EP1784457A1 - Neuartige chinonimin-schwefelfarbstoff-zusammensetzungen sowie verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und ihre verwendung zum färben von cellulosehaltigem material - Google Patents
Neuartige chinonimin-schwefelfarbstoff-zusammensetzungen sowie verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und ihre verwendung zum färben von cellulosehaltigem materialInfo
- Publication number
- EP1784457A1 EP1784457A1 EP05771985A EP05771985A EP1784457A1 EP 1784457 A1 EP1784457 A1 EP 1784457A1 EP 05771985 A EP05771985 A EP 05771985A EP 05771985 A EP05771985 A EP 05771985A EP 1784457 A1 EP1784457 A1 EP 1784457A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- leuco
- dye compositions
- sulfur dye
- sulfur
- compositions according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B67/00—Influencing the physical, e.g. the dyeing or printing properties of dyestuffs without chemical reactions, e.g. by treating with solvents grinding or grinding assistants, coating of pigments or dyes; Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dyestuff preparations of a special physical nature, e.g. tablets, films
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B67/00—Influencing the physical, e.g. the dyeing or printing properties of dyestuffs without chemical reactions, e.g. by treating with solvents grinding or grinding assistants, coating of pigments or dyes; Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dyestuff preparations of a special physical nature, e.g. tablets, films
- C09B67/0071—Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dehydrating agents; Dispersing agents; Dustfree compositions
- C09B67/0077—Preparations with possibly reduced vat, sulfur or indigo dyes
- C09B67/0078—Preparations of vat, sulfur or indigo dyes in liquid form
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B49/00—Sulfur dyes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
- C09B67/00—Influencing the physical, e.g. the dyeing or printing properties of dyestuffs without chemical reactions, e.g. by treating with solvents grinding or grinding assistants, coating of pigments or dyes; Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dyestuff preparations of a special physical nature, e.g. tablets, films
- C09B67/0071—Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dehydrating agents; Dispersing agents; Dustfree compositions
- C09B67/0077—Preparations with possibly reduced vat, sulfur or indigo dyes
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P1/00—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed
- D06P1/30—General processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or general processes of dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the dyes, pigments, or auxiliary substances employed using sulfur dyes
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06P—DYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
- D06P3/00—Special processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the material treated
- D06P3/58—Material containing hydroxyl groups
- D06P3/60—Natural or regenerated cellulose
- D06P3/6025—Natural or regenerated cellulose using vat or sulfur dyes
Definitions
- Novel chimerin sulfur dye compositions and processes for their preparation and their use for dyeing cellulosic material Novel chimerin sulfur dye compositions and processes for their preparation and their use for dyeing cellulosic material
- the present invention relates to novel leuco sulfur dye compositions of the quinoneimine sulfur dye group and their preparation by means of an electrochemical reduction by targeted variation of the applied electrochemical process conditions.
- dyes e.g. by reaction of polynitrated phenols, halobenzenes or indophenols or I ⁇ doaniline with sulfur, alkali metal sulfides or alkali metal polysulfides in aqueous or alcoholic media arise.
- This group of dyes mainly comprises the violet, blue, green, reddish brown and black sulfur dyes.
- the resulting oligomeric or polymeric products contain repeating organic structural elements, such as.
- phenothiazone, thiazone, Thia ⁇ thre ⁇ - or phenoxazone substructures which are connected to each other via disulfide bridges.
- the book Angewandte Chemie 60 (1948), 141-147 describes these structures.
- Oxidation RS + RS * ⁇ RSSR In addition to the fully oxidized sulfur dyes, which are only converted directly during the dyeing process by adding organic or inorganic reducing agents in the fetzbefertigen leuco forms are more or less ready for dyeing, leuco sulfur color brands prereduced available in the market, such as the Cassulfon ® Carbon CMR. These are preferably prepared by adding inorganic or organic reducing agents, such as sodium hydrogen sulfide or glucose in an alkaline medium, in large-scale Mafistab.
- Dj ese known methods have the disadvantage that due to the reducing agent used very high concentrations of waste products and salt loads are present, leading to high COD and TOC loads in the dyeing wastewater. These by-products can be removed before wastewater treatment only with great technical effort and by costly and expensive measures, such as membrane techniques
- the invention thus relates to novel leuco sulfur dye compositions, characterized in that they at current densities between 50mA / cm 2 and 500 mA / cm 2 , preferably between 50 mA / cm 2 and 150 mA / cm 2 and a flow rate of 0.1m / s to 2 m / s, preferably at 0.1 to 0.4 m / s are accessible.
- the process for the preparation of the leuco sulfur dye compositions according to the invention is novel and likewise the subject of the invention.
- the electrochemical reduction is carried out in the presence of fairly high dye concentrations starting from 80 g / l at an initial current density of 0.5 mA / cm 2 continuously the concentration up to 500g / l and the current density up to 500 mA / cm 2 is continuously increased.
- Dye concentrations of up to 500 g / l can be reduced by the process according to the invention.
- the leuco sulfur dye compositions of the invention are prepared in the alkaline, preferably at a pH> 9.5.
- Alkaline salts of alkali salts in particular sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or soda, are preferably used as the conducting electrolyte. Particular preference is given to dilute sodium hydroxide solution.
- the concentration of added conductive salt is between 0.1 mol / l to 5 mol / l, preferably between 0.1 mof / l to 1, 5 mol / l.
- Thiazone, thianthrene or phenoxazone substructures or by the catalytic addition of chemical reducing agents, such as sodium dithionite, org. Sulfinic acids and / or organic sugars.
- chemical reducing agents such as sodium dithionite, org. Sulfinic acids and / or organic sugars.
- the amounts used in this case can be up to 5 wt .-% of the starting amount of the sulfur dye used to be reduced.
- the concentration is continuously increased continuously up to 500 g / l.
- the preparation of the leuco sulfur dye compositions according to the invention is preferably carried out at 20 to 135 0 C, more preferably at 20 to 95 ° C.
- the reduction can also be carried out in the presence of commercially available wetting agents, for example lignosulfonates.
- wetting agents for example lignosulfonates.
- Leuco Sulfur Black 1 absorbed reduction equivalents is between 150 Ah / kg and 534 Ah / kg based on 1 kg of dry solid dye.
- the concentration of reduction equivalents absorbed by Vat Blue 43 is between 75 Ah / kg and 225 Ah / kg, based on 1 kg of dry solid dyestuff.
- composition of the respective leuco sulfur dye mixtures is determined using standard HPLC techniques and materials as described, for example, in document DE 10 120 821.
- Table 1 shows the result of HPLC spectra of sulfide reduced Cl. Black for Black 1, as compared to Samples 1 to 3, which were electrochemically reduced at different current densities, with Pattern 1 being reduced by the method of the invention, Pattern 2 according to Document DE 1906083 and Pattern 3 according to EP 10122210.
- Table 2 shows the result of HPLC spectra of sulfidic reduced Cl. Vat Blue 43, compared to samples 6 to 8, which are electrochemical at different current densities were reduced, wherein pattern 6 were reduced by the method according to the invention, sample 7 according to document EP 10122210.
- the erfindu ⁇ gsdorfe ⁇ leuco sulfur dye solutions can be applied to the fiber both by the classical dyeing methods, which work with a large excess of hydrosulfide (NaHS), as well as with optimized dye recipes under protective gas or electrochemically, as described in Offene ⁇ legungsschrift DE 10234825 A1.
- the reductive conditions serve only as compensation of the registered in the dyeing liquor atmospheric oxygen. In this way, a salt, COD and TOC-poor wastewater can be obtained.
- the use of the leuco sulfur dye compositions according to the invention therefore represents a great ecological and economical advantage.
- Dyebath is circulated through the dyed material and pumped as a partial flow through the cathode compartment, so that a continuous regeneration of the dyebath takes place by exchange with the catholyte.
- the catholyte contains the sulfur dye to be reduced, for example C.I. for Black 1 or C.I. Vat Blue 43, if appropriate wetting agent, supporting electrolyte, preferably alkaline solutions of alkali metal salts, in particular
- the coloristic evaluation of the dyeings obtained with the leuco sulfur dyes according to the invention shows that these are characterized by a significantly lower proportion of non-fibrous waste products compared to leuco sulfur dyes conventionally produced by the use of chemical reducing agents. This leads to a greater purity in hue with simultaneous hue shift of the electrochemically produced leuco sulfur dye compositions. So could the CJ. Sulfur Black 1 a distinct hue shift to blue, redder, purer be observed. These effects are analogous to the electrochemical reduction of Cl. Vat Blue 43 observed.
- the color depth and shade can be described by means of a Ausziehfärbung depending on the concentration of dye and the current density used by Farbortflop the colorations (10% sulfidic coloration). Also in the case of Cl. Vat Blue 43 gives a clear shift of the color shade as a function of the current density used (redder in the case of the higher current density), as shown in Table 4
- the electrochemically reduced leuko-quinoneimine sulfur dye compositions of the present invention can be stabilized by isolation as a solid.
- the invention therefore also provides a process for the preparation of the reduced chinoimine sulfur dyes according to the invention in their solid form, by lowering the pH to ⁇ 9 and / or drying the electrochemically reduced leuco quinoneimine sulfur dye solutions.
- One form of isolation according to the invention consists in lowering the pH to ⁇ 9, which can be done by adding organic acids, mineral acids and carbon dioxide to the reduced solutions.
- the reduced sulfur color solutions can be adjusted by addition of water to a pH ⁇ 9 and thus the dyes are precipitated.
- the recovery of the products of the invention is then carried out by filtration and subsequent drying.
- the salts and the non-fiber organic components remain in solution.
- the resulting filtrate can be oxidatively treated and the COD load thus significantly reduced.
- the ones obtained in this way Dry sulfur dyes contain a residual salt content ⁇ 10 wt .-% based on the total mass.
- the second way of isolating the solid leuco quinoneimine sulfur dyes is to completely dry the solution resulting from the reduction.
- Drying may be carried out using conventional drying systems and apparatus (e.g.
- Evaporator e.g. by spray-drying or thin-layer drying
- the dried product can be further comminuted to the desired particle size to convert the dry, reduced, alkali-soluble product, for example, into the form of pellets, powder or flakes.
- the dry leuco sulfur dyes obtained in this way can be used, for example, in the case of Cl.
- Leuco Sulfur Black 1 a concentration of Reduktonsäquivalenten between 150 Ah / kg and 534 Ah / kg and in the case of a Cl.
- Vat Blue 43 have between 75 Ah / kg and 225 Ah / kg based on 1 kg dry solid dye.
- a dry product is understood to be a leuco sulfur dye having a water content ⁇ 5% by weight, preferably ⁇ 2% by weight, based on the total product.
- the described process makes it possible in a very simple manner to obtain the leuco sulfur dyes according to the invention in their stabilized (without addition of further sulfides and other auxiliaries) leucosulfur dye compositions of very high concentration, which are virtually free of sulfides and, in the case of isolation by means of precipitation at lower pH. Values are free of salts and organic non-fiber components.
- the still present content is ⁇ 1 wt .-% and preferably ⁇ 0.5 wt .-% based on the total product.
- the dyes produced are characterized by resistance to atmospheric oxidation.
- the leuco sulfur dye solutions used to isolate the products of the invention may contain concentrations of from 20 to 600 g / L of dye employed.
- the products of the invention can be used after dissolving in water and, if appropriate, adding alkali for dyeing cellulose-containing material or leather.
- the dry leuco sulfur dye compositions according to the invention can be applied to the fiber after dissolution both using the classical dyeing methods which operate with an excess of chemical reducing agents and with optimized dye recipes under protective gas or electrochemically as described in the published patent application DE 10234825 A1 , Here, the reductive conditions only serve to compensate the atmospheric oxygen introduced in the dyeing liquor. The use of Therefore, the leuco sulfuric dye composition of the present invention has a great ecological and economical advantage.
- the coloristics of the products corresponds to the coloristics of the samples described in the application DE 102004040601.4.
- the electrolysis is carried out for 3510 minutes at a current density of 100 mA / cm 2 at a flow rate of 0.2 m / s.
- the fixable after the electrolysis content of reduction equivalents is 4.2, which corresponds to a charge amount of 378 Ah per kg of dye.
- the solution thus prepared can be used either without further additives or with minimized additions of reducing agents for dyeing purposes.
- the HPLC spectrum of the reaction product is shown in FIG.
- the electrolysis is started with a current density of 0.83 mA / cm 2 and carried out with increasing concentration of leuco dye up to 100 mA / cm 2 at a flow rate of 0.2 m / s.
- the content of reducing equivalents detectable after the electrolysis is 5.67, which corresponds to a charge amount of 504 Ah per kg of dye.
- the solution thus obtained corresponds in its molecular composition of the dye solution prepared in Preparation Example 1.
- the HPLC spectrum of the reaction product is shown in Figure 5.
- the reaction product can be isolated as a solid as follows:
- the dye solution is heated to 130 0 C and kept at 130 ° C for 12 hours until a dry residue is present.
- Example 6 In a flow cell divided by a cation exchange membrane (Nafion 424), an aqueous suspension of a press cake of Cl. Vat Blue 43 electrolyzed, with 50.0 g of Cl. Vat Blue 43 is prepared in 3L water with 8 mL sodium hydroxide solution 50% and 4 ml Primasol NF as wetting agent. This amount is successively up to 400 g of Cl. Vat Blue 43, tr. Increased in 4.6 L total volume. As anolyte caustic soda (1 mol / l) is used. The electrolysis is carried out for 650 minutes at a flow rate of 0.2 m / s with a current density of 100 mA / cm 2 .
- the detectable after the electrolysis content of Reduktio ⁇ säquivalenten is 3, which corresponds to a charge amount of 221, 5 Ah per kg of dye.
- the solution thus prepared can be used either without further additives or with minimized additions of reducing agents for dyeing purposes.
- the preparation example 4 of the application DE was prepared 102004040601.4 correspondingly, at 60 0 C with carbon dioxide is added until the pH ⁇ 9 is present, and the dye is completely precipitated.
- the precipitated dye is filtered off under argon and at 80 0 C. dried in vacuo. 22 g of a dry black product are isolated, which is well and completely soluble in dilute sodium hydroxide solution and can be used for dyeing.
- Preparation Example 9 100 g of a solution of reduced Cl. Vat Blue 43 with a dye concentration of 250 g / L, which was prepared according to Preparation Example 5 of the application DE 102004040601.4, are mixed at 6O 0 C with carbon dioxide until a pH ⁇ 9 and the dye is completely precipitated. The precipitated dye is filtered off under argon and dried at 8O 0 C in vacuo. Isolate 15 g of a dry deep blue product, which is well and completely soluble in dilute sodium hydroxide solution and can be used for dyeing.
- the mixture is then rinsed for 3 to 5 minutes in hot deionised water and then for 5 minutes in cold demineralized water, the dyed fabric is squeezed off and dried.
- the dyebath is circulated with about 35 l / kg through the dye, a fetzbefertig pretreated cheeses with cotton yarn Nm 69 with a mass of 2700 g, and pumped as a partial stream through the cathode compartment, so that a continuous regeneration of the dyebath by exchange with the Katholyte ⁇ he follows.
- the dyeing program consists of several phases: 1. reduction and heating phase: during this phase, the dyebath is brought to the required dyeing temperature, at the same time the required current density is applied for dye reduction.
- Dyeing and cooling phase the actual dyeing process is carried out at 80 ° C.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Coloring (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
- Cosmetics (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102004040601A DE102004040601A1 (de) | 2004-08-21 | 2004-08-21 | Neuartige flüssige Chinonimin-Schwefelfarbstoff-Zusammensetzungen sowie Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und ihre Verwendung zum Färben von cellulosehaltigem Material |
PCT/EP2005/053880 WO2006021502A1 (de) | 2004-08-21 | 2005-08-05 | Neuartige chinonimin-schwefelfarbstoff-zusammensetzungen sowie verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und ihre verwendung zum färben von cellulosehaltigem material |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1784457A1 true EP1784457A1 (de) | 2007-05-16 |
Family
ID=35115890
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP05771985A Withdrawn EP1784457A1 (de) | 2004-08-21 | 2005-08-05 | Neuartige chinonimin-schwefelfarbstoff-zusammensetzungen sowie verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und ihre verwendung zum färben von cellulosehaltigem material |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20060288500A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1784457A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2006057094A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20060053173A (de) |
CN (1) | CN1916082B (de) |
BR (1) | BRPI0503682A (de) |
DE (1) | DE102004040601A1 (de) |
HK (1) | HK1097285A1 (de) |
MX (1) | MXPA05008885A (de) |
TW (1) | TWI417346B (de) |
WO (1) | WO2006021502A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN105602287B (zh) * | 2016-01-22 | 2018-01-05 | 天津工业大学 | 一种新型预混还原剂的复合靛蓝染料的制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1906083A1 (de) * | 1969-02-07 | 1970-08-13 | Cassella Farbwerke Mainkur Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung reduzierter Schwefelfarbstoffe |
AT398316B (de) * | 1989-06-01 | 1994-11-25 | Verein Zur Foerderung Der Fors | Verfahren zur reduktion von farbstoffen |
US5611818A (en) * | 1991-05-23 | 1997-03-18 | Sandoz Ltd. | Dry leuco sulphur dyes in particulate form |
AT408455B (de) * | 1997-09-04 | 2001-12-27 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zur reduktion von schwefelfarbstoffen |
DE10120821A1 (de) * | 2001-04-27 | 2002-10-31 | Sachtleben Chemie Gmbh | Mit Polyalken beschichtete, poröse Füllstoffe |
US20050121336A1 (en) * | 2001-12-20 | 2005-06-09 | Walter Marte | Method and apparatus for electro-catalytical hydrogenation of vat dyes and sulphide dyes |
DE10234825A1 (de) * | 2002-07-31 | 2004-02-19 | Dystar Textilfarben Gmbh & Co. Deutschland Kg | Verfahren zum Färben mit Schwefel- und Schwefelküpenfarbstoffen |
WO2004042138A1 (de) * | 2002-11-06 | 2004-05-21 | Tex-A-Tec Ag | Verfahren zur elektrochemischen reduktion von küpen- und schwefelfarbstoffen |
-
2004
- 2004-08-21 DE DE102004040601A patent/DE102004040601A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2005
- 2005-08-05 WO PCT/EP2005/053880 patent/WO2006021502A1/de active Application Filing
- 2005-08-05 EP EP05771985A patent/EP1784457A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-08-11 US US11/201,918 patent/US20060288500A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-08-18 TW TW094128231A patent/TWI417346B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-08-19 KR KR1020050076242A patent/KR20060053173A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-08-19 MX MXPA05008885A patent/MXPA05008885A/es unknown
- 2005-08-19 BR BRPI0503682-8A patent/BRPI0503682A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-08-19 CN CN2005100927530A patent/CN1916082B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-08-19 JP JP2005239055A patent/JP2006057094A/ja not_active Withdrawn
-
2007
- 2007-04-27 HK HK07104524.0A patent/HK1097285A1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO2006021502A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
TWI417346B (zh) | 2013-12-01 |
CN1916082B (zh) | 2011-01-26 |
TW200619325A (en) | 2006-06-16 |
DE102004040601A1 (de) | 2006-03-02 |
CN1916082A (zh) | 2007-02-21 |
MXPA05008885A (es) | 2006-02-22 |
HK1097285A1 (en) | 2007-06-22 |
US20060288500A1 (en) | 2006-12-28 |
JP2006057094A (ja) | 2006-03-02 |
WO2006021502A1 (de) | 2006-03-02 |
KR20060053173A (ko) | 2006-05-19 |
BRPI0503682A (pt) | 2006-04-04 |
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Inventor name: SCHLERKA, WOLFGANG Inventor name: SCHROTT, WOLFGANG Inventor name: BRUNNER, HEIKO Inventor name: EPPLE, GERHARD Inventor name: BECHTOLD, THOMAS Inventor name: RICHTER, RICHARD Inventor name: GRUETZE, JOACHIM Inventor name: WIDLER, GUENTHER |
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