a DNA sequence encoding any of the antibodies or antibody derivatives of the present invention, as well as a cloning or expression vector containing said DNA sequence.
  • a suitable host cell transformed with said DNA sequence is provided, which preferentially is E . coli, a yeast or a mammalian cell.
  • a method for the production of the antibodies or antibody derivatives of the present invention comprising culturing of the host cell transformed with the DNA encoding any of said antibodies or antibody derivatives under conditions that allow the synthesis of said antibody or antibody derivative, and recovering said molecule from said culture.
  • said method provides an scFv antibody or Fab fragment purified from E . coli.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is the use of the antibodies or antibody derivatives provided by the present invention as a diagnostic tool for in vitro diagnostics, and/or as a pharmaceutical. This use is particularly preferred in the context of any TNF ⁇ related condition.
  • the present invention also encompasses a composition comprising an antibody or antibody derivative of the present invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient, said composition to be used as a medicament. for the treatment of TNF ⁇ associated diseases.
  • the present invention provides a combination preparation comprising an antibody or antibody derivative of the present invention, preferably with a second compound that is not an antibody or antibody derivative specific for TNF ⁇ .
  • the vector comprising the DNA sequence encoding an scFv antibody of the present invention is used for gene therapy.
  • TNF ⁇ associated diseases is achieved by blocking of TNF ⁇ due to a strong interaction of TNF ⁇ with the antibody or the antibody derivative.
  • a treatment of autoimmune, acute or chronic inflammation conditions, cancer-related diseases, pain, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders, infectious diseases and cardiovascular diseases is envisaged.
  • antibodies or antibody derivatives comprising the frameworks identified in the so called “quality control” screen ( WO0148017 ) are characterised by a generally high stability and/or solubility and thus may also be useful in the context of extracellular applications such as neutralizing TNF ⁇ .
  • the present invention provides antibodies or antibody derivatives characterized by enhanced stability and solubility that specifically recognize and bind TNF ⁇ and thus are suitable to block the function of TNF ⁇ in vivo.
  • Said antibodies or antibody derivatives are characterized by a special framework derived from the "quality control" screen for antibodies with particularly stable and soluble frameworks independent of their antigen binding site that has been disclosed in EP1479694 .
  • the frameworks used in the screening are human antibody frameworks, they can be considered as non-immunogenic frameworks for human applications.
  • Di 62 inhibits human TNF ⁇ -induced cytotoxicity in mouse L929 cells.
  • an antibody or antibody derivative that is (i) sufficiently specific for binding TNF ⁇ , (ii) sufficiently soluble to allow efficient production and purification and to block TNF ⁇ in vivo , (iii) sufficiently stable to be useful as a pharmaceutical without suffering a rapid degradation and (iv) sufficiently non-immunogenic, a compromise between best solubility and best antigen binding characteristics was sought by varying the framework and the CDRs.
  • the present invention provides a sequence for VL and VH that is optimized for the combination of the criteria (i-iv).
  • An scFv antibody comprising said VL (SEQ ID. NO:1 linked by a (GGGGS) 4 linker to said VH (SEQ ID NO:2) is called TB-A.
  • TB-A The sequence of TB-A is given by SEQ ID NO:40. This antibody is still reasonably stable and soluble to give satisfactory yields when expressed and purified from E. coli ( Fig. 3A ), and it does not aggregate ( Fig. 3B ). Its binding characteristics towards TNF ⁇ are excellent, with a Kd of 0.8 nM.
  • VL and VH sequences derived from the sequences present in TB-A in various ways.
  • point mutations at up to five positions in the framework of VL and/or at up to nine positions in the framework of VH have been found acceptable, especially point mutations that render the frameworks more TB-B-like, i.e. more like SEQ ID NO:3 for VL or SEQ ID NO: 4 for VH.
  • An scFv antibody comprising a VL domain of the sequence SEQ ID NO:11 and a VH domain of the sequence SEQ ID NO:4, linked by the (GGGGS) 4 linker, is called TB-B R46L because it differs only at position 46 of VL from TB-B.
  • this antibody still has good binding properties towards TNF ⁇ (Kd ⁇ 100 nM). This suggests that the number of changes in TB-B R46L relative to TB-A represents approximately the upper limit for changes in the variable domain framework.
  • VL and/or VH frameworks of TB-A Only single or double point mutations are introduced into VL and/or VH frameworks of TB-A.
  • the preferred framework residues for mutations are at positions 4, 46, 65, 67, 70 and 83 for VL, and at positions 11, 16, 28, 43, 48, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77, 79, 93 and 112 for VH.
  • the positions are numbered according to the numbering in the sequence listings.
  • the amino acids substitutions are preferably either "conservative", or such that the replacing amino acids are more similar or preferably even identical to the corresponding amino acids present in the TB-B sequence.
  • A76 of VH in TB-A can be changed to I76 as it is present in TB-B, but it may also be changed to another amino acid with similar, i.e. a non-polar side chain such as V or L. This is an example of a "conservative" amino acid substitution.
  • Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains suitable for "conservative" substitutions as used herein have been defined in the art, including basic side chains (K, R, H), acidic side chains (D, E), uncharged polar side chains (Q, N, S, T, Y, C), non-polar side chains (G, A, V, L, I, P, F, M, W), beta-branched side chains (T, V, I) and aromatic side chains (Y, F, W, H).
  • a preferred conservative change is that of VL at position 83, in that V is changed to either F (SEQ ID NO:26) or to A (SEQ ID NO: 27).
  • SEQ ID NO: 32 a non-conservative change in VL is V83E, which is combined with a change in CDR1, i.e. N31D, and in VH with V79A.
  • Another extraordinary TB-A variant is that of SEQ ID NO: 33, with a conservative F68L exchange in VH connected to VL by a linker carrying an R at position 2, replacing G.
  • VH domains may be combined with any of the above mentioned VL domains.
  • VL and VH domains of TB-A and TB-B are shuffled such that the VL domain of TB-A (SEQ ID. NO:1 is combined with the VH domain of TB-B (SEQ ID NO:4), or the VL domain of TB-B (SEQ ID. NO:4) is combined with the VH domain of TB-A (SEQ ID NO:2).
  • the shuffled versions obtained in an scFv are connected with the (GGGGS) 4 linker of the sequence SEQ ID. NO:10, resulting in the scFv antibodies TB-AB (SEQ ID. NO:12) or TB-BA (SEQ ID. NO:13), respectively.
  • Said (GGGGS) 4 linker can have an amino acid exchange of a glycine to a more hydrophilic, i.e. polar, or even charged amino acid, which may render the antibody more soluble.
  • the one with the sequence GRGGS-(GGGGS)3 (SEQ ID NO:39) is preferred.
  • Disclosed is also to combine VL or VH domains of TB-B-like sequences with VH or VL domains of TB-A-like sequences, whereby TB-B/TB-A-like means that the sequences are closer to the one than to the other.
  • One or more amino acids are changed in the CDR regions of the TB-A VL and/or VH sequences to match the corresponding amino acids present in the selected sequences SEQ ID NO:5 of VL and/or SEQ ID. NO:6 or SEQ ID NO:25 of VH.
  • Much preferred are changes in one of the VL CDRs (VL CDR2 or VL CDR3) and/or VH CDRs (CDR2 or CDR3), with the most preferred changes leading to the VL sequences SEQ ID NO:7or SEQ ID NO:8 and/or the VH sequences SEQ ID NO:25 or SEQ ID NO:9, respectively.
  • VL sequences SEQ ID NO:26 or SEQ ID NO:27 is combined with the VH sequence SEQ ID NO:30.
  • the VL sequence SEQ ID NO:1 is combined with the VH sequences Seq ID NO:28 or SEQ ID NO:29.
  • any of the disclosed VL sequences may be combined with any of the disclosed VH sequences.
  • Objects of the present disclosure are antibodies and antibody fragments, in particular VL or VH polypeptides, single-chain antibodies (scFv) or Fab fragments.
  • a selected VL domain can be linked to a selected VH domain in either orientation by a flexible linker.
  • a suitable state of the art linker consist of repeated GGGGS amino acid sequences or variants thereof.
  • a (GGGGS) 4 linker of the sequence ID NO:10 or its derivative SEQ ID NO: 39 is used, but variants of 1-3 repeats are also possible ( Holliger et al. (1993), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:6999-6998 ).
  • linkers that can be used for the present invention are described by Alfthan et al. (1995), Protein Eng. 8:725-731 , Choi et al. (2001), Eur. J. Immunol. 31:94-106 , Hu et al. (1996), Cancer Res. 56:3055-3061 , Kipriyanov et al. (1999), J. Mol. Biol. 293:41-56 and Roovers et al. (2001), Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 50:51-59 .
  • the arrangement can be either VL-linker-VH or VH-linker-VL, with the former orientation being the preferred one.
  • selected light chain variable domains VL are fused to the constant region of a human Ig kappa chain, while the suitable heavy chain variable domains VH are fused to the first (N-terminal) constant domain CH1 of a human IgG.
  • the human C ⁇ domain has the sequence SEQ ID NO:14 and the CH1 domain used to construct the Fab fragments has the sequence SEQ ID NO:15.
  • FIG. 2 shows an example of a Fab fragment wherein the VL and VH domains of TB-A are used such that the VL domain is directly linked to the human kappa constant domain, resulting in the sequence and the VH domain is fused to the first constant domain (CH1), resulting in the sequence
  • an inter-chain disulfide bridge is formed between the two constant domains.
  • the antibodies or antibody derivatives of the present invention can have affinities to human TNF ⁇ with dissociation constants K d in a range of 0.8-10'000 nM. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the K d is ⁇ 10 nM.
  • the affinity of an antibody for an antigen can be determined experimentally using a suitable method ( Berzofsky et al. "Antibody-Antigen Interactions", in Fundamental Immunology, Paul, W.E., Ed, Raven Press: New York, NY (1992 ); Kuby, J. Immunology, W.H. Freeman and Company: New York, NY ) and methods described therein.
  • the antibodies or antibody derivatives are labeled.
  • Detectable labeling of a TNF ⁇ -specific antibody or antibody derivative can be accomplished by linking it to an enzyme for use in an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which are methods well known to the person skilled in the art (for example Current Protocols in Immunology, Coligan et al. Eds, John Wiley & Sons,2005 ).
  • EIA enzyme immunoassay
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
  • radioimmuneassay see for example, Work et al., Laboratory Techniques and Biochemistry in Molecular Biology, North Holland Publishing Company, N.Y. (1978 ).
  • the radioisotope can be detected by the use of a gamma counter or a scintillation counter or by autoradiography.
  • Particularly useful isotopes are 3 H, 131 I, 35 S, 14 C, and preferably 125 I.
  • the antibodies or antibody derivatives of the present invention can also be labeled with fluorescent labeling compounds such as fluorescein, isothiocyanate, rhodamine, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o-phthaldehyde and fluorescamine, or with chemilumines-cent compounds such as luminol, isoluminol, theromatic acridinium ester, imidazol acridinium salt and oxalate ester.
  • fluorescent labeling compounds such as fluorescein, isothiocyanate, rhodamine, phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o-phthaldehyde and fluorescamine
  • chemilumines-cent compounds such as luminol, isoluminol, theromatic acridinium ester, imidazol acridinium salt and oxalate ester.
  • Labeling and detection protocols are well known to the person-skilled in the art. For example, they are available from Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual: Portable Protocol NO.I (Harlow, E. and Lane, D., 1998 ).
  • Labeled antibodies or antibody derivatives of the present invention are useful for diagnostic purposes, in particular detection of TNF ⁇ in a biological sample removed from a patient.
  • Any sample containing TNF ⁇ can be used, e.g. biological fluids like blood, serum, lymph, urine, inflammatory exudate, cerebrospinal fluid, amniotic fluid, a tissue extract or homogenate, and the like, or histological specimens for in situ detection.
  • pharmaceutical formulation refers to preparations which are in such form as to permit the biological actvity of the antibody or antibody derivative to be unequivocally effective, and which contain no additional components which are toxic to the subjects to which the formulation would be administered.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable” excipients are those which can reasonably be administered to a subject mammal to provide an effective dose of the active ingredient employed.
  • a “stable” formulation is one in which the antibody or antibody derivative therein essentially retains its physical stability and/or chemical stability and/or biological activity upon storage.
  • Various analytical techniques for measuring protein stability are available in the art and are reviewed in Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery, 247-301, Vincent Lee Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., Pubs. (1991 ) and Jones, A. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 10: 29-90 (1993 ), for example.
  • Stability can be measured at a selected temperature for a selected time period.
  • the formulation is stable at room temperature (about 30° C) or at 40° C for at least 1 month and/or stable at about 2-8° C for at least 1 year for at least 2 years.
  • the formulation is preferably stable following freezing (to, e.g., -70° C) and thawing of the formulation.
  • An antibody or antibody derivative "retains its physical stability" in a pharmaceutical formulation if it shows no signs of aggregation, precipitation and/or denaturation upon visual examination of color and/or clarity, or as measured by UV light scattering or by size exclusion chromatography.
  • An antibody or antibody derivative "retains its chemical stability" in a pharmaceutical formulation, if the chemical stability at a given time is such that the protein is considered to still retain its biological activity as defined below.
  • Chemical stability can be assessed by detecting and quantifying chemically altered forms of the protein.
  • Chemical alteration may involve size modification (e.g. clipping) which can be evaluated using size exclusion chromatography, SDS-PAGE and/or matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF MS), for example.
  • Other types of chemical alteration include charge alteration (e.g. occurring as a result of deamidation) which can be evaluated by ion-exchange chromatography, for example.
  • An antibody or antibody derivative "retains its biological activity" in a pharmaceutical formulation, if the biological activity of the antibody at a given time is within about 10% (swithin the errors of the assay) of the biological activity exhibited at the time the pharmaceutical formulation was prepared as determined in an antigen binding assay, for example.
  • Other "biological activity” assays for antibodies are elaborated herein below.
  • isotonic is meant that the formulation of interest has essentially the same osmotic pressure as human blood. Isotonic formulations will generally have an osmotic pressure from about 250 to 350 mOsm. Isotonicity can be measured using a vapor pressure or ice-freezing type osmometer, for example.
  • a “polyol” is a substance with multiple hydroxyl groups, and includes sugars (reducing and non-reducing sugars), sugar alcohols and sugar acids. Preferred polyols herein have a molecular weight which is less than about 600 kD (e.g. in the range from about 120 to about 400 kD).
  • a "reducing sugar” is one which contains a hemiacetal group that can reduce metal ions or react covalently with lysine and other amino groups in proteins and a "non-reducing sugar” is one which does not have these properties of a reducing sugar.
  • reducing sugars are fructose, mannose, maltose, lactose, arabinose, xylose, ribose, rhamnose, galactose and glucose.
  • Non-reducing sugars include sucrose, trehalose, sorbose, melezitose and raffinose.
  • Mannitol, xylitol, erythritol, threitol, sorbitol and glycerol are examples of sugar alcohols.
  • sugar acids these include L-gluconate and metallic salts thereof.
  • the polyol is preferably one which does not crystallize at freezing temperatures (e.g.
  • Non-reducing sugars such as sucrose and trehalose are the preferred polyols herein, with trehalose being preferred over sucrose, because of the superior solution stability of trehalose.
  • buffer refers to a buffered solution that resists changes in pH by the action of its acid-base conjugate components.
  • the buffer of this invention has a pH in the range from about 4.5 to about 6.0; preferably from about 4.8 to about 5.5; and most preferably has a pH of about 5.0.
  • buffers that will control the pH in this range include acetate (e.g. sodium acetate), succinate (such as sodium succinate), gluconate, histidine, citrate and other organic acid buffers: Where a freeze-thaw stable formulation is desired, the buffer is preferably not phosphate.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” of an antibody or antibody derivative refers to an amount effective in the prevention or treatment of a disorder for the treatment of which the antibody or antibody derivative is effective.
  • a “disease/disorder” is any condition that would benefit from treatment with the antibody or antibody derivative. This includes chronic and acute disorders or diseases including those pathological conditions which predispose the mammal to the disorder in question.
  • a "preservative" is a compound which can be included in the formulation to essentially reduce bacterial action therein, thus facilitating the production of a multi-use formulation, for example.
  • potential preservatives include octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, hexamethonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride (a mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides in which the alkyl groups are long-chain compounds), and benzethonium chloride.
  • preservatives include aromatic alcohols such as phenol, butyl and benzyl alcohol, alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben, catechol, resorcinol, cyclohexanol, 3-pentanol, and m-cresol.
  • aromatic alcohols such as phenol, butyl and benzyl alcohol
  • alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben
  • catechol resorcinol
  • cyclohexanol 3-pentanol
  • m-cresol m-cresol
  • compositions comprising one or more antibodies or antibody derivative compounds, together with at least one physiologically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions may comprise, for example, one or more of water, buffers (e.g ., neutral buffered saline or phosphate buffered saline), ethanol, mineral oil, vegetable oil, dimethylsulfoxide, carbohydrates ( e.g ., glucose, mannose, sucrose or dextrans), mannitol, proteins, adjuvants, polypeptides or amino acids such as glycine, antioxidants, chelating agents such as EDTA or glutathione and/or preservatives.
  • other active ingredients may (but need not) be included in the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein.
  • a carrier is a substance that may be associated with an antibody or antibody derivative prior to administration to a patient, often for the purpose of controlling stability or bioavailability of the compound.
  • Carriers for use within such formulations are generally biocompatible, and may also be biodegradable.
  • Carriers include, for example, monovalent or multivalent molecules such as serum albumin ( e.g ., human or bovine), egg albumin, peptides, polylysine and polysaccharides such as aminodextran and polyamidoamines.
  • Carriers also include solid support materials such as beads and microparticles comprising, for example, polylactate polyglycolate, poly(lactide-co-glycolide), polyacrylate, latex, starch, cellulose or dextran.
  • a carrier may bear the compounds in a variety of ways, including covalent bonding (either directly or via a linker group), noncovalent interaction or admixture.
  • compositions may be formulated for any appropriate manner of administration, including, for example, topical, oral, nasal, rectal or parenteral administration.
  • compositions in a form suitable for oral use are preferred. Such forms include, for example, pills, tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.
  • compositions provided herein may be formulated as a lyophilizate.
  • parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intradermal, intravascular (e.g ., intravenous), intramuscular, spinal, intracranial, intrathecal and intraperitoneal injection, as well as any similar injection or infusion technique.
  • compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and may contain one or more agents, such as sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agent, and preserving agents in order to provide appealing and palatable preparations.
  • Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with physiologically acceptable excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
  • excipients include, for example, inert diluents (e.g ., calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate), granulating and disintegrating agents (e.g ., corn starch or alginic acid), binding agents (e.g ., starch, gelatin or acacia) and lubricating agents (e.g ., magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc).
  • the tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
  • a time delay material such as glyceryl monosterate or glyceryl distearate may be employed.
  • Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent (e.g. , calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin), or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium (e.g ., peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil).
  • an inert solid diluent e.g. , calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin
  • an oil medium e.g ., peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
  • Aqueous suspensions contain the antibody or antibody derivative in admixture with excipients suitable for the manufacture of aqueous suspensions.
  • Such excipients include suspending agents (e.g ., sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia); and dispersing or wetting agents (e.g ., naturally-occurring phosphatides such as lecithin, condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids such as polyoxyethylene stearate, condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols such as heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides such as polyethylene sorbitan monooleate).
  • suspending agents e.g ., sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydropropylmethylcellulose, sodium al
  • Aqueous suspensions may also comprise one or more preservatives, for example ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.
  • preservatives for example ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate
  • coloring agents such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, or sucrose.
  • sweetening agents such as glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol, or sucrose.
  • Such formulations may also comprise one or more demulcents, preservatives, flavoring agents, and/or coloring agents.
  • Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredients in a vegetable oil (e.g., arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil, or coconut oil) or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin.
  • the oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent such as beeswax, hard paraffin, or cetyl alcohol.
  • Sweetening agents, such as those set forth above, and/or flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oral preparations.
  • Such suspensions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.
  • Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspensions by the addition of water provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives.
  • a dispersing or wetting agent e.g., glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerin, glycerin, glycerin, glycerin, glycerin, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, sorbitol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glyce
  • compositions may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions.
  • the oily phase may be a vegetable oil (e.g ., olive oil or arachis oil), a mineral oil (e.g ., liquid paraffin), or a mixture thereof.
  • Suitable emulsifying agents include naturally-occurring gums (e.g ., gum acacia or gum tragacanth), naturally-occurring phosphatides (e.g ., soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol), anhydrides (e.g ., sorbitan monoleate), and condensation products of partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol with ethylene oxide ( e.g ., polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleate).
  • An emulsion may also comprise one or more sweetening and/or flavoring agents.
  • the pharmaceutical composition may be prepared as a sterile injectible aqueous or oleaginous suspension in which the modulator, depending on the vehicle and concentration used, is either suspended or dissolved in the vehicle.
  • a composition may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing, wetting agents and/or suspending agents such as those mentioned above.
  • suitable dispersing, wetting agents and/or suspending agents such as those mentioned above.
  • the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, 1,3-butanediol, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils may be employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid may be used in the preparation of injectible compositions, and adjuvants such as local anesthetics, preservatives and/or buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.
  • compositions may be formulated as sustained release formulations (i.e ., a formulation such as a capsule that effects a slow release of modulator following administration).
  • sustained release formulations i.e ., a formulation such as a capsule that effects a slow release of modulator following administration.
  • Such formulations may generally be prepared using well known technology and administered by, for example, oral, rectal, or subcutaneous implantation, or by implantation at the desired target site.
  • Carriers for use within such formulations are biocompatible, and may also be biodegradable; preferably the formulation provides a relatively constant level of modulator release.
  • the amount of an antibody or antibody derivative contained within a sustained release formulation depends upon, for example, the site of implantation, the rate and expected duration of release and the nature of the disease/disorder to be treated or prevented.
  • Antibody or antibody derivatives provided herein are generally administered in an amount that achieves a concentration in a body fluid (e.g ., blood, plasma, serum, CSF, synovial fluid, lymph, cellular interstitial fluid, tears or urine) that is sufficient to detectably bind to TNF ⁇ and prevent or inhibit TNF ⁇ associated diseases/disorders.
  • a dose is considered to be effective if it results in a discernible patient benefit as described herein.
  • Preferred systemic doses range from about 0.1 mg to about 140 mg per kilogram of body weight per day (about 0.5 mg to about 7 g per patient per day), with oral doses generally being about 5-20 fold higher than intravenous doses.
  • the amount of antibody or antibody derivative that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Dosage unit forms will generally contain between from about 1 mg to about 500 mg of an active ingredient.
  • compositions may be packaged for treating conditions responsive to an antibody or antibody derivative directed to TNF- ⁇ .
  • Packaged pharmaceutical compositions may include a container holding a effective amount of at least one antibody or antibody derivative as described herein and instructions ( e.g ., labeling) indicating that the contained composition is to be used for treating a disease/disorder responsive to one antibody or antibody derivative following administration in the patient.
  • the antibodies or antibody derivatives of the present invention can also be chemically modified.
  • Preferred modifying groups are polymers, for example an optionally substituted straight or branched chain polyalkene, polyalkenylene, or polyoxyalkylene polymer or a branched or unbranched polysaccharide. Such effector group may increase the half-live of the antibody in vivo .
  • Particular examples of synthetic polymers include optionally substituted straight or branched chain poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG), poly(propyleneglycol), poly(vinylalcohol) or derivatives thereof.
  • Particular naturally occurring polymers include lactose, amylose, dextran, glycogen or derivatives thereof.
  • the size of the polymer may be varied as desired, but will generally be in an average molecular weight range from 500Da to 50000Da. For local application where the antibody is designed to penetrate tissue, a preferred molecular weight of the polymer is around 5000Da.
  • the polymer molecule can be attached to the antibody, in particular to the C-terminal end of the Fab fragment heavy chain via a covalently linked hinge peptide as described in WO0194585 .
  • PEG moieties reference is made to " Poly(ethyleneglycol) Chemistry, Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications", 1992, J. Milton Harris (ed), Plenum Press, New York and " Bioconjugation Protein Coupling Techniques for the Biomedical Sciences", 1998, M. Aslam and A. Dent, Grove Publishers, New York .
  • the pharmaceutical formulation comprising it is prepared.
  • the antibody to be formulated has not been subjected to prior lyophilization and the formulation of interest herein is an aqueous formulation.
  • the antibody or antibody derivative in the formulation is an antibody fragment, such as an scFv.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of antibody present in the formulation is determined by taking into account the desired dose volumes and mode(s) of administration, for example. From about 0.1 mg/ml to about 50 mg/ml, preferably from about 0.5 mg/ml to about 25 mg/ml and most preferably from about 2 mg/ml to about 10 mg/ml is an exemplary antibody concentration in the formulation.
  • An aqueous formulation comprising the antibody or antibody derivative in a pH-buffered solution
  • the buffer of this invention has a pH in the range from about 4.5 to about 6.0, preferably from about 4.8 to about 5.5, and most preferably has a pH of about 5.0.
  • buffers that will control the pH within this range include acetate (e.g. sodium acetate), succinate (such as sodium succinate), gluconate, histidine, citrate and other organic acid buffers.
  • the buffer concentration can be from about 1 mM to about 50 mM, preferably from about 5 mM to about 30 mM, depending, for example, on the buffer and the desired isotonicity of the formulation.
  • the preferred buffer is sodium acetate (about 10 mM), pH 5.0.
  • a polyol which acts as a tonicifier and may stabilize the antibody, is included in the formulation.
  • the formulation does not contain a tonicifying amount of a salt such as sodium chloride, as this may cause the antibody or antibody derivative to precipitate and/or may result in oxidation at low pH.
  • the polyol is a non-reducing sugar, such as sucrose or trehalose. The polyol is added to the formulation in an amount which may vary with respect to the desired isotonicity of the formulation.
  • the aqueous formulation is isotonic, in which case suitable concentrations of the polyol in the formulation are in the range from about 1% to about 15% w/v, preferably in the range from about 2% to about 10% whv, for example.
  • suitable concentrations of the polyol in the formulation are in the range from about 1% to about 15% w/v, preferably in the range from about 2% to about 10% whv, for example.
  • hypertonic or hypotonic formulations may also be suitable.
  • the amount of polyol added may also alter with respect to the molecular weight of the polyol. For example, a lower amount of a monosaccharide (e.g. mannitol) may be added, compared to a disaccharide (such as trehalose).
  • a surfactant is also added to the antibody or antibody derivative formulation.
  • exemplary surfactants include nonionic surfactants such as polysorbates (e.g. polysorbates 20, 80 etc) or poloxamers (e.g. poloxamer 188).
  • the amount of surfactant added is such that it reduces aggregation of the formulated antibody/antibody derivative and/or minimizes the formation of particulates in the formulation and/or reduces adsorption.
  • the surfactant may be present in the formulation in an amount from about 0.001% to about 0.5%, preferably from about 0.005% to about 0.2% and most preferably from about 0.01% to about 0.1%.
  • the formulation contains the above-identified agents (i.e. antibody or antibody derivative, buffer, polyol and surfactant) and is essentially free of one or more preservatives, such as benzyl alcohol, phenol, m-cresol, chlorobutanol and benzethonium Cl.
  • a preservative may be included in the formulation, particularly where the formulation is a multidose formulation.
  • the concentration of preservative may be in the range from about 0.1% to about 2%, most preferably from about 0.5% to about 1%.
  • One or more other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers such as those described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 21st edition, Osol, A. Ed.
  • Acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed and include; additional buffering agents; cosolvents; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; chelating agents such as EDTA; metal complexes (e.g. Zn-protein complexes); biodegradable polymers such as polyesters; and/or salt-forming counterions such as sodium.
  • the formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes, prior to, or following, preparation of the formulation.
  • the formulation is administered to a mammal in need of treatment with the antibody, preferably a human, in accord with known methods, such as intravenous administration as a bolus or by continuous infusion over a period of time, by intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intracerobrospinal, subcutaneous, intra-articular, intrasynovial, intrathecal, oral, topical, or inhalation routes.
  • the formulation is administered to the mammal by intravenous administration.
  • the formulation may be injected using a syringe or via an IV line, for example.
  • the appropriate dosage ("therapeutically effective amount") of the antibody will depend, for example, on the condition to be treated, the severity and course of the condition, whether the antibody is administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous therapy, the patient's clinical history and response to the antibody, the type of antibody used, and the discretion of the attending physician.
  • the antibody or antibody derivative is suitably administered to the patent at one time or over a series of treatments and may be administered to the patent at any time from diagnosis onwards.
  • the antibody or antibody derivative may be administered as the sole treatment or in conjunction with other drugs or therapies useful in treating the condition in question.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the antibody or antibody derivative administered will be in the range of about 0.1 to about 50 mg/kg of patent body weight whether by one or more administrations, with the typical range of antibody used being about 0.3 to about 20 mg/kg, more preferably about 0.3 to about 15 mg/kg, administered daily, for example.
  • the typical range of antibody used being about 0.3 to about 20 mg/kg, more preferably about 0.3 to about 15 mg/kg, administered daily, for example.
  • other dosage regimens may be useful. The progress of this therapy is easily monitored by conventional techniques.
  • an article of manufacture comprising a container which holds the aqueous pharmaceutical formulation of the present invention and optionally provides instructions for its use.
  • Suitable containers include, for example, bottles, vials and syringes.
  • the container may be formed from a variety of materials such as glass or plastic.
  • An exemplary container is a 3-20 cc single use glass vial.
  • the container may be 3-100 cc glass vial.
  • the container holds the formulation and the label on, or associated with, the container may indicate directions for use.
  • the article of manufacture may further include other materials desirable from a commercial and user standpoint, including other buffers, diluents, filters, needles, syringes, and package inserts with instructions for use.
  • the antibodies or antibody derivatives of the present invention may be generated using routine techniques in the field of recombinant genetics. Knowing the sequences of the polypeptides, the cDNAs encoding them can be generated by gene synthesis ( www.genscript.com ). These cDNAs can be cloned into suitable vector plasmids. Once the DNA encoding a VL and/or a VH domain are obtained, site directed mutagenesis, for example by PCR using mutagenic primers, can be performed to obtain various derivatives. The best "starting" sequence can be chosen depending on the number of alterations desired in the VL and/or VH sequences. A preferred sequence is the TB-A sequences and its derivatives, e.g. scFv sequences or Fab fusion peptide sequences, may be chosen as templates for PCR driven mutagenesis and/or cloning.
  • Standard cloning and mutagenesis techniques well known to the person skilled in the art can be used to attach linkers, shuffle domains or construct fusions for the production of Fab fragments.
  • Basic protocols disclosing the general methods of this invention are described in Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (Sambrook & Russell, 3rd ed. 2001 ) and in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel et al., 1999 ).
  • the DNA sequence harboring a gene encoding a scFv polypeptide, or in the case of Fab fragments, encoding either two separate genes or a bi-cistronic operon comprising the two genes for the VL-C ⁇ and the VH-CH1 fusions are cloned in a suitable expression vector, preferably one with an inducible promoter. Care must be taken that in front of each gene an appropriate ribosome binding site (RBS in Fig. 2 ) is present that ensures translation. It is to be understood that the antibodies of the present invention comprise the disclosed sequences rather than they consist of them.
  • cloning strategies may require that a construct is made from which an antibody with one or a few additional residues at the N-terminal end are present.
  • the methionine derived from the start codon may be present in the final protein in cases where it has not been cleaved posttranslationally.
  • Most of the constructs for scFv antibodies give rise to an additional alanine at the N-terminal end.
  • an expression vector for periplasmic expression in E . coli is chosen (Krebber, 1997).
  • Said vector comprises a promoter in front of a cleavable signal sequence.
  • the coding sequence for the antibody peptide is then fused in frame to the cleavable signal sequence.
  • both the VL-C ⁇ and the VH-CH1 fusions peptides must be linked to an export signal.
  • the covalent S-S bond is formed at the C-terminal cysteines after the peptides have reached the periplasm.
  • said antibodies usually can be obtained at high yields from inclusion bodies, which can be easily separated from other cellular fragments and protein. In this case the inclusion bodies are solubilized in a denaturing agent such as e.g. guaridine hydrochloride (GndHCl) and then refolded by renaturation procedures well known to those skilled in the art.
  • a denaturing agent such as e.g. guaridine hydrochloride (GndHCl)
  • Plasmids expressing the scFv or Fab polypeptides are introduced into a suitable host, preferably a bacterial, yeast or mammalian cell, most preferably a suitable E . coli strain as for example JM83 for periplasmic expression or BL21 for expression in inclusion bodies.
  • the polypeptide can be harvested either from the periplasm or form inclusion bodies and purified using standard techniques such as ion exchange chromatography, reversed phase chromatography, affinity chromatography and/or gel filtration known to the person skilled in the art.
  • the antibodies or antibody derivatives of the present invention can be characterized with respect to yield, solubility and stability in vitro .
  • Binding capacities towards TNF ⁇ preferably towards human TNF ⁇ , can be tested in vitro by ELISA or surface plasmon resonance (BIACore), using recombinant human TNF ⁇ as described in WO9729131 , the latter method also allowing to determine the k off rate constant, which should preferably be less than 10 -3 s -1 .
  • K d values of ⁇ 10 nM are preferred.
  • In vivo neutralizing activity of an antibody or antibody derivative of the present invention can be estimated using the L929 cytotoxicity assay.
  • Human recombinant TNF ⁇ exerts a cytotoxic effect towards cultured mouse L929 fibroblast cells in a concentration-dependent manner. This TNF ⁇ -induced cytotoxicity can be inhibited by TNF ⁇ neutralizing antibodies (Döring, 1994).
  • a preferred IC 50 value corresponding to a half-maximal inhibitor concentration is ⁇ 100 ng ml -1 .
  • TNF ⁇ has a proven pathophysiological role in various human diseases, in particular inflammatory disorders, immune and immune-regulated disorders, infections causing septic, endotoxic and cardiovascular shock, neurodegenerative diseases, and malignant diseases.
  • TNF ⁇ is suspected to playa disease-relevant role in a steadily growing number of additional human diseases, it is difficult to give a comprehensive list of indications that also ensures a complete representation of the spectrum of clinical applications for TNF ⁇ inhibitors in the future. Therefore, the antibodies or antibody derivatives of the present invention can be applied to treat the diseases listed in the following catalogue, which is not to be considered as a complete or exclusive list.
  • Other diseases not mentioned specifically, which directly or indirectly are influenced by TNF ⁇ are also included.
  • Chronic and/or autoimmune states of inflammation in general immune mediated inflammatory disorders in general, inflammatory CNS disease, inflammatory diseases affecting the eye, joint, skin, mucuous membranes, central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract or lung, states of uveitis in general, retinitis, HLA-B27+ uveitis, Behcet's disease, dry eye syndrome, glaucoma, Sjögren syndrome, diabetes mellitus (incl.
  • diabetic neuropathy insulin resistance
  • states of arthritis in general rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, reactive arthritis and Reiter's syndrome, juvenile arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, sarcoidosis, glomerulonephritis, chronic kidney disease, cystitis, Psoriasis (incl.
  • extraintestinal manifestastations ulcerative colitis
  • asthma bronchiale hypersensitivity pneumonitis
  • general allergies allergic rhinitis, allergic sinusitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • lung fibrosis Wegener's granulomatosis
  • Kawasaki syndrome Giant cell arteritis, Churg-Strauss vasculitis, polyarteritis nodosa, burns, graft versus host disease, host versus graft reactions, rejection episodes following organ or bone marrow transplantation, sytemic and local states of vasculitis in general, systemic and discoid lupus erythematodes, polymyositis and dermatomyositis, sclerodermia, pre-eclampsia, acute and chronic pancreatitis, viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis.
  • Alzheimer disease Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Bell' palsy, Creutzfeld-Jakob disease.
  • Cancer-related osteolysis cancer-related inflammation, cancer-related pain, cancer-related cachexia, bone metastases.
  • Acute and chronic forms of pain irrespective whether these are caused by central or peripheral effects of TNF ⁇ and whether they are classified as inflammatory , nociceptive or neuropathic forms of pain, sciatica, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), gout, postherpetic neuralgia, fibromyalgia, local pain states, chronic pain syndroms due to metastatic tumor, dismenorrhea.
  • CRPS complex regional pain syndrome
  • Atherosclerosis coronary artery disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart insufficiency and chronic heart failure.
  • treatment of osteoarthritis or uveitis or inflammatory bowel disease can be achieved with the antibodies, or antibody derivatives of the present invention.
  • the present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antibody derivative molecule of the present invention in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition should preferably comprise a therapeutically effective amount of the antibody of the present invention, i.e. an amount of said antibody that is needed to treat, ameliorate or prevent the TNF ⁇ -related disease or condition, or to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or preventive effect.
  • the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated either in cell culture assays or in animal models, usually in rodents, rabbits, dogs, pigs or primates. The animal model may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration range and route of administration.
  • a suitable animal model to observe an effect of the antibody or antibody derivative of the present invention is a rat model for acute monoarthritis ( Bolon et al. (2004), Vet. Pathol.41:235-243 .
  • Human TNF ⁇ is injected intraarticularly into the knee joint of a rat, leading to an acute, self-limiting monoarthritis in the injected joint.
  • Bioactivity of an anti-TNF ⁇ antibody can be quantified by reduction of TNF ⁇ -induced knee joint swelling and or reduction of histological parameters of inflammation.
  • antibodies or antibody derivatives of the present invention are highly soluble, high antibody concentrations (60 mg ml -1 or more)enable the use of small application volumes.
  • the antibody or antibody derivative of the present invention may be utilised in any therapy where it is desired to reduce the level of biological active TNF ⁇ present in the human or animal body.
  • the TNF ⁇ may be circulating in the body or be present at an undesirably high level localised at a particular site in the body.
  • the present invention provides modes for systemic as well as local applications in general, which include, but are not limited to the following ones: peroral application, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intravitreal, intradermal, or intraparenchymal injection, aerosol inhalation, topical application to the skin, to mucous membranes or to eye, systemic or local release via implantable minipump or local release via implantable formulation/device allowing for retarded release, topical application to serosal surfaces, intrathecal or intraventricular application, oral application in formulations allowing for controlled intralumenal release in selected parts of the gastrointestinal tract, localized intravasal release from adequate formulation/devices ( e.g .
  • a preferred application is a local one such as intraarticular injection or topic application e.g. into the eye.
  • the antibody of the present invention needs to be in solution.
  • the present invention also reveals the use of the antibody or antibody derivative of the present invention for the production of a medicament for the treatment of TNF ⁇ associated diseases.
  • the antibody or antibody derivative is comprised in a therapeutic composition.
  • Said composition is used as a medicament, most preferably for the prevention or therapy of TNF ⁇ related diseases.
  • the scFv antibodies of the present invention are used in gene therapy, in particular in adoptive cellular gene therapy.
  • Autoimmune disorders represent inappropriate immune responses directed at self-tissue.
  • Antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) are important mediators in the pathogenesis of auto-immune disease and thus are ideal candidates for adoptive cellular gene therapy, an ex vivo approach to therapeutic gene transfer.
  • DCs antigen-presenting dendritic cells
  • scFvs derived from a TNF ⁇ neutralizing monoclonal antibody can neutralize TNF ⁇ in vitro and (ii) change the cytokine expression pattern in mice suffering from collagen-induced arthritis locally in the joints, but not systemically.
  • suitable vectors e.g. viruses
  • the disclosed sequences are the following ones: SEQ ID NO:10 Linker GGGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGS SEQ ID NO:39 Linker G2R GRGGSGGGGSGGGGSGGGGS
  • the starting material for the generation of humanised anti-human TNF ⁇ antibodies or antibody derivatives, such as single-chain fragments (scFv) or Fab fragments was the murine monoclonal antibody Di62.
  • Di62 inhibits human TNF ⁇ -induced cytotoxicity in mouse L929 cells.
  • Di62 Based on its published sequence Di62 was constructed in the form of a single-chain antibody derivative (scFv) in the orientation VL-linker-VH, in which the linker sequence is composed of four repeats of four glycine and one serine residue (Gly 4 Ser) 4 .
  • this scFv is referred to as TB-wt, with a VL of SEQ ID NO:16 and a VH of SEQ ID NO:17.
  • this antibody derivative for the purpose of a) render it more similar to human sequences in order to minimise potential immunogenicity, and b) render it more stable and soluble, TB-wt CDR sequences were grafted on stable and soluble human frameworks (Auf der Maur et al. (2001), FEBS Lett. 508:407-412 ; Auf der Maur et al. (2004), Methods 34:215-224 ).
  • the human VL-kappa subgroup I and VH subgroup I were identified as nearest human subfamily.
  • the appropriate acceptor framework was chosen from a pool of human VL and VH sequences, selected for advantageous biochemical and biophysical properties, such as for example stability, solubility, and expression properties ( Auf der Maur, et al.
  • TB-B The minimal approach, namely the conservative transfer of all mouse CDR loops from TB-wt onto FW2.3 was carried out first.
  • the resulting scFv is referred to as TB-B and has the VL sequence of SEQ ID NO:3 and the VH sequence of SEQ ID NO:4.
  • the CDR-loops in TB-wt were defined according to the Kabat numbering scheme ( Kabat et al. (1991), Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed , Natl. Inst. Health, Bethesda, MD ) and confine the following residues (see Figure 1 ) :
  • one or more further exchanges were made at one or more of the VL residues 4, 46, 65, 67, 70, and/or VH residues 28, 43, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77.
  • the variant with exchanges in all positions is referred to as TB-A (VL SEQ ID NO:1; VH SEQ ID NO:2).
  • the first variant is composed of the VL domain from TB-A connected via a glycine serine linker (SEQ ID NO:10) with the VH domain from TB-B, resulting in TB-AB (SEQ ID NO:12).
  • the second variant, TB-BA is the reverse of the first variant, namely, the VL domain from TB-B in combination with the VH domain of TB-A (SEQ ID NO:13).
  • FIG. 1 shows a sequence comparison of the VL and VH sequences of TB-A and TB-B.
  • a total of 14 framework residues differ between TB-A and TB-B (asterisks). Only five of them, VL residues 4 and 70, and VH residues 28, 71, and 73 show only minor differences in size and property and therefore were not considered for mutagenesis, at this point.
  • the following framework positions were replaced with the corresponding amino acid from TB-B.
  • TB-A H43 K ⁇ Q interface (SEQ ID NO:18) TB-A H68 F ⁇ V outer loop VH (SEQ ID NO:19) TB-A H70/72 F ⁇ L, L ⁇ R outer loop VH (SEQ ID NO:20) TB-A H76/77 A ⁇ I, S ⁇ G outer loop VH (SEQ ID NO:21) TB-A L46 L ⁇ R interface (SEQ ID NO:22) TB-A L65 R ⁇ S outer loop VL (SEQ ID NO:23) TB-A L67 Y ⁇ S outer loop VL (SEQ ID NO:24)
  • TB_L2 SEQ ID NO:7
  • TB_L3 SEQ ID NO:8
  • TB_H2 SEQ ID NO:9
  • the cDNAs encoding the murine single-chain version of the monoclonal antibody Di62, and the two humanised versions TB-B and TB-A were generated by gene synthesis (www.genscript.com). All the point mutations in the other variants (TB-B L46, TB- A H43, TB-A H67, TB- A H69/71, TB-A H75/76, TB-A L46, TB-A L65, TB-A L67, TB-A V83F, TB-A V83A, TB-A D66G) were introduced by PCR-driven site-directed mutagenesis following standard cloning procedures.
  • TB-A Some further preferred TB-A are disclosed in SEQ ID NO: 31 to SEQ ID NO: 38. These antibodies were found to be particularly stable and soluble, as shown below in Table I.
  • the corresponding Fab fragments were generated as follows. Selected light chain variable domains (VL) were fused to the constant region of a human Ig kappa chain, while the suitable heavy chain variable domains (VH) were fused to the first (N-terminal) constant domain (CH1) of a human IgG. Both human constant domains were amplified by PCR from a human spleen cDNA library and resulted in the sequence SEQ ID NO:14 for CK- and SEQ ID NO:15 for CH1.
  • Plasmids encoding TB-wt, its humanised derivatives, or Fab fragments were introduced into a suitable E . coli strain (e.g. JM83) for periplasmic expression.
  • the scFv variants were also expressed as inclusion bodies, for example in the BL21 E. coli strain.
  • Functional single-chain antibodies were obtained by refolding of inclusion bodies and subsequent purification by, for example, gel filtration.
  • the expression yields upon periplasmic expression of the scFvs ranged between 0.5 mg up to 12 mg per litre culture under standard laboratory cultivation conditions (dYT medium, with approx. 3 hours induction time at 30°C, shaking at 200 rpm) with conventional shaking flasks.
  • dYT medium with approx. 3 hours induction time at 30°C, shaking at 200 rpm
  • FW2.3 sequence of the acceptor framework
  • Fig. 3A Another important characteristic of the antibodies or antibody derivatives of the present invention is their solubility.
  • Fig. 3B shows the superiority of the framework TB-A over the donor framework (TB-wt) in terms of solubility in phosphate buffered saline.
  • TB-wt donor framework
  • TB-wt shows a strong tendency to form aggregates (peak at 50ml).
  • maximal solubility of TB-A and certain derivatives thereof was assessed by PEG precipitation ( Athat DH.
  • test proteins were measured in the presence of polyethylene glycol 3000 (PEG3000). Solubility curves were determined by measuring protein concentration in the supernatant of centrifuged protein-PEG300 mixtures. All curves showed a linear dependence of log S (mg/ml) on PEG3000 concentration (%, w/v). Maximal solubility (S max ) of a test protein was estimated by extrapolation of the linear regression towards 0% PEG (Tab. I). For TB-A was S max calculated to be about 70 mg/ml. All test proteins showed exceptionally good solubility.
  • PEG3000 polyethylene glycol 3000
  • a method called self-interaction chromatography was applied to assess intermolecular attraction / repulsion of TB-A (SEQ ID NO:40), TB-A Linker_G2R H_F68L (SEQ ID NO:33), TB-A H_K43R/F68I (SEQ ID NO:34) and TB-A H_F68L (SEQ ID NO:35) at a concentration of 1 mg/ml in PBS (50 mM phosphate pH 6.5, 150 mM NaCl).
  • PBS 50 mM phosphate pH 6.5, 150 mM NaCl
  • the protein of interest is immobilized onto a porous stationary phase and packed into a column. Interactions between the free (mobile phase) and immobilized protein are detected as shifts in the retention volume.
  • the protein osmotic second virion coefficient B 22 which is a measure for intermolecular attraction/repulsion, was calculated according to Tessier, PM et al.. Biophys. J. 2002, 82: 1620-1632 (Tab. I). The more positive B 22 , the lower is the intermolecular attraction of the test protein and, therefore, the higher is its solubility. Due to the high similarity of test protein sequences it was assumed that B 22 values of the different proteins can be directly compared to each other.
  • Protein stability of TB-A, TB-A H_M48L/F68I (SEQ ID NO: 31), TB-A Linker_G2R H_F68L (SEQ ID NO:33), TB-A H_K43R/F68I (SEQ ID NO:34) and TB-A H_F68L (SEQ ID NO:35) was assessed by determining the temperature for onset of unfolding by circular dichroism and light scattering at both 218 and 292 nm (Tab. II).
  • TB-A started to unfold at a temperature of 53°C whereas its derivatives TB-A H_M48L/F68I (SEQ ID NO:31), TB-A Linker_G2R H_F68L (SEQ ID NO:33), TB-A H_K43R/F6BI (SEQ ID NO:34) and TB-A H_F68L (SEQ ID NO:35) showed increased thermal stability (56 and 58°C). All test proteins showed irreversible denaturation and precipitated upon unfolding, making it impossible to determine the melting temperature. In order to determine midpoint of transition in a reversible process, unfolding was induced with guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl), to keep the unfolded proteins in solution.
  • GdnHCl guanidine hydrochloride
  • Table II Stability features of TB-A derivatives SEQ Onset of denaturation [°C] [GdnHCl] at midpoint of transition TB-A 53 2.07 M TB-A H_M48L/F68I 58 nd TB-A L_V83E H_V79A nd nd TB-A Linker_G2R H_F68L 58 2.33 M TB-A-QC15.2 56 2.30 M TB-A-QC23.2 58 nd TB-A-H_F68A nd nd TB-A H_F68V/F70L nd nd TB-A H_F70L nd nd nd nd nd nd
  • TB-A The stability of TB-A in human serum, human urine, pig vitreous body fluid and pig anterior chamber fluid was assayed by measuring TNF ⁇ binding activity of TB-A after incubation for 3 days at 37°C in the respective body fluid or in assay buffer (TBSTM) as a positive control.
  • TBSTM assay buffer
  • TB-A was diluted in body fluids to a final concentration of 10 ⁇ M. After the incubation period dilution series of the samples were assayed by ELISA in order to determine the binding constant K d of TB-A ( Fig. 11 ).
  • a shift of the K d towards higher concentrations would indicate a decrease of active protein during the incubation period. In our experiments, however, no such shift was detectable, indicating that the amount of fully active TB-A remained constant in every body fluid assay due to a high stability of the antibody.
  • TB-A represents a good compromise between the apparent trade-off of expression yield and affinity. In terms of affinity, no significant difference between the single-chain and the Fab fragment format of TB-A was detectable (data not shown).
  • the function of antibodies or antibody derivatives in neutralising TNF ⁇ in vivo can be tested by measuring inhibition of cytotoxicity of TNF ⁇ towards cultured mouse L929 fibroblasts or alternatively towards human KYM-1. myelosarcoma cells (Tab. III).
  • the humanised scFv derivatives of Di62 display different efficacies in the L929 assay as shown in Fig. 5B . Some scFv derivatives show IC50 (inhibitory concentration to achieve 50% inhibition) values in the range of 5ng/ml, whereas others had no effect in the L929 assays.
  • ELISA data and results from the L929 assay do not always correlate.
  • KYM-1 data and L929 results correlated nicely with the only difference that much higher concentrations of recombinant human TNF and consequently also of the antagonist where required to see an effect.
  • KYM-1 was, therefore, mainly used to confirm L929 results.
  • potency is expressed as a relative value normalized to TB-A (EC 50 X / EC 50 TB-A). In general, however, IC50 values become again higher the closer the sequence of a binder is to the human acceptor framework (FW2.3).
  • Fig. 5 compares the potency of different derivatives of TB-A to block TNF ⁇ induced cytotoxicity towards mouse L929 fibroblast cells. Absorption at 450nm correlates with cell survival.
  • TB-A and the anti-hTNFa IgG Infliximab ® show a similar IC 50 value in the L929 assay, whereas the potency of TB-wt to block human TNF ⁇ induced cytotoxicity is significantly lower ( Fig. 5A ).
  • TB-A derivatives are compared with TB-A for their potential to block TNF ⁇ induced cytotoxicity, most of these derivatives except TB-H43 have a reduced efficacy in the L929 ( Fig. 5B ).
  • Table III Functional properties of TB-A derivatives SEQ Relative potency: EC 50 X / EC 50 TB-A L929 cells KYM-1 cells TB-A 1.0 1.0 TB-A H_M48L/F68I 1.1 1.6 TB-A L_V83E H_V79A nd nd TB-A Linker_G2R H_F68L 0.8 1.3 TB-A-QC15.2 1.37 1.5 TB-A-QC23.2 1.32 1.5 TB-A-H_F68A 1.14 nd TB-A H_F68V/F70L 1.28 nd TB-A H_F70L 2.7 nd
  • Infliximab/Remicade ® used in the experiments was purchased at an official Swiss pharmacy.
  • Anti-human TNF ⁇ specific scFv and Fab (TB-A) antibodies as well as a na ⁇ ve scFv antibody framework used as unspecific control antibody in the dose response experiment were expressed in E. coli and purified by standard methods. Endotoxin contamination was held below 10 EU per milligram protein in all preparations because the lipopolysaccharide component is a potent inducer of TNF ⁇ .
  • Recombinant human TNF ⁇ was purchased from PeproTech EC Ltd.
  • the diameter of the knee joint to be injected was determined by means of a standard calliper. 48 hours after injection of TNF ⁇ (or PBS in control animals) and immediately before euthanisation of the animals, the diameter of the injected knee joint was determined again and joint swelling was calculated by subtracting the value of the second diameter measurement from the value of the first diameter measurement ( Fig. 6 and 9 ).
  • Histological scoring analysis for measurement of joint inflammation was performed as described by Bolon and colleagues. Histopathological scoring criteria for assessment of joint inflammation were applied according to Bolon and colleagues ( Fig. 7 , 8 and 10 ).
  • both the representative ESBATech anti-TNF ⁇ scFv and the representative ESBATech anti-TNF ⁇ Fab antibody were highly efficient in blocking human TNF ⁇ -induced monoarthritis upon local (intraarticular) administration.

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