Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
  • C23C2/04—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
  • C23C2/12—Aluminium or alloys based thereon
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
  • C22C21/02—Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/26—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with niobium or tantalum
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/28—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/34—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of silicon
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/38—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
  • C23C2/14—Removing excess of molten coatings; Controlling or regulating the coating thickness
  • C23C2/16—Removing excess of molten coatings; Controlling or regulating the coating thickness using fluids under pressure, e.g. air knives
  • C23C2/18—Removing excess of molten coatings from elongated material
  • C23C2/20—Strips; Plates
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
  • F01N13/16—Selection of particular materials
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
  • F01N2590/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus adapted to particular use, e.g. for military applications, airplanes, submarines
  • F01N2590/04—Exhaust or silencing apparatus adapted to particular use, e.g. for military applications, airplanes, submarines for motorcycles
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
  • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
  • Y10T428/12736—Al-base component
  • Y10T428/1275—Next to Group VIII or IB metal-base component
  • Y10T428/12757—Fe

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an aluminium-plated steel sheet excellent in high-temperature strength and red scale resistance for use in motorcycle engine exhaust gas passageway members (e.g., mufflers, catalyst carriers, exhaust pipes, etc.), and to a motorcycle exhaust gas passageway member comprising it.
• motorcycle engine exhaust gas passageway members e.g., mufflers, catalyst carriers, exhaust pipes, etc.
• the engine exhaust gas passageway in motorcycles is shorter than that in four-wheel vehicles, and not unusually, even the downstream members such as mufflers and others may be often exposed to high temperatures not lower than 400°C.
• an exhaust gas purification device comprising a ternary catalyst is being built also in motorcycles; and in motorcycles, the purification device is often incorporated in the muffler therein.
• Heat-resistant ferritic stainless steel such as SUH409L, SUS436 or the like is used for motorcycle exhaust gas passageway members from the viewpoint of heat resistance.
• Exhaust gas passageway members comprising stainless steel may often have red-brown scale (hereinafter referred to as "red scale"). This is a phenomenon often occurring in a low-oxygen high-moisture atmosphere at an exhaust gas temperature of from 400 to 700°C. When red scale has formed and when it is mixed with dew condensation water, then it gives a red-brown liquid.
• the dew condensation water in an exhaust gas passageway may be discharged out through an exhaust port along with exhaust gas therethrough, but it is extremely unfavorable to discharge the above-mentioned red-brown liquid in the appearance.
• a muffler is a site where dew condensation water may readily remain.
• the muffler is rarely exposed to exhaust gas at 400°C or higher, and the corrosion caused by internal dew condensation water is often problematic rather than the red scale to form inside the muffler.
• the muffler may be frequently exposed to 400°C or higher as so mentioned in the above, and therefore red scale forms inside the muffler and the release of a red-brown liquid caused by it is often problematic.
• Patent Reference 1 discloses a technique of inhibiting red scale formation in stove combustion cylinders and others by previously forming a Cr oxide-base oxide film on the surface of the structure.
• the oxide film is poor in corrosion resistance and therefore requires a countermeasure to enhance the corrosion resistance of the steel base, which brings about the increase in the material cost. Accordingly, the technique is difficult to apply to exhaust gas passageway members.
• Patent References 2 and 3 disclose a technique of inhibiting red scale formation by the use of steel with much Al and Si added thereto.
• Patent References 7, 8 and 10 are produced by Al plating after Ni pre-plating; however, the Ni pre-plating employed therein much increases the production costs and therefore could not be directly applied to exhaust gas passageway members such as mufflers, catalyst carriers and the like for which cost reduction is much desired. In these, in addition, the peeling resistance of the plating layer when heated up to a range of from 400 to 700°C is not always on a satisfactory level.
• the substrate steel indispensably contains a rare earth element or Y added thereto, and is therefore protected from abnormal oxidation at a high temperature of from 1150 to 1250°C; however, since the adhesiveness between the plating layer and the substrates is insufficient, the plating layer tends to readily peel away when the plated steel sheet is exposed to cycles of heating to a range of from 400 to 700°C followed by cooling.
• the plating layer In the plated steel sheets in Patent References 11 and 12, the plating layer is not sufficiently thin, and therefore the peeling resistance of the plating layer to cycles of heating to a range of from 400 to 700°C followed by cooling is insufficient.
• "Red rust" described in Patent Reference 11 is typical red rust generally seen in ordinary steel that has been much corroded at room temperature, and this differs from "red scale" as referred to herein.
• the peeling resistance of the plating layer could not be said to be satisfactory when heated in a temperature range of from 400 to 700°C. Accordingly, when conventional Al-plated stainless steel sheets are applied to mufflers, catalyst carriers and the like in motorcycles that are used in a temperature range of from 400 to 700°C, they could exhibit good corrosion resistance and red scale resistance in the early days; however, while used for a long period of time, the plating layer may peel away, therefore causing reduction in the corrosion resistance and reduction in the red scale resistance of the steel sheets. In other words, they involve some risk factors in point of the durability thereof.
• An object of the present invention is to provide an Al-plated steel sheet for motorcycle exhaust gas passageway members, which is inexpensive and has good high-temperature strength and is excellent in red scale resistance, shapability and low-temperature toughness and in which the peeling resistance of the plating layer in repeated heating in a temperature range of from 400 to 700°C has been significantly enhanced.
• the present inventors have found that, when the thickness of the Al-base plating layer is controlled to be at most 20 ⁇ m, then the peeling resistance of the Al-base plating layer can be significantly enhanced, and have completed the present invention.
• the invention provides an Al-plated steel sheet for motorcycle exhaust gas passageway members excellent in red scale resistance, which is produced by dipping a substrate steel sheet having a base steel composition comprising, in terms of % by mass, at most 0.02% of C, at most 2% of Si, at most 2% of Mn, from 5 to 25% of Cr, from more than 0.1 to 1% of Nb, at most 0.3% of Ti, at most 0.02% of N, and optionally at least one of at most 0.6% of Ni, at most 0.2% of Al, at most 3% of Mo, at most 3% of Cu, at most 3% of W, at most 0.5% of V, at most 0.5% of Co, at most 0.01% of B, with a balance of Fe and inevitable impurities, in a hot-dip plating bath containing, in terms of % by mass, from 3 to 12% of Si and optionally at least one of Ti, B, Sr, Cr, Mn, Mg and Zr in a total amount of at most 1%, with a balance of Al and
• the invention also provides a motorcycle exhaust gas passageway member which is formed of the above-mentioned plated steel sheet and which is so designed that the above-mentioned plating layer thereof is kept in contact with exhaust gas and that the maximum service temperature is 400°C or higher.
• the Al-plated steel sheet of the invention is excellent in red scale resistance and is excellent in peeling resistance of the plating layer in repeated heating in a temperature range of from 400 to 700°C, and therefore, it is favorable for motorcycle exhaust gas passageway members (e.g., muffler members) that are used in an environment where red scale readily forms in heating in that temperature range. Since a substrate steel sheet having good high-temperature strength is used, the latitude in planning the exhaust gas passageway member is broadened, and this is especially advantageous in some types of motorcycles which are equipped with an exhaust gas purification catalyst built therein and in which the temperature of the exhaust gas may be therefore high. In addition, the production costs may be reduced to at most the same level as that for ordinary Al-plated stainless steel sheets. Accordingly, the invention may contribute toward improving and enhancing the quality and the durability of motorcycle exhaust gas passageway members.
• motorcycle exhaust gas passageway members e.g., muffler members
• a high-Cr steel such as ferritic stainless steel or the like is heated at a high temperature
• an oxide having a high Cr concentration Cr-base oxide
• the high-Cr steel may generally have good high-temperature oxidation resistance as compared with low-Cr steel.
• Red scale is composed of the oxide having a high Fe concentration formed in the surface in the manner as above.
• the Fe-base oxide may be prevented from forming in the surface of the steel base in the atmosphere and the temperature range mentioned above.
• Al-base plating may be effective.
• Al in the surface of the plating layer may be rapidly oxidized, and the surface of the steel sheet may be covered with the Al-base oxide film.
• the present inventors' investigations have revealed that the Al-base plating layer may readily peel off from the surface of the steel base in repeated cycles of heating up to a temperature of from 400 to 700°C followed by cooling. This is a significant risk factor of not always exhibiting good durability in application of conventional Al-plated steel sheets to motorcycle muffler members or the like.
• a hot-dip Al-plated steel sheet is heated at 400 to 700°C, Al in the plating layer and Fe in the steel base interdiffuse to give an Fe-Al intermetallic compound layer, and the intermetallic compound layer peels off from the steel base. In that manner, the plating layer peels off from the steel base, from which red scale begins to newly form.
• the present inventors have made detailed studies about the method of preventing the plating layer from peeling off from the Al-plated steel sheet. As a result, the inventors have found that reducing the thickness of the Al-base plating layer is extremely effective for preventing the Al-base plating layer from peeling off from the steel base in heating in a low-oxygen high-moisture atmosphere in a temperature range of from 400 to 700°C. In this case, there is no necessity of providing any specific limitation on the chemical composition of the base steel sheet, on the composition and the texture condition of the Al-base plating layer and on the composition of the alloy layer.
• the mean thickness of the Al-base plating layer is defined to be at most 20 ⁇ m per one surface, whereby the plating layer can exhibit excellent peeling resistance.
• the mean thickness of the Al-base plating layer is the thickness including no alloy layer.
• the hot-dip plating amount can be controlled according to a gas wiping method or the like, and therefore, in case where the plating amount itself per one surface is controlled to be at most 20 ⁇ m, then a part thereof could react with the steel base to form an alloy layer, and the mean thickness of the formed Al-base plating layer is not more than 20 ⁇ m.
• the mean thickness of the plating layer could be at most 20 ⁇ m as the case may be, even when the plating amount is set to be somewhat larger than 20 ⁇ m.
• the mean thickness of the Al-base plating layer is less than 15 ⁇ m, then the peeling resistance may better further more. Accordingly, a case where the mean thickness of the Al-base plating layer per one surface is less than 15 ⁇ m is an especially preferred embodiment of the invention.
• the thickness of the Al-base plating layer is preferably larger.
• the mean thickness of the Al-base plating layer per one surface must be at least 3 ⁇ m on the precondition of using a base steel sheet having a controlled composition as described below.
• the mean thickness is at least 4 ⁇ m, even more preferably at least 5 ⁇ m.
• the alloy layer is relatively more brittle as compared with the steel base and the plating layer. Accordingly, the thickness of the alloy layer is preferably thinner in consideration of the workability of the plated steel sheet. Any specific consideration may be unnecessary for use of the plated steel for low working ratio members; however, when the plated steel sheet is severely deformed, then the mean thickness of the alloy layer per one surface is preferably at most 5 ⁇ m, more preferably at most 4 ⁇ m. In a hot-dip Al-base plating line using a gas-wiping method, it is well possible to produce plated steel sheets having such a thin alloy layer. Regarding the total thickness of the plating layer and the alloy layer, the thickness of the alloy layer is preferably so controlled that the "mean thickness of the Al-base plating layer + mean thickness of the alloy layer" per one surface could be at most 24 ⁇ m.
• the liquidus-line temperature lowers with addition of Si to Al, and the system may have an eutectic composition when the Si content thereof reaches about 12% by mass.
• a hot-dip Al-base plating bath containing Si in an amount of at least 3% by mass is used.
• An Al-richer composition than those of the bath will need a higher bath temperature, and in such a plating bath, it may be difficult to control the mean thickness of the alloy layer to be thin (for example, at most 5 ⁇ m).
• the increase in the bath temperature may cause the increase in the production cost.
• a hot-dip Al-base plating bath that contains from 3 to 12% by mass of Si is used to produce the intended plated steel sheet.
• the Al-base plating bath may contain at least one of Ti, B, Sr, Cr, Mn, Mg and Zr in a total amount of at most 1%.
• the bath may contain Fe as an inevitable impurity, in which Fe is allowable within a range of at most 2.5% by mass.
• the substrate steel sheet to be plated is a high-Cr steel sheet containing from 5 to 25% by mass of Cr. Since the corrosion resistance and the oxidation resistance of the steel sheet could be enhanced by Al-plating, the substrate steel sheet is not always required to have a Cr content on a level of stainless steel; however, in order that the plated steel sheet could secure the necessary corrosion resistance and red scale resistance for motorcycle exhaust gas passageway members that are exposed to an environment where they are kept in contact with dew condensation water and water vapor therein, the substrate steel sheet must have a Cr content of at least 5% by mass. More preferably, the Cr content is at least 10% by mass.
• the Cr content of the substrate steel sheet is defined to fall within a range of at most 25% by mass.
• Nb has an effect of enhancing the high-temperature strength of steel.
• Nb therein may have an effect of enhancing the low-temperature toughness of the steel.
• a ferritic steel having an Nb content of more than 0.1% by mass is employed.
• the present inventors' studies have revealed that Nb in a substrate steel sheet may detract from the peeling resistance of the hot-dip Al-base plating layer.
• the inventors have found that the Nb content of the substrate steel sheet is allowable to a level of up to 1% on the precondition of controlling the mean thickness of the Al-base plating layer to be at most 20 ⁇ m as so mentioned in the above.
• the substrate steel sheet to be used contains Nb in an amount falling within a range of from more than 0.1 to 1%.
• Ti is an element effective for fixing C and N in steel and for stabilizing the ferrite phase and further for enhancing the low-temperature toughness and the shapability of steel.
• the Ti content is at least 0.05% by mass, more preferably at least 0.1% by mass.
• too much Ti may harden steel and therefore may rather worsen the workability and the low-temperature toughness of steel. Accordingly, the Ti content is limited to fall within a range of at most 0.3% by mass, and more preferably, it is within a range of at most 0.2% by mass.
• C, Si, Mn and N are basic elements in steel.
• C may be in an amount falling within a range of at most 0.02% by mass
• N may be in an amount of at most 0.02% by mass.
• Si and Mn are allowable within a range of up to 2% by mass each.
• the substrate steel may contain at least one of at most 0.6% of Ni, at most 0.2% of Al, at most 3% of Mo, at most 3% of Cu, at most 3% of W, at most 0.5% of V, at most 0.5% of Co and at most 0.01% of B; however, when the content of these elements is more than the above-mentioned limitation, then they may have some negative influences on the shapability and the low-temperature toughness of steel.
• P may be allowable in an amount of at most 0.10% by mass or so
• S may be in an amount of at most 0.03% by mass or so.
• the substrate steel sheet may be produced according to an ordinary steel sheet production process, and the production method for it is not specifically defined.
• pickling-finished cold-rolled steel sheet may be used as the substrate; and while the surface of the substrate steel sheet is kept activated, the sheet is dipped in a hot-dip Al-base plating bath and then pulling it up, and the plating amount is controlled to produce the hot-dip Al-plated steel sheet of the invention.
• an Fe pre-plated substrate steel sheet may be employed.
• a strip of the substrate steel sheet is introduced into a continuous hot-dip plating line, and a hot-dip Al-plated steel sheet of high quality can be thereby produced stably in a mode of industrial-scale mass production.
• the plated steel sheet may be processed in a predetermined shaping and deforming process to give exhaust gas passageway members for motorcycles. For some members, the sheet may be welded into pipes and then and deformed shaped.
• Ferritic steels each having the composition shown in Table 1 were produced through melting, and then processed according to an ordinary method to give cold-rolled annealed steel sheets (pickling-finished steel sheets) having a thickness of 1.2 mm.
• P was at most 0.10% by mass
• S was at most 0.01% by mass.
• These steel sheets were used as substrates, and variously plated in a mode of hot-dip Al-base plating.
• the surface of the cold-rolled annealed steel sheet was pre-plated with Fe (2 g/m 2 ), and these were used as substrates.
• the plating bath contained an inevitable impurity Fe in an amount of 1.7% by mass or so.
• the cross section of the obtained, hot-dip Al-plated steel sheet (sample sheet) was observed with SEM (scanning electronic microscope), and the mean thickness of the Al-base plating layer was determined. On that occasion, the mean thickness of the alloy layer was also determined, and as a result, it was at most 4 ⁇ m in all cases except some comparative examples.
• sample sheets were evaluated for the red scale resistance, the peeling resistance of the plating layer, the shapability and the low-temperature toughness in the manner mentioned below.
• test piece of 55 mm ⁇ 10 mm was cut out of the sample sheet (hot-dip Al-plated steel sheet having a thickness of 1.2 mm) in such a manner that its lengthwise direction could be perpendicular to the rolling direction of the sheet, and its center was notched to have a 2-mm V-notch, thereby preparing a notched impact test piece.
• the height is 10 mm
• the width is 1.2 mm
• the length is 55 mm
• the height below the notch is 8 mm.
• test pieces were tested in a Charpy impact test according to JIS Z2242; and those determined to have a nil ductility temperature (a brittle fracture occurrence temperature)of not higher than -50°C were evaluated as good ( ⁇ ), and the others were as not good ( ⁇ )
• the examples of the invention in which the mean thickness of the Al-base plating layer falls within a range of from 3 to 20 ⁇ m were all excellent in the red scale resistance and the plating layer peeling resistance.
• those in which the mean thickness of the plating layer was less than 15 ⁇ m exhibited more excellent peeling resistance.
• Nos. 52 and 54 of comparative examples were poor in the red scale resistance since the mean thickness of the Al-base plating layer therein was too small.
• Nos. 51, 53, 55 and 56 were poor in the plating layer peeling resistance since the mean thickness of the Al-base plating layer was larger than 20 ⁇ m.
• No. 57 was poor in the peeling resistance of the plating layer since the Nb content of the substrate steel sheet was too high.
• Nos. 58, 59, 60 and 62 were all poor in the shapability and the low-temperature toughness since the content of Cr, Ti, Mo and Cu in the substrate steel sheet was too high.
• No. 61 was poor in the red scale resistance since the Cr content of the substrate steel sheet was too low.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Metallurgy (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Coating With Molten Metal (AREA)
• Exhaust Silencers (AREA)

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• 2007
  • 2007-07-31 JP JP2007198903A patent/JP2009035756A/ja not_active Withdrawn
• 2008
  • 2008-07-29 EP EP08778367A patent/EP2184376A4/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2008-07-29 WO PCT/JP2008/063939 patent/WO2009017246A1/ja active Application Filing
  • 2008-07-29 CA CA2697138A patent/CA2697138A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2008-07-29 KR KR1020107000059A patent/KR20100035700A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2008-07-29 US US12/671,300 patent/US20100203357A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2008-07-29 CN CN200880100740.5A patent/CN101765675A/zh active Pending

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