Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
  • B01J23/80—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with zinc, cadmium or mercury
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
  • B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
  • B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
  • C07C5/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by hydrogenation
  • C07C5/08—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by hydrogenation of carbon-to-carbon triple bonds
  • C07C5/09—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by hydrogenation of carbon-to-carbon triple bonds to carbon-to-carbon double bonds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/06—Washing
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
  • C07C2523/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • C07C2523/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups C07C2523/02 - C07C2523/36
  • C07C2523/80—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups C07C2523/02 - C07C2523/36 with zinc, cadmium or mercury
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons using copper and zinc-containing catalysts.
• the invention relates to a process for the hydrogenation of alkynes using catalysts containing copper and zinc, and more particularly to a process for the hydrogenation of alkynes in the presence of alkenes.
• hydrocarbon streams are produced, stored and processed on a large scale.
• unsaturated compounds are frequently present whose presence, in particular during processing and / or storage, is known to cause problems or which are not the desired product of value, and which are therefore undesirable components of the corresponding hydrocarbon streams.
• the secondary component acetylene is undesirable in C2 streams of steam crackers, the secondary components propyne and allen are undesirable in C3 streams and the secondary components 1- and 2-butyne, 1,2-butadiene and vinyl acetylene are undesirable in C4 streams.
• 1, 3-butadiene is to be recovered as desired product and further processed, and the said minor components and 1, 3-butadiene itself in the cases in which 1-butene, 2-butene (in the cis and / or the trans form ) or isobutene are the desired products.
• C5 + streams hydrocarbons having at least 5 C atoms, "pyrolysis gasoline”
• di- and polyenes such as pentadiene and cyclopentadiene, alkynes and / or aromatics with unsaturated substituents such as phenylacetylene and styrene in the Extraction and processing of aromatics or carburetor fuel undesirable.
• hydrocarbon streams are generally unsaturated compounds having triple bonds (alkynes) and / or diunsaturated compounds (dienes) and / or other diunsaturated or polyunsaturated compounds (polyenes, allenes, alkynenes) and / or aromatic compounds having to remove one or more unsaturated substituents (phenylalkenes and phenylalkynes) in order to obtain the desired products such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, isobutene, 1, 3-butadiene, aromatic or carburetor fuel in the required quality.
• unsaturated compound is always an undesirable component to be removed from the hydrocarbon stream in question.
• 1,3-butadiene as already indicated above, depending on the application, an undesirable secondary component or the desired product of value.
• the removal of undesired unsaturated compounds from hydrocarbon streams containing such is frequently carried out by selective hydrogenation of some or all of the undesired unsaturated compounds in the corresponding hydrocarbon stream, preferably by selective hydrogenation to non-interfering, higher saturated compounds and particularly preferably to the products of value representing components of the hydrocarbon stream.
• acetylene is hydrogenated to ethylene in C2 streams, propylene and allene to propylene in C3 streams, butin to butenes in C4 streams, vinylacetylene to 1,3-butadiene and / or 1,3-butadiene to butenes and C5 +.
• Phenylacetylene and styrene flow to ethylbenzene, cyclopentadiene to cyclopentene and pentadiene to pentene.
• supported noble metal catalysts are used in which noble metal is deposited on a catalyst support.
• the support is generally a porous inorganic oxide, for example silica, aluminosilicate, titanium dioxide, zirconium dioxide, zinc aluminate, zinc titanate and / or mixtures of such carriers, but usually alumina or silicon dioxide are used.
• promoters or other additives may be included.
• noble metal-containing catalysts in this field of catalysis called silver, gold, rhodium, iridium, platinum and palladium
• catalyst poisons such as mercury, arsenic, sulfur, carbon monoxide and other.
• Another disadvantage is the high price of precious metals. Although these can be recovered from the catalysts as a rule, however, capital is tied up during their operation to a considerable extent. Often therefore also copper-containing catalysts are used for hydrogenation, which are significantly more resistant to catalyst poisons and significantly cheaper.
• Copper-containing catalysts in particular also copper and zinc-containing catalysts are known. They are predominantly used as catalysts, absorbents or adsorbents for the removal of carbon monoxide from gas streams.
• WO 02/094435 A1 teaches a process for the oxidative removal of CO from ethylene at temperatures in the range from 70 to 110 ° C. of catalysts containing copper and zinc.
• No. 6,238,640 B1 describes a process for removing carbon monoxide from hydrogen-containing gas streams by reacting with steam and oxygen to give carbon dioxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst comprising copper and aluminum oxide and at least one metal oxide of the group formed by zinc oxide, chromium oxide and magnesium oxide contains.
• German laid-open specification DE 19 29 977 teaches 20 to 60 parts of CuO per 100 parts of ZnO-containing catalysts and their use for removing CO from ethylene and propylene streams at a temperature in the range of 50 to 200 ° C.
• WO 2004/022223 A2 teaches a copper, zinc, zirconium and optionally aluminum-containing adsorption composition and their use for removing CO from streams in a completely reduced state.
• Copper and zinc containing catalysts are also known for purposes other than removal of CO from streams.
• US 4,593,148 and US 4,871,710 disclose processes for desulfurization and de-sizing with Cu / Zn catalysts.
• WO 95/023644 A1 teaches a copper catalyst for hydrogenation of carbon oxides, for example to methanol, or for the so-called shift reaction of carbon monoxide with water to carbon dioxide and hydrogen, in addition to disperse copper and stabilizers such as silica, alumina, chromium oxide, magnesium oxide and / or zinc oxide and optionally also a support such as aluminum oxide, zirconium Contains - dioxide, magnesium oxide and / or silica.
• DE 198 48 595 A1 discloses a catalyst for nitrous oxide decomposition of the general formula M x AbO 4 in which M is Cu or a mixture of Cu and Zn and / or Mg and which may contain further dopants, in particular Zr and / or La.
• US Pat. No. 4,552,861 teaches a preparation process for catalysts which contain Cu, Zn, Al and at least one element selected from the group consisting of rare earths and zirconium and their use for methanol synthesis.
• the methanol catalysts disclosed in US Pat. No. 4,780,481 contain Cu, Zn and at least one alkali or alkaline earth metal, noble metals and / or rare earths, wherein Zn may be partially replaced by Zr. No.
• 4,835,132 describes CO shift catalysts which are produced from a precursor of the formula (Cu + Zn) 6Al ⁇ R y (CO 3) (x + y) / 2 ⁇ Hi 2 + 2 (x + y) nH 2 ⁇ with a layered structure by calcination, where R La , Ce or Zr, x is at least 1 and at most 4, y is at least 0.01 and at most 1, 5 and n is about 4.
• US 4,323,482 discloses chromium and nickel containing methanation catalysts consisting of an intimate mixture of a reducible and at least one irreducible metal oxide which are activated by reduction at a temperature of 550 to 1000 ° C. This high temperature leads according to this document to finely divided metals and highly active catalysts. As an aside, the application of this catalyst preparation method to catalysts containing copper is also mentioned.
• US 3,701,739 also teaches catalysts of a reducible and at least one irreducible oxide, their preparation from an ammoniacal solution of hydroxides or carbonates and their applications, inter alia, for hydrogenation. Examples of catalysts are 30% CuO and 70% ZnO or CuO / ZnO / AbOa catalysts.
• BE 748 7423 A describes the preparation of catalysts with a range of different active compositions on porous supports by precipitation onto the support with heating and the use of such catalysts for the hydrogenation of amides at at least 50 ° C.
• the German disclosure supply DE 20 12 430 discloses conversion catalysts comprising 30-55 wt .-% of CuO, 25 - 45 wt .-% MgO, 2-30 parts by weight Al 2 O 3 and 0-30 wt .-% Cr 2 O 3 or ZnO. No.
• 5,990,040 describes conversion catalysts comprising 30-70% by weight of CuO, 20-90% by weight of ZnO, 0.1-20% by weight of an oxide of an element from group IVB, preferably Ti or Zr, 5-50% by weight % AI2O3 and 50-1000 ppm of an oxide of an element of Group IA, but which can also be used for methanol synthesis, purification and hydrogenation.
• US 6,706,885 B2 teaches a method for
• WO 96/014280 A1 teaches catalysts containing Cu, Zn and at least one compound of Al, Zr, Mg, a rare earth metal and / or mixtures thereof and their use for the hydrogenation of carboxylic acid esters.
• EP 434 062 A1 also teaches a process for the hydrogenation of carboxylic acid esters on a catalyst comprising Cu, Al and a metal selected from the group consisting of Mg, Zn, Ti, Zr, Sn, Ni, Co and their mixtures.
• EP 394 842 A1 teaches catalysts with 20-75 wt .-% NiO, 10-75 wt .-% ZrO2 and 5-50 wt .-% CuO for the hydrogenation of aliphatic unsaturated compounds such as butynediol at temperatures in the range of 40 ° C to 200 ° C and pressures from 30 to 320 bar.
• EP 646 410 A1 discloses a process for the production of alcohols by hydrogenation over a copper and zinc oxide and a further oxide as an active composition on a catalyst comprising titanium oxide-coated support. The hydrogenation process is carried out at a temperature of 160 ° C to 350 ° C.
• EP 1 331 033 A1 discloses a process for preparing spherical supported metal catalysts by dropping a mixture of a polysaccharide and at least one metal compound into a metal salt solution. Such prepared CuO catalyst on SiO 2 carrier is used for the hydrogenation of acetophenone at 80 ° C and 20 bar pressure. No. 3,677,970 mentions not only the sulfur-resistant nickel catalysts disclosed there for the hydrogenation of hydrocarbons but also a number of other catalysts, which also include copper catalysts.
• WO 02/0681 19 A1 discloses a process for the production of copper and at least one further catalyst from a number of other elements, including zinc, selected element by built-up granulation.
• WO 2004/026800 A1 describes a process for preparing alcohols by hydrogenating aldehydes on sulfurized copper-zinc oxide catalysts at a temperature of 240 ° C. to 280 ° C. and a (super) pressure of 20 bar to 400 bar.
• WO 2004/004901 A1 teaches a process for the hydrogenation of C4-acetylenes in a liquid hydrocarbon stream of copper-containing coated catalysts on zeolitic carrier materials at temperatures in the range of 20 to 80 ° C (in the examples, temperatures of 60 ° C are used) and pressures of 15 and 50 bar.
• N.L. Carr, D.L. Stahlfeld and H.G. Robertson report in Hydrocarbon Processing, May 1985, pp. 100-102, copper-containing absorption masses for the removal of arsenic from olefin streams.
• the hydrogenation of the olefins is a secondary reaction, which by avoiding temperatures above 250 ° F (corresponding
• a disadvantage of conventional hydrogenation catalysts with copper as hydrogenation-active metal is therefore that relatively high hydrogenation temperatures are necessary.
• some streams already show decomposition phenomena at these temperatures; for example, in typical propylene streams-which always contain traces of oxygen-oxygenates are formed as early as 50 ° C.
• Such oxigenates may act as catalyst poisons in subsequent processes, such as the production of polypropylene on metallocene catalysts, and are therefore highly undesirable.
• a process has been found for the hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons on copper and zinc-containing catalysts, which is characterized by using a catalyst whose active composition in unreduced form substantially from 10 to 95 wt .-% copper oxide, as copper (II ) oxide (CuO), 5 to 90% by weight of zinc oxide (ZnO), optionally 0.1 to 50% by weight of zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2) and optionally 0.1% by weight to 50% by weight.
• % Al2O3 the parts by weight adding up to 100% by weight.
• the active composition of the catalyst to be used according to the invention contains copper and zinc oxides in unreduced form and optionally zirconium and aluminum oxides. Copper is under reaction conditions, i. in the presence of reducing compounds such as hydrogen, at least in part, but usually completely in the form of metallic copper. In the preparation of the catalyst, it is typically in the form of Cu (I) - and Cu (II) oxides, this is also the safe to be stored and transported form of the catalyst.
• the active composition of the catalyst to be used according to the invention generally contains copper in an amount which, calculated as CuO, is at least 10 wt .-%, preferably at least 20 wt .-% and more preferably at least 30 wt .-%, and generally at most 95 wt .-%, preferably at most 85 wt .-% and most preferably at most 80 wt .-% copper oxide CuO, in each case based on the total amount of the active composition corresponds. It contains in pure form generally zinc oxide ZnO in an amount of at least
• alumina AI2O3 it also optionally contains alumina AI2O3. If it is present, its proportion is at least 0.1% by weight, preferably at least 3% by weight and in a particularly preferred form at least 50% and generally at most 50%, preferably at most 40% and in a particularly preferred form at most 30 %, in each case based on the total amount of the active composition.
• pure form means that apart from the copper (oxide) zinc oxide, zirconium dioxide and aluminum oxide fractions, no further constituents are present, apart from insignificant constituents which, for example, are still entrained from production, such as residues of starting materials and reagents, auxiliaries for shaping and the like.
• “Pure form” thus means that the active composition essentially consists of the named components.
• the percentages of the components of the active composition always add up to 100 wt .-%.
• Very well suitable active masses consists in pure form, for example from approx.
• the active composition may or may not be applied to an inert carrier.
• Suitable inert carriers are the known catalyst carriers such as alumina, silica, zirconia, aluminosilicates, clays, zeolites, kieselguhr and the like. It is also possible to use other known auxiliaries for the processing of solids such as catalysts.
• the active composition is used without a carrier, ie active composition and catalyst are preferably identical. Such catalysts are common commercial goods. Methods for preparing such catalysts are known. A convenient and preferred method comprises the following method steps in the order named:
• a solution of the components of the catalyst is prepared in a conventional manner, for example by dissolving in an acid such as nitric acid.
• their starting compounds are also used, for example the nitrates, carbonates, hydroxycarbonates of the metals in an aqueous solution, which may also be acidic, for example nitric acid, dissolved.
• the proportion of the salts in the solution is stoichiometrically calculated and adjusted according to the desired final composition of the catalyst. It is also possible to add components in insoluble form, for example alumina, as finely divided particles and thus to produce and use a suspension in which some components are dissolved and others are suspended.
• a solid is precipitated as precursor of the catalyst in step b).
• This is carried out in a customary manner, preferably by increasing the pH of the solution by adding a base, for example by adding sodium hydroxide solution or soda solution.
• the resulting solid precipitate is usually separated from the supernatant solution prior to drying in step c), such as by filtration or decantation, and washed with water free of soluble constituents such as sodium nitrate. It is also possible to precipitate only some components of the catalyst or their precursors in this way and to mix the solid precipitate with other, for example, insoluble components such as alumina. It is basically possible to do this by mixing dried powders, but preferably the mixing takes place as a suspension before separation and drying of the precipitate. The precipitate (optionally mixed with other insoluble components) is then normally dried before further processing by conventional drying methods. In general, treatment at a slightly elevated temperature, such as at least 80 ° C., preferably at least 100 ° C.
• the precipitated and dried precursor of the catalyst is optionally subjected to the calcination step d).
• the calcination temperature used is generally at least 250.degree. C., preferably at least 300.degree. C. and more preferably at least 350.degree. C., and generally at most 500.degree. C., preferably at most 450.degree. C., and in particular preferably at most 410 ° C.
• the calcination time is generally at least 10 minutes, preferably at least 20 minutes and more preferably at least 30 minutes, and generally at most 12 hours, preferably at most 6 hours, and most preferably at most 4 hours.
• the drying step c) and the calcination step d) can merge directly into each other.
• the catalyst or its precursor is processed in the shaping step e) by conventional shaping methods such as Verstrangen, tableting or pelletizing into shaped articles such as stranded or extruded, tablets or - even spherical - pellets.
• the catalyst ie, in fact, its precursor
• a calcination step f the catalyst (ie, in fact, its precursor) is optionally subjected to a calcination step f).
• the calcination temperature used in this case is generally at least 300 ° C, preferably at least 350 ° C and more preferably at least 400 ° C, especially at least 450 ° C and generally at most 700 ° C, preferably at most 650 ° C. and most preferably not more than 600 ° C, especially not more than 580 ° C.
• the calcination time is generally at least 30 minutes, preferably at least 60 minutes and generally at most 10 hours, preferably at most 3 hours, and most preferably at most 2 hours, especially at most 90 minutes.
• the temperature in the said region is slowly increased over the calcination time.
• the catalyst precursor is converted into the actual catalyst and, as usual, the BET surface area and the pore volume of the catalyst are adjusted, as is known, the BET surface area and the pore volume decrease with increasing calcination time and calcination temperature.
• At least one of the two calcination steps is carried out.
• the maximum pore volume of the catalyst is set to a value of at least 0.05 ml / g in the calcination, these values being at most 80 m 2 / g, in particular at most 75 m 2 / g are preferred for the catalyst to be used in the process according to the invention.
• auxiliaries such as, for example, calcination-decomposing pore-forming agents or tabletting aids.
• the catalyst can also be deposited on a carrier as mentioned above. This is done by customary impregnation or precipitation procedures.
• a patterning method is known to be a precipitation method in the presence of a support or a carrier precursor.
• a carrier or carrier precursor is preferably added to the solution prepared in step a) in the precipitation process described above. If the support already exists in the form of preformed finished molded bodies, ie if a pure impregnation process is carried out, the shaping step e) is omitted, otherwise the support is formed by precipitation, drying, calcination and shaping in the course of processing the precursor of the catalyst.
• a preferred impregnation process for the preparation of the catalyst is carried out with preformed supports and comprises the following process steps in the order mentioned:
• step a) of this impregnation process is carried out in the same way as the above-described step a) of the precipitation process.
• step b) a preformed carrier is soaked in the solution.
• the preformed carrier has a shape selected according to the purpose, for example, stringers or extrudates, tablets or - even spherical - pellets.
• the impregnation is carried out either with supernatant solution or as impregnation with the amount of solution corresponding to the pore volume of the support ("incipient wetness.")
• the impregnated support in steps c) and d) is dried and calcined in the precipitation process like the precipitate a preformed carrier is used, the forming step is eliminated.
• the catalyst After calcination, the catalyst is in oxidic form, i.
• the copper contained in it is present predominantly or exclusively in the form of copper oxides.
• the catalyst For hydrogenation, the catalyst must be reduced, i. The copper must be predominantly or exclusively in the metallic state.
• the reduction is carried out by treating the present after a calcination oxide catalyst with a reducing agent. This can be done in principle by any reducing agent that can reduce copper from the oxidation state I or II to the oxidation state 0.
• the exact reduction conditions to be used depend on the catalyst, its exact state before reduction and on the reducing agent used and can be easily determined in a few routine experiments. Methods for the reduction of copper-containing catalysts are known.
• the reduction can be carried out with liquid or dissolved reducing agents, in which case it must be dried after the reduction.
• Much more convenient therefore is the reduction with a gaseous reducing agent, especially the reduction with hydrogen by passing a hydrogen-containing gas.
• the temperature to be used here is generally at least 80 ° C, preferably at least 100 ° C and more preferably at least 120 ° C and generally at most 180 ° C, preferably at most 160 ° C and most preferably at most 140 ° C. , A suitable temperature is for example about 130 ° C.
• the reduction is exothermic.
• the amount of reducing agent supplied must be adjusted so that the selected temperature window is not left.
• the course of the activation can be followed by the temperature measured in the adsorbent bed ("temperature programmed reduction, TPR").
• a preferred method of reduction is to set the desired reduction temperature following a drying carried out under a stream of nitrogen and to add a small amount of hydrogen to the stream of nitrogen.
• a suitable gas mixture initially contains, for example, at least 0.1% by volume of hydrogen in nitrogen, preferably at least 0.5% by volume and in particularly preferred At least 1 vol .-%, and at most 10 vol .-%, preferably at most 8 vol .-% and most preferably at most 5 vol .-%.
• a suitable value is, for example, 2% by volume. This initial concentration is either maintained or increased to reach and maintain the desired temperature window.
• the reduction is complete when, despite the constant or increasing level of the reducing agent, the temperature in the bulk of the mass decreases.
• a typical reduction time is generally at least 1 hour, preferably at least 10 hours and more preferably at least 15 hours, and generally at most 100 hours, preferably at most 50 hours, and most preferably at most 30 hours.
• the drying if necessary, is carried out by heating the catalyst to a temperature of generally at least 100 ° C, preferably at least 150 ° C and more preferably at least 180 ° C and generally at most 300 ° C, preferably at most 250 ° C and in a particularly preferred manner reaches at most 220 ° C.
• a suitable drying temperature is for example about 200 ° C.
• the precursor is kept at the drying temperature until there are no longer disturbing residues of adhering moisture; this is generally the case for a drying time of at least 10 minutes, preferably at least 30 minutes, and more preferably at least 1 hour, and generally at most 100 hours, preferably at most 10 hours and most preferably at most 4 hours.
• the drying takes place in a gas stream in order to remove the moisture from the bed. Dry air can be used for this purpose, for example, but it is particularly preferable to flow the bed with an inert gas; nitrogen or argon are particularly suitable here.
• the catalyst can also be reduced outside the hydrogenation reactor, for example at the catalyst manufacturer, and passivated again by conventional methods by partial reoxidation in order to simplify transport and storage. Before being used for hydrogenation, it must then be completely reduced again.
• the hydrogenation process according to the invention is characterized by the use of the catalyst described above.
• the hydrogenation process according to the invention using the described catalyst is generally carried out in the same way as the known, heterogeneously catalyzed hydrogenation processes which serve the same purpose. They can be used as heterogeneously catalyzed gas-phase processes in which both the hydrocarbon stream and the hydrogenating gas in the gas phase or as a heterogeneously catalyzed gas / liquid phase process in which the hydrocarbon stream is at least partially in liquid phase and hydrogen in the gas phase and / or in dissolved form in the liquid phase.
• the parameters to be set are selected analogously to those of known processes.
• the temperature in the process of the invention is generally at least -50 ° C, preferably at least -10 ° C, and more preferably at least 0 ° C, and generally at most 250 ° C, preferably at most 100 ° C, and more preferably Shape at a maximum of 50 ° C.
• the pressure is generally at least 0.01 bar abs., Preferably at least 0.8 bar abs. and in a particularly preferred form at least 1 bar abs. and generally at most 750 bar abs., preferably at most 325 bar abs. and in a particularly preferred form at most 40 bar abs.
• the amount of hydrogen used is dependent on the content of the hydrocarbon stream of undesirable unsaturated compounds and their nature. Generally, the hydrogen will be stoichiometric in an amount ranging from 0.8 to 5 times amount required for complete conversion of hydrogen during the passage of the reactor, preferably in the range from 0.95 to 2 times this amount.
• the hydrogenation of triple bonds usually proceeds faster than the conjugated double bonds, which in turn are faster than the unconjugated double bonds. This allows a corresponding control of the process on the basis of the added amount of hydrogen.
• the hydrogen may include inert gases, for example noble gases such as helium, neon or argon, other inert gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide and / or lower alkanes, such as methane, ethane, propane and / or butane.
• inert gases in the hydrogen are preferably present in a concentration of less than 30% by volume. Moderation of the catalyst by deliberate carbon monoxide addition is generally not required.
• the process can be carried out in one or more parallel or successive reactors, in each case in a single pass or in circulation mode.
• the hydrocarbon stream after passing through a reactor, is usually freed of gases in a separator and a portion of the liquid obtained is returned to the reactor.
• the purpose of the process according to the invention is, for example, the hydrogenation of alkynes to alkadienes, of alkynes, alkynes and alkadienes to alkenes, of phenylalkenes to phenylalkenes and / or of phenylalkenes to phenylalkanes.
• Process A for the selective hydrogenation of acetylene in C2 streams to ethylene with minimal formation of ethane (this embodiment of the process is referred to hereinafter as "Process A" for simplicity),
• Process A is usually carried out as a gas phase process with a space velocity of the gaseous C2 stream of 500 m 3 / m 3 * h, based on the catalyst volume, to 10,000 m 3 / m 3 * h at a temperature of 0 ° C to 100 ° C. and a pressure of 0.01 bar to 50 bar, wherein per mole of acetylene in the C2 stream, one mole of hydrogen is added.
• Process B is usually carried out as a gas phase process or as a gas / liquid phase process with a space velocity of the liquid C3 stream of 1 m 3 / m 3 * h, based on the catalyst volume, to 50 m 3 / m 3 * h at a Temperature of 0 ° C to 50 ° C and a pressure of 0.01 bar to 50 bar, wherein per mole of propyne and propadiene in the C3 stream one to two moles of hydrogen are added.
• Process C is usually carried out as a gas / liquid phase process with a liquid C4 stream space velocity of 1 m 3 / m 3 * h, based on the catalyst volume, to 50 m 3 / m 3 * h at a temperature of 0 ° C to 180 ° C and a pressure of 2 bar to 50 bar, wherein per mole of butyne, 1, 2-butadiene and vinyl acetylene in the C4 stream one to two moles of hydrogen are added.
• Process C can be used, for example, as selective so-called "front-end vinyl acetylene hydrogenation" before butadiene extraction.
• Process D is usually carried out as a one- or two-stage gas / liquid phase process with a space velocity of the liquid C4 stream in the range from 0.1 m 3 / m 3 * h, based on the catalyst volume, to 60 m 3 / m 3 * h, preferably from 1 m 3 / m 3 * h to 50 m 3 / m 3 * h, at a reactor inlet temperature in the range of 20 ° C to 90 ° C, preferably from 20 ° C to 70 ° C, and a pressure in Range of 5 bar to 50 bar, preferably carried out from 10 bar to 30 bar, wherein per mole of butyne, butadiene and vinyl acetylene in the C4 stream one mole of hydrogen is added.
• the process is carried out in two stages, the butadiene content being in typical C4 streams from steam crackers in the range of 20 wt .-% to 80 wt .-%, based on the total flow, in the first stage to a content in Range is reduced from 0.1 wt .-% to 20 wt .-% and in the second stage to the desired residual content in the range of a few ppm by weight to about 1 wt .-%. It is also possible to distribute the overall reaction to more than two reactors, for example three or four.
• the individual reaction stages can be operated with partial recirculation of the hydrocarbon stream, the reflux ratio is usually in the range of 0 to 30.
• Isobutene remains essentially unchanged when carrying out process D and can be carried out before or after carrying out process D by known methods be separated from the C4 stream.
• Process D can be used, for example, as butadiene hydrogenation in the C4 stream (if butadiene should not be recovered as desired product) or as selective so-called "tail-end vinyl acetylene hydrogenation" after butadiene extraction from the C4 stream.
• Process E is preferably carried out as a gas / liquid phase process with a space velocity of the liquid C5 + stream of 0.5 m 3 / m 3 * h, based on the catalyst volume, to 30 m 3 / m 3 * h at a temperature of 0 ° C to 180 ° C and a pressure of 2 bar to 50 bar, wherein per mole of hydrogenation bond in the C5 + stream one to two moles of hydrogen are added.
• Process E can be used, for example, as selective pyrolysis gasoline hydrogenation, as selective hydrogenation of olefins in reformate streams or coke oven condensates, for the hydrogenation of phenylacetylene to styrene or for the hydrogenation of styrene to ethylbenzene.
• Table 1 Composition, each in wt .-%, of the catalysts of Examples 1-4
• Example 2 Samples of the tablets obtained in Example 1 were reduced with hydrogen and then in a tubular reactor with a C2 stream (ethylene, mixed with the proportions of hydrogen and acetylene indicated in the following Table 2) at a space velocity (GHSV) of 2 300 h. 1 and the temperature indicated in the table. Ambient pressure was set as the pressure, ie only the pressure necessary to overcome the pressure loss of the apparatus was set before the reactor. The proportions of hydrogen and acetylene measured after the reactor are given in Table 2 below. Table 2: Hydrogenation of acetylene
• Examples 5-8 show that acetylene can be virtually completely removed in a C2 stream at very low temperatures using the process according to the invention.
• Example 1 Samples of the tablets obtained in Example 1 were reduced with hydrogen and then in an autoclave with liquid propene (C3H6), which was mixed with 120 ppm by weight of propyne (C3H4) and 450 ppm by weight of hydrogen, at 20 bar pressure and 25 ° C applied over two hours.
• the propene also contained 300 ppm of propane (C 3 H 8).
• Examples 9-1 show that with the process according to the invention the virtually complete removal of propyne in C3 streams is possible in a highly selective manner at comparatively low temperatures.

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