EP1644145B1 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zum herstellen eines dosenkörpers, sowie dosenkörper - Google Patents

Verfahren und vorrichtung zum herstellen eines dosenkörpers, sowie dosenkörper Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1644145B1
EP1644145B1 EP04736969A EP04736969A EP1644145B1 EP 1644145 B1 EP1644145 B1 EP 1644145B1 EP 04736969 A EP04736969 A EP 04736969A EP 04736969 A EP04736969 A EP 04736969A EP 1644145 B1 EP1644145 B1 EP 1644145B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
welding
shell
tube
seam
restriction
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP04736969A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1644145A1 (de
Inventor
Werner Boltshauser
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Crebocan AG
Original Assignee
Crebocan AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Crebocan AG filed Critical Crebocan AG
Priority to SI200431590T priority Critical patent/SI1644145T1/sl
Priority to PL04736969T priority patent/PL1644145T3/pl
Publication of EP1644145A1 publication Critical patent/EP1644145A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1644145B1 publication Critical patent/EP1644145B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D83/00—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents
    • B65D83/14—Containers or packages with special means for dispensing contents for delivery of liquid or semi-liquid contents by internal gaseous pressure, i.e. aerosol containers comprising propellant for a product delivered by a propellant
    • B65D83/38—Details of the container body
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C37/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape
    • B21C37/06—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape of tubes or metal hoses; Combined procedures for making tubes, e.g. for making multi-wall tubes
    • B21C37/08—Making tubes with welded or soldered seams
    • B21C37/09—Making tubes with welded or soldered seams of coated strip material ; Making multi-wall tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D51/00—Making hollow objects
    • B21D51/16—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects
    • B21D51/26—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects cans or tins; Closing same in a permanent manner
    • B21D51/2646—Of particular non cylindrical shape, e.g. conical, rectangular, polygonal, bulged
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D51/00—Making hollow objects
    • B21D51/16—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects
    • B21D51/26—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects cans or tins; Closing same in a permanent manner
    • B21D51/2669—Transforming the shape of formed can bodies; Forming can bodies from flattened tubular blanks; Flattening can bodies
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D51/00—Making hollow objects
    • B21D51/16—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects
    • B21D51/26—Making hollow objects characterised by the use of the objects cans or tins; Closing same in a permanent manner
    • B21D51/2676—Cans or tins having longitudinal or helical seams
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
    • Y10T29/49828—Progressively advancing of work assembly station or assembled portion of work
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
    • Y10T29/49904—Assembling a subassembly, then assembling with a second subassembly
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4998—Combined manufacture including applying or shaping of fluent material
    • Y10T29/49982—Coating
    • Y10T29/49986—Subsequent to metal working
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/53—Means to assemble or disassemble
    • Y10T29/53313—Means to interrelatedly feed plural work parts from plural sources without manual intervention
    • Y10T29/53322—Means to assemble container

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 1, to a device according to the preamble of claim 17 and to a can body according to the preamble of claim 20, see, for. B. DE A 1452556 ,
  • Vessels with metallic walls or with jacket and bottom, in particular aerosol cans with a decor, are formed in one or more parts.
  • the cylindrical can body is provided by means of cold extrusion. Subsequently, a valve seat is formed at the open end by upset necking. This manufacturing process is very expensive due to the required for the many processing steps and the water and energy requirements for cleaning and drying.
  • the US 4,095,544 and the EP 0 666 124 A1 describe the production of seamless steel cans.
  • the cylindrical can body is produced by means of stamping, pressing and ironing out of a tin or plastic-coated steel sheet.
  • the predetermined by the known laser welds shape design of the cans in the connecting areas between the can wall and bottom or valve seat are unattractive and also can be achieved with sufficient quantities per unit time with the known methods no cost production.
  • the longitudinal welds described, in particular also from the US 4,341,943 known laser welds have small steps or differences in thickness in the circumferential direction, which lead to problems at the can body and increased stress on the constriction tools in the constriction of the neck portion.
  • a method of forming a neck portion in which a deformation surface cooperates with a support surface to deform the can wall between these two surfaces under tensile forces.
  • the deformation surface is thereby moved radially inwardly, wherein the can wall is always in contact with the radially inner abutting support surface.
  • a decoration is attached to the outside of the lateral surface.
  • printed films are applied to the can body.
  • a decorative film is wound in the circumferential direction directly on the can body and connected to the can body to form a closed film envelope.
  • the separation of a piece of film is very difficult with thin films.
  • a sealing surface is pressed against the can body, which is not practical in thin-walled cans due to the too small stability.
  • the formation of a hull-free sealed joint over the entire can height is not possible.
  • the printable, commercially available plastic film Label-Lyte ROSO LR 400 from Mobil Oil Corporation comprises a thin sealing layer on both sides and is available in a thickness of 20 ⁇ m and 50 ⁇ m.
  • the sealing layer applied to the winding mandrel is also heated and pressed against the winding mandrel.
  • the film now has different sliding properties. Further problems may arise from frictional electrostatic charges and the associated electrostatic forces acting on the foil.
  • the transfer of the cylindrically closed film from the mandrel to a can body is problematic, even if the diameter of the winding mandrel is slightly larger than the diameter of the can body.
  • the present invention has for its object to find a solution with the aesthetically attractive cans can be produced inexpensively and with simple facilities.
  • Can bodies are to be understood as meaning all vessels, in particular also tubes and vessel-shaped intermediate products.
  • a method for forming a neck portion at the open can end according to claim 16 a method for setting a dose termination valve, according to claim 22, a can body with a valve seat and according to claim 23, a can body with a can end with valve Which objects are new and inventive, regardless of the can production.
  • a longitudinal seam can then be formed particularly efficiently and with extremely high quality, if it can be produced continuously over long longitudinal expansions.
  • a longitudinal seam can be produced continuously over a large longitudinal extent if the longitudinal seam is welded to directly adjacent, circumferentially closed can jacket surfaces or during pipe production. After welding, the adjoining canned coats can be separated from each other, with the seam possibly having to be cut off. From a pipe, the closed lateral surfaces are separated as pipe sections.
  • a tube is preferably made of a metal strip, for example according to the DE 198 34 400 produced.
  • a forming device continuously shapes the metal strip so that the two side edges come into contact with each other, and the welding device welds these side edges together.
  • the deformation of the strip into a tube shape is preferably carried out by bending the strip in its transverse direction about a tube axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tube.
  • the cross-sectional shape can be chosen during forming so that the welding can be carried out efficiently.
  • Pipe is to be understood as meaning around an axis leading, closed lateral surfaces.
  • a flattened tube is made, preferably two incisions are formed in the band perpendicular to the ribbon axis before forming in the flat band. These cuts are arranged so that they lie in the curved areas of the flattened endless can jacket after a forming step of the strip. As a result, cutting can be restricted to the flattened area between the curvature areas when separating the desired can jacket sections.
  • the metal strip is unwound from a roll and can therefore have a very large length. If the roll change is solved so that the beginning of the new roll connects directly to the end of the old role, so can be assumed that a continuous pipe production. In this case, the longitudinal seam can be formed essentially as an uninterrupted seam with great precision. .
  • sections of the size of a can jacket are first severed. From these sections, closed can coats can be formed. In a preferred embodiment, these can jackets are flattened with two regions of curvature. The longitudinal seam is welded to sections directly adjacent to each other. Directly adjoining sections with the same cross-sectional shape form a tube.
  • the welding device preferably remains stationary and the tubular shaped metal sheet is moved past the welding device.
  • Various welding methods can be used to form the seam.
  • the seam is produced by means of laser welding.
  • the edges of the metal strip connected by the welding meet, if appropriate, overlapping, but preferably blunt or butt each other.
  • steps or thickness differences can also be avoided in the region of the seam, so that a substantially constant wall thickness of the tube in the circumferential direction is ensured. This is particularly advantageous for the formation of a narrowed neck portion. Sections of the length of the desired can height are separated from the continuously formed tube.
  • a new and inventive separation method can be used.
  • the known separation processes are sawing processes.
  • a release agent such as a cutting disc or a saw blade, carried along with the resulting pipe during the sawing process. After separating a pipe section, the release agent is reset. Due to the short pipe sections that are needed in a can manufacture, the known separation devices are not sufficient because they can not separate and reset quickly enough.
  • Another disadvantage of the known separation devices is that when separating especially thin-walled pipes there is a risk of deformation and thus jamming.
  • sawdust which would make additional cleaning steps would be necessary and / or could make problems in the further can manufacturing steps.
  • a cutting method can be used advantageously for thin sheets.
  • the flattened tube is guided on a base, which can cooperate with a cutting edge.
  • the cutting edge is moved with the pipe and by cutting through the abutting wall portions of the pipe by moves.
  • the decorative film can be separated directly together with the stability-giving part of the can jacket. This can be dispensed with a separate separation of thin film pieces.
  • the decorative film could be applied to the metal sheet before pipe formation, but then the film in the longitudinal seam would be affected when welding the longitudinal seam.
  • the film is first applied to the welded pipe. This is preferably done by feeding a film strip in the direction of the tube axis, wherein the film strip is folded around the tube in the circumferential direction, so that the two film edges abut each other or slightly overlap. The adhesion of the decorative film to the pipe is achieved approximately with a sealing process.
  • the film can be separated directly when cutting the open or closed shell sections together with the stability-giving part of the can jacket. This can be dispensed with a separate separation of thin film pieces.
  • the decorative film can be arranged on the flat material so that it does not extend to the end face at one edge region and protrudes beyond the end surface at the other edge region.
  • the above film region is not firmly sealed in an edge region of the flat material, so that this free film edge can be transferred away from the region of the weld seam before the formation of the weld seam.
  • the free edge of the film can be placed over the weld seam and sealed tightly.
  • the longitudinal seam is completely covered. It has been shown that for welding the longitudinal seam lasers can be used, which form only a very narrow seam. In the area of a narrow seam, the decorative foil can be removed with another laser. It can be dispensed with a film-free edge area and the decorative film over the entire width are applied to the metal sheet.
  • Such a small constriction would be to form advantageous connections between the can jacket and a Can bottom very suitable.
  • the constriction would expediently be formed with a radius of curvature which corresponds to a shape prevailing in aerosol cans in the transition from the can wall to the bottom of the can.
  • a can bottom can be applied to the narrowed edge region and connected with a circumferential weld tightly with the can jacket. If the bottom of the can from the inside of the can is applied to the constriction and welded, so you can see in a standing on a support surface box only the narrowing of the can wall against the support surface. The inserted bottom of the can is not visible.
  • the can has the appearance of an aluminum monobloc can in the area of the bottom of the can.
  • a necking process known in the art such as neck-necking or spin-flow necking, may be performed at the top of the can jacket.
  • This constriction can be carried out until the formation of the valve seat.
  • a closing element with the valve seat at the upper narrowed end can be arranged tightly.
  • the connection is formed as a folded connection, but preferably as a welding, in particular as a laser welding connection. The insertion of a closure element with valve seat ensures the production of cans with an extremely accurate valve seat with a simple manufacturing process.
  • a shoulder-shaped constriction on an end face of the can jacket and a correspondingly shaped edge region of the closing element is required for the dense pressing of a closure element to the can jacket can be at least one, optionally on both end faces each an annular bulge radially outwardly pronounced. This creates a cross-sectional constriction against the respective end face.
  • an upper end element can be firmly welded to the respective constriction.
  • the floor is first welded. Before or optionally after the welding of the upper end element of the can jacket can still be reshaped, for example, in which the can cross section is widened at least to the diameter of the at least one bulge.
  • a fluid is introduced under pressure into the can interior to expand the can cross-section and pressed the can jacket in an inner mold, which, for example, from the patents EP 853 513 B1 .
  • EP 853 514 B1 and EP 853 515 B1 is known.
  • Other methods known in the art for expanding and forming a can jacket may also be used.
  • a bottom cover is used so that the connection of the can jacket is covered with the bottom of the can through them.
  • the bottom cover is made of plastic sheet material.
  • flat material with at least one metal, in particular aluminum or steel layer, or even with a cardboard layer can be used.
  • the stability-giving Layer optionally coated with plastic.
  • the flat materials used are intended to ensure a robust bottom cover, which is not damaged on the conveyors of the filling systems and remains as stable as possible when standing on wet documents.
  • the bottom cover may be provided with a sealing layer so that it can be sealed to the ground. Instead of a sealing connection, a catch connection or a welded connection, in particular with at least three laser welding points, may also be formed to secure the bottom cover. If a magnetizable bottom cover is used, then this can also allow for can bodies made of non-magnetizable material promotion with magnetic conveyors.
  • a can body with decorative film is particularly advantageous when using a film which is optionally printed on its outside or front side, but preferably on the side facing the can body or back.
  • a transparent film printed on the back the print layer is protected by the film, so that no impairment of the decor due to friction can occur.
  • a printed on the back of a transparent transparent film can be provided after printing on the print layer with a sealing layer, which also ensures a firm seal connection through the print layer between the film and the can body and in the overlap region between the film edges.
  • the printing layer on the backside of the film substantially performs the function of a primer and the remaining decoration is printed on the front side of the film.
  • primer this can only be a monotonous base color or even a part of the decor, for example, the flat color or the image design.
  • the preprinted on the back in a first printing film web is printed in a further printing step on the front.
  • This further printing step can optionally be carried out at the can manufacturer, or in a second printing company, in order to apply specific decor information. This means, for example, that labels are applied to a basic décor in the further printing step, which are different for the respective sales markets.
  • For printing on the front side it is possible to use any printing method known from the prior art, optionally with surface treatments carried out after printing.
  • FIG. 1 shows a system for producing can bodies, in which a metal strip 1 is supplied from a metal strip supply roll 2 via a deflecting device, for example a first guide roller 3, in the direction of a processing axis different processing stations for producing a tube formed by forming and welding.
  • the metal strip 1 is preheated with an induction heater 4.
  • a first film strip 5 is placed on the metal strip 1 from a first film supply roll 6 via a deflection device, for example a second deflection roller 7, in the direction of the machining axis.
  • the second deflection roller 7 can press the first foil strip 5 onto the preheated metal strip 1, so that a sealing layer of the first foil strip 5 sealing at the present temperature connects the foil strip 5 to the metal strip 1.
  • the first film strip 5 is to form an inner barrier or inner protective layer 5 'on the resulting tube.
  • a welding connection between the two lateral edges of the metal strip 1 is necessary.
  • the foil strip 5 does not endure the temperature arising in the region of the weld seam, the foil strip 5 will optionally not extend laterally as far as the edges of the metal strip 1.
  • a seam covering tape 8 is placed on the first film strip 5.
  • the seam covering tape 8 passes from a cover strip supply roll 9 via a deflection device, for example a second deflection roller 7, into
  • the sealing layer of the seam covering strip 8 is directed upward.
  • the seam covering tape 8 should adhere only temporarily to the first film strip 5.
  • Fig. 2a shows the metal strip 1 with the associated foil strip 5 and the applied seam covering tape 8 in the cutting area A according to Fig. 1 ,
  • the arrows 10 indicate the subsequent forming process.
  • a tube 11 is formed around the lateral edge regions of the metal strip 1 around the longitudinal axis and fed to one another.
  • a weld seam 11a is formed in a welding step with a welding operation 12.
  • a film-free area 11b should be covered by the weld seaming tape 8 after welding.
  • a forming device 13 is provided for the forming process, in which the metal strip 1 is preferably formed by means of rollers to the tube 11.
  • the lateral edges of holding rollers 14 are pressed against each other without a gap while a welding device 12a carries out the welding operation 12.
  • a welding device 12a carries out the welding operation 12.
  • a laser welding device is used, but if necessary, a conventional welding device known in the conventional production of three-part can bodies is used.
  • the tube 11 has approximately the shape according to Fig. 2b , In the manufacture of cans which do not require an inner barrier or inner protective layer 5 ', the feeding of a foil strip 5 and a seam covering strip 8 can be dispensed with.
  • the deformed metal strip 1 For the intended continuous production of the tube 11, the deformed metal strip 1 must be conveyed continuously.
  • two counter-rotating conveyor caterpillars 15 are provided which press from opposite sides against the tube 11 and take the pipe 11 frictionally. Because the seam-covering tape 8 has to reach the film-free area 11b, the pipe 11 is compressed at least in the area of the seam-covering tape 8. This compression is optionally achieved in part by the conveyor 15.
  • Fig. 2c at least a pair of flat roller 16a provided. So that two lateral folding areas 11 c receive a defined shape, it may be expedient to associate the two flat pressing rollers 16 a with lateral forming rollers 16 b. By the rollers 16a and 16b in pairs opposite each other Press against the tube 11, the tube 11 can be formed into a desired cross-sectional shape.
  • Fig. 2d shows how the Nahtabdeckband 8 is pressed by the compression of the tube 11 in the film-free area 11b to the inner protective layer 5 '. If the seam covering tape 8 has a sealing layer on the side lying against the inner protective layer 5 'and the foils-free region 11b, then a heat-sealing connection to the inner protective layer 5' and optionally to the foil-free region 11b can be formed. As a result, a continuous protective barrier is formed in the circumferential direction of the tube.
  • the heat required for the sealing can be supplied via the flat pressing rollers 16a or via an induction heater 4 arranged in the region of the two flat pressing rollers 16a.
  • the heating of the tube 11 or its metal layer 1 'with the induction heater 4 can also be used for the fixed application of an outer film layer 17'.
  • a second film strip 17 is brought from a second film supply roll 18 via a deflection device, for example a third deflection roller 19, in the direction of the processing axis onto the outside of the tube 11.
  • a camming device is used, which surrounds the lateral edges of the second film strip 17 around the tube 11 so that the edges are connected to one another in an overlapping region 17a.
  • Fig. 3a shows the section D with two on both sides of the flattened tube portion arranged press rollers 20.
  • the press rollers 20 press the film edges in the overlapping region 17a together.
  • the second film strip 17 now comprises a sealing layer on the side facing the tube 11, a sealing connection can be achieved in the overlapping region 17a.
  • the inner protective layer 5 ' is not shown, but only the metal layer 1'.
  • the outer film layer 17 ' is connected in the overlapping region 17a, that the circumference of the outer film layer 17' is slightly smaller than the circumference of the tube 11 and the Metal layer 1 '. This is easily achieved due to the flattened shape of the tube 11 with the open edge areas.
  • section E is a pressing device according to Fig. 3b and 3c provided with at least two first pressure rollers 21 and optionally two second pressure rollers 22.
  • the two first pressure rollers 21 are arranged on both sides of the flattened tube region, and press the outer film layer 17 'close to the metal layer 1'.
  • the two second pressing rollers 21 are arranged on both sides of the curved pipe region.
  • pressing rollers 21, 22 with a slightly elastic coating 21a, or 22a provided. It goes without saying that the outer film layer 17 'can also be omitted.
  • the system for producing can bodies can be used for can bodies with or without foil layers. It would also be possible on a can body, which is produced by the new method, to apply a decorative film according to a known method. However, the continuous application of a film strip to a pipe is easier.
  • a separator 23 is provided in order to separate portions of the length of a desired can height from the tube 11.
  • the separation device 23 should, if possible, perform a chip-free separation step. Because the pipe sections or can shells 24 do not have to have a defined shape after the separation step, preferably a cutting operation is carried out with a cutting edge 25 and a base 26 cooperating with the cutting edge 25. Due to the substantially flat pressed tube 11, the required stroke for the cutting movement shown by the arrows 25a is small. The small stroke enables a quick cutting process.
  • the cutting edge 25 is optionally moved when cutting with the resulting tube 11 in the direction of the tube axis and reset after the separation of a pipe section 24, which is illustrated by the arrows 27.
  • a pipe 11 with a metal layer 1 'and at least one film layer 5', 17 ' is formed. If, according to the prior art, a film piece is fed to a can jacket, the film piece must be separated from a film supply roll and placed individually on the can jacket 24. Cutting and placing thin films is very difficult.
  • the cut and substantially flat can shells 24 can now be formed directly afterwards or after an intermediate storage or transport to can bodies. Due to the flat state, the volume required for storage or transport per can jacket 24 is small.
  • the flattened can jacket 24 is pushed open with at least one impact tool 28 of a jacket molding device.
  • impingement tools 28 with insertion edges 28 a are introduced into the can jacket 24 from both open end faces of the can jacket 24.
  • the desired cross-sectional shape is achieved directly at the eructation.
  • a widening tool 29 is used in a further step, which increases the circumference of the can jacket 24 and in particular at one, preferably at the lower, can end forms a cross-sectional constriction of the expanded to a smaller cross-section.
  • Fig. 4 shows the expansion process in two steps. After insertion of an adapted to the cross section of the can jacket 24 Ein Industriesstirn 29a in the can jacket 24 at a first end face 24a, the expansion tool 29 is moved with a widening portion 29b with a larger cross section through the can jacket 24 until it reaches an end position at a second end face 24b of the can jacket 24 reached.
  • the widening region 29b is shaped such that the can jacket 24 receives a desired constriction 24c at the second end face 24b, in particular with a constriction radius usual in the case of aerosol cans.
  • the can jacket 24 In order to obtain a can body 30 which is ready for filling, the can jacket 24 must be provided with a closure element at least on one end face 24a, 24b. At cans, at least one can bottom 31b is sealed to the can shell 24.
  • a tube end part 32 In the case of tubes, a tube end part 32 is fixed with a thread 32 b arranged around an outlet opening 32 a. Because more cans than tubes are made and a generic term, such as containers, is confusing, the term can is understood here to mean that tubes are also included.
  • a transfer step 33 the end elements 31b, 32 are transferred from a storage area 34 of an insert holder 35. The insert holder brings the end elements 31b, 32 to the desired connection point of the can jacket 24.
  • a welding device 37 In a welded connection, a welding device 37 generates a weld seam when rotating the can jacket 24 by means of a rotary holder 36. It goes without saying that in addition to the welding process, in particular laser welding, Also mechanical connection methods, such as crimping or folding can be used. Optionally, the end element 31b, 32 is adhesively bonded to the can jacket 24 with an adhesive bond.
  • Fig. 5 shows a processing station in the form of a turntable 38, the can coats 24 pass over a transfer plate 39 on the turntable 38 and the can body 24 'are brought via a further transfer plate 39 away from the turntable 38 to a continuation.
  • Fig. 6a and 6b show the light guide 40 with which the welding beam is supplied to the processing points of the turntable 38.
  • the rotary holders 36 are arranged on against the can coats 24 pressable arms 41.
  • the Einsetzhalterungen 35 are preferably connected to rotary actuators to achieve closed when welding seams can.
  • Fig. 7 shows a detailed view of the most important elements of a processing station for setting a first end member 31b, 32 on the can jacket 24.
  • the upper end element may also comprise another type of opening, for example a threaded neck, instead of the valve seat.
  • the device for setting the upper end element substantially corresponds to the device according to Fig. 7 wherein the can body 24 'is held by a can holder 44 and rotated, and the swivel holder 36 is fitted to the upper end member 31a.
  • the first end face 24a facing away from the bottom 31b of the can is narrowed so that a first neck region 24a 'with decreasing cross section is formed.
  • the circumference of the upper end member 31a is smaller than the circumference of the can body 24 'in the cylindrical portion.
  • the proportion of material of the upper end element 31a is correspondingly smaller in comparison with the known solutions.
  • the connecting seam 42 ensures a firm and tight connection between the first neck region 24a 'and the upper closure element 31a, which forms a second neck region adapted to the first in the outer edge region.
  • a known necking process such as neck-necking or spin-flow necking may be performed.
  • a known necking process such as neck-necking or spin-flow necking may be performed.
  • a known necking process such as neck-necking or spin-flow necking may be performed.
  • a can body 24 'to be narrowed which extends along a longitudinal axis 24d and in the area to be narrowed circular cross-sections, is held in two areas.
  • the can body 24 ' is held firmly by a first holder 45, so that it can be set in rotation by the first holder 45 about its longitudinal axis 24d.
  • an annular clamping element 45a is optionally provided, which is in particular to bring pneumatically in clamping and release position.
  • the second area is located at the can end to be narrowed or at the first end face 24a.
  • a co-rotating second holder which comprises a longitudinally relative to the can body 24' and the first holder 45 adjustable bearing member 46.
  • the adjustable bearing part 46 is inserted into the can body 24 'in the form of a cone and, at the end directed against the can interior, has an annular deflecting edge 46a, the outer diameter of which is adapted to the inner diameter of the first end face 24a.
  • the desired constriction is achieved with at least one deformation surface 47a, which adjoins the deflecting edge 46a in the axial direction with a small distance and can be radially pressed against the inside, wherein a free space 48 is provided inside the can inside radially within the deformation surface 46a, so that a deformation of the can jacket 24 or the can wall against the inside is nothing contrary.
  • a projecting from the bearing member 46 into the can interior support pin is provided, the diameter of which is adapted to the maximum constriction, so that the narrowed end face is stored after narrowing of this pin.
  • the deformation surface 47a is preferably formed by the outer surface of a forming roller 47.
  • an optimal interaction of the deflection edge 46a with the deformation surface 47a is important.
  • the radii of curvature R1, R2 of the mutually facing curvatures of the deflection edge 46a and the deformation surface 47a are matched to one another.
  • the radius of curvature R1 corresponds to the hold-down radius and R2 to the draw radius.
  • the gap s between the deflection edge 46a and the deformation surface 47a in the direction of the can axis 24d is matched to the thickness of the can wall and remains substantially constant during the constriction.
  • the at least one forming roller 47 is in the axial direction in a substantially fixed position relative to the bearing part 46.
  • the at least one forming roller 47 is moved axially together with the bearing part 46 relative to the first holder 45.
  • Fig. 9d in the circumferential direction of the can body 24 ' preferably three forming rollers 47 are arranged uniformly spaced, which can be pressed together radially inwardly to a minimum can circumference 49. It goes without saying that two or more than three forming rollers 47 can be arranged. If only one forming roller 47 is provided, the deformation forces that occur are one-sided, which is particularly problematic towards the end of the deformation.
  • the Figures 9a 9b and 9c show a continuous narrowing of five situations V0, V1, V2, V3, V4 with increasingly narrow open can end.
  • the forming rollers 47 are spaced in the axial direction by a distance a from the first end face.
  • the bearing part 46 extends into the can interior over an extension of the initial distance a minus the gap s.
  • a small constriction ring is formed, such as shown in the situation V1
  • the can jacket 24 receives increased stability against asymmetric or undesirable deformations.
  • the first end face 24a is pulled more and more against the deflection edge 46a until, according to V3, it is no longer held only in the gap s and according to V4.
  • An end region at the first end face 24a is optionally formed with a pressing process subsequent to the constriction.
  • An advantageous deformation is in the FIG. 12 shown.
  • Fig. 10a shows an aerosol can 24 'in which at the narrowed second end face 24b of the can jacket 24, a can bottom 31b is fixed by means of laser welding.
  • an upper end element 31a with valve seat 50 is fixed by means of laser welding.
  • the can bottom 31b and the upper end element 31a can each be made independently of the can jacket 24.
  • These separately manufactured parts may have different material thicknesses and / or material compositions optimized for the particular function.
  • a separately manufactured upper end member 31a a high quality valve seat 50 can be ensured.
  • Fig. 10b shows an embodiment in which the can jacket 24 is specially designed with a stamping process. Because the material of the can jacket 24 of a can body according to the invention is not hardened by the ironing process, the known embossing processes can be used without problems.
  • Fig. 11a and 11b show can body 24 'or tubes with a fixed to the can jacket 24 from inside or outside tube termination part 32 which has a thread 32 b for an outlet, not shown, around an outlet opening 32 a.
  • Fig. 12 shows a section of an upper end element 31a which is connected via a weld seam 42, preferably a laser weld, with a can jacket 24.
  • the can jacket 24 has, for example, at least one inner coating 5 'and is folded outwards on the first end face 24a.
  • the upper end element 31a comprises a metallic inner part 51 and a plastic region 52, which surrounds the inner part 51 in a bead shape, at least in the case of the valve seat 50.
  • the metal part makes possible the weld seam 42. If the plastic region 52 bears tightly against the inner coating 5 ', it may be possible to prevent the contents of the can body from coming into contact with a metallic layer.
  • the plastic portion 52 permits insertion of a valve 53 without the need for a seal 54 as required by the prior art.
  • the plastic portion 52 has a thickened end edge to which a valve connection portion can be clamped.
  • the clamping tongs 54 can press the connection edge of the valve 53 tightly against the plastic region 52. Since the metallic inner part 51 does not have to be bent over by 270 °, the production of the part 31a is greatly simplified.
  • the metallic inner part 51 can be provided with the plastic region 52 with an injection molding step. This two-component end member 31a is also novel and inventive regardless of the described can manufacturing process.
  • Fig. 14 shows the lower end portion of a can body 24 ', in which the can bottom 31b is fixed with a weld 42 on the second end face 24b.
  • a bottom cover 55 is used to cover the weld 42 and the inserted can bottom 31b.
  • the bottom cover is preferably made of plastic and is sealed about the bottom of the can 31 b.
  • the second end face 24b is formed, or arranged on the bottom of the can 31b, that the bottom cover 55 can be fixed in a clamping fit.
  • the outer edge portion of the can bottom 31b is folded over to facilitate stacking from a can bottom stack.
  • the edge of the can bottom 31b could also be folded down to prevent the metallic edge surface 56 of the can bottom 31b from coming into contact with the can contents in an inner coating.
  • Fig. 15a shows a can jacket 24 with annular bulges 60, which are formed at both end faces 24a and 24b radially outward. Both Bulges formed against the respective end face 24a, 24b towards a cross-sectional constriction.
  • two matching shaping rollers 61a and 61b are arranged on the inside and outside of the can jacket 24. As the can jacket 24 is rotated past the forming rollers 61a and 61b, the inner forming roller 61a can be pressed radially outwardly against the outer forming roller 61b until the desired bulge 60 is formed.
  • a shoulder 60a is provided on at least one end face 24a, 24b of the can jacket 24 without a narrowing step. Expansions are much easier to produce with good quality compared to constrictions. With little effort, a shoulder 60a is achieved with a smooth surface.
  • end elements for example a can bottom 31b or an upper end element 31a
  • a connection seam 42 in the form of a laser weld seam
  • a firm and tight connection is formed.
  • the bottom of the can 31b is firmly welded.
  • the can jacket 24 can still be deformed, for example, in which the can cross-section is widened at least to the diameter of the at least one bulge 60.
  • 24 Prior to the welding of the upper end element 31a, 24 can be introduced into the inside of the can for expanding the can jacket 24 molding tools, such as rollers.
  • a fluid is introduced under pressure into the can interior to expand the can cross-section and pressed the can jacket 24 in an inner mold.
  • Fig. 16 shows an aerosol can 24 'made using a cylindrical can jacket 24 with protrusions 60.
  • a can bottom 31b was placed on a lower shoulder 60a.
  • the outer edge region of the can bottom 31b is adapted to the shoulder 60a, so that the outer edge of the can bottom 31b when pressed tight against the shoulder 60a and thus a precise and dense laser weld seam can be formed as a connecting seam 42.
  • the can jacket 24 is widened from a first cylindrical shape into a second shape before the upper terminating element 31a is put on. In this case, for example, desired surface structures can be achieved.
  • To expand the can jacket 24 optionally mold tools, such as rollers, are introduced into the can interior.
  • a fluid is introduced under pressure into the can interior to expand the can cross-section and the can jacket in pressed an inner mold, which, for example, from the patents EP 853 513 B1 .
  • EP 853 514 B1 and EP 853 515 B1 is known.
  • the bulge 60 on the upper end face 24a is preferably left in the original shape, so that a dome-shaped upper end element 31a can be pressed against the shoulder 60a and welded to a connecting seam 42.
  • the upper end member 31a comprises a valve 62 from which a hose 63 leads against the can bottom 31b and which can be actuated via a discharge tube 62a.
  • a discharge part 65 inserted on the discharge tube 62a is held in a cap 66.
  • an operating portion 66a of the cap 66 is pressed onto the discharge part 65.
  • the discharge tube 62a is pressed down and thus the valve 62 is opened.
  • the cap 66 is held with a latching portion 66 b in a corresponding latching shape of the can jacket 24.
  • the latching shape of the can jacket 24 is optionally formed by the bulge 60 or a narrowed area between the bulge 60 and the expanded portion of the can jacket 24.
  • the latching form can also be formed by the outer edge of the upper end element 31a or by the connecting seam 42.
  • the cap 66 covers the upper closing element 31a and, together with the can jacket 24, which preferably comprises a decorative film, ensures an attractive appearance which corresponds to that of a one-piece aluminum can.
  • can jacket 24 and can bottom are integrally formed, or in which the connecting seam 42 between can jacket 24 and can bottom 31 b are covered by a bottom cover. Even if the connecting seam 42 is visible at the bottom of the can, it is hardly recognizable as a thin laser weld seam. In order to prevent oxidation of the connecting seam 42, it is optionally sealed with a coating.
  • the can jacket 24, the can bottom 31b and the upper end element are provided on the inside with a protective layer, in the form of a film or a coating.
  • a protective layer in the form of a film or a coating.
  • sealing material 67 is optionally arranged annularly, which ensures a continuous sealing layer even after the formation of the connecting seams 42. So that the laser welding is not disturbed by coatings, which can together adjoining parts in the area of the laser seam are treated before the laser welding with a laser to remove the coating. The inner coating is not affected.
  • Fig. 17 shows the upper part of an aerosol can 24 ', in which the can jacket 24 is connected at a narrowed end face 24a with a dome-shaped upper end member 31a via the connecting seam 42. If necessary, the can jacket 24 is widened from a first cylindrical shape into a second shape before the upper terminating element 31a is put on. In this case, for example, desired surface structures can be achieved.
  • the closing element 31a comprises a valve 62 from which a hose 63 leads to the bottom of the can and which can be actuated via a discharge tube 62a.
  • the spray head 64 placed on the discharge tube 62a includes a discharge channel 64a and a shell 64b.
  • the sheath 64b extends radially outwardly and axially against the upper end element 31a preferably so far that the connecting seam 42 is substantially covered and thus the upper end element 31a is not visible.
  • the aerosol can 24 'appears only with the can jacket that includes a decorative layer and with the spray head 64.
  • the welding of an upper end member 31a with the valve 62 is very advantageous. By hard welding of the upper end element 31a micro-leaks are excluded. The filling of the aerosol can 24 'takes place before the placement of the spray head 64 through discharge tube 62a.
  • FIG. 18a shows a separator 101 in the form of a bilaterally mounted rotatable shaft with separators 102.
  • the separators 102 can be positioned at mutual distances associated with the desired can circumference. Now, when sheet metal plates are passed through the separator 101, so arise strips 103 with the width in the range of the can circumference and the length of at least one dose coat height.
  • Fig. 18b shows a device part for applying foils on both sides of the strips 103.
  • the strips 103 are moved substantially directly adjacent to each other along a processing axis.
  • a roller 104 is disposed with an inner film 105 and under the strip 103 a roller 104 with the Decorative film 106.
  • the strips 103 are heated by a heating device 107 to a temperature necessary for sealing the films 105, 106.
  • Two pressing rollers 108 and one sealing layer on the films 105 and 106 ensure a firm connection of the films 105 and 106 with the strips 103.
  • a film separating device 109 is provided which separates the films 105 and 106 between the strips 103 mechanically or optionally with heat separates.
  • Fig. 18c shows a part of the plant which cuts from strips 103 with a separator 101 sections 110 and transforms them in a first forming device 111a in flattened can coats 112.
  • the flattened can jacket 112 has a depression 112a in the region of the center line, two flat central regions 112b on both sides, then a respective curved region 112c and two flat edge regions 112d which can be pressed onto the flat central regions 112b.
  • the can jacket is closed by means of laser welding.
  • a masking tape 113 is arranged in the region of the depression 112a of the flattened can jacket 112.
  • the cover tape 113 is placed on the inner film 105 by a feed device 114, preferably directly after or with the feeding of the inner film 105.
  • Fig. 19 shows an embodiment in which the flattened can coats 112 continuously formed as a strip material and then welded, so that the separation of individual can coats 112 takes place only at the end.
  • strip-shaped flat material 116 is fed via a feed device 117 to a cutting device 118.
  • the cutting device 118 forms on the strip-shaped flat material perpendicular to the belt axis two cuts 118e.
  • these cuts 118e get into the two curvature regions 112c, so that the separation of the flat material is only necessary in the flat area between the radii of curvature when separating the can shell sections. If the separation also had to be carried out in the areas of curvature, wrinkles would result in wrinkles which could no longer be completely smoothed out.
  • foils are mounted on both sides of the sheet 116.
  • the band-shaped flat material 116 is moved along a processing axis.
  • a roll 104 with an inner foil 105 is arranged above the flat material 116, and a roll 104 with the decorative foil 106 is arranged underneath the flat material 116.
  • the flat material 116 is heated with a heating device 107 to a temperature necessary for sealing the foils 105, 106.
  • Two pressure rollers 108 and one sealing layer each on the films 105 and 106 ensure a firm connection of the films 105 and 106 with the flat material 116.
  • the both sides coated flat material 116 is formed in a second Umformvorraum 111b transversely to the belt axis continuously in a flattened closed mold, which in cross section of the embodiment according to Fig. 20 equivalent.
  • the second forming device 111b comprises successively pairs of rolls which more and more fold over the lateral edge regions of the flat material 116 towards the center.
  • Fig. 19b shows an example of a pair of rollers 119. Before folding the lateral edge region, the recess 112a is formed in the center of the sheet 116 by means of a cooperating pair of forming rollers.
  • Fig. 18d is formed by the first forming device flat material in the form of sections by means of a forming mold 120 and a corresponding first forming tool 121 U-shaped, with the recess 112 a.
  • the lateral edge regions By means of two acting from the side further forming tools 122, the lateral edge regions completely folded.
  • a first forming tool not shown, without recess projection and with a smaller width on the shell portion.
  • the laser welding of the can longitudinal seam is carried out on the flattened can jacket band substantially the same as on the individual can coats.
  • the individual can coats are preferably fed directly adjacent to each other fed to a welding device, so that the welding device can form the weld seam substantially continuously as in a can jacket band.
  • FIGS. 22 and 23 show a first welding device 123 for laser welding the can longitudinal seam 124 at the pressed together end faces 112e of a flattened can jacket 112.
  • the lateral to be joined together Edge regions 125 of the flat material lie on either side of the depression 112a, depending on a flat central region of the inner boundary of the can jacket which acts as a guide partial surface 112b.
  • the two guide part surfaces 112b are formed on the inside of the can jacket.
  • the can jacket 112 has a closed flattened shape, wherein the abutting planar partial surfaces are connected to each other during the welding over curved areas 112c.
  • An edge region 125 is pressed by one of the two lateral pressure rollers 126 by means of a pressing device 127 against the other edge region 125, whereby the compression of the end faces 112a is ensured.
  • retaining rollers 128 are arranged such that they hold the two edge regions 125 at the end faces 112e on the guide surfaces 112b.
  • One of the two holding rollers 128 is pressed by a pressing device 127 against the one edge region 125.
  • the flattened can jacket 112 is supported by a support roller 132 in the region of the support rollers 128.
  • the other retaining roller 128 is held by an adjusting device at an adjustable distance from the other edge region 125.
  • the welding is achieved with a laser beam 130 from a laser source 131.
  • the decorative film 106 can be arranged on the flat material 116, 103 such that it does not extend to the end surface 112e at one edge region 125 and over the end surface 112e at the other edge region 125 protrudes.
  • the protruding film region 106a is not firmly sealed in an edge region of the flat material 116, 103, so that this free film edge 106a can be transferred away from the region of the longitudinal seam 124 before the longitudinal seam 124 is formed.
  • the free film edge 106a according to Fig. 25 placed over the longitudinal seam 124 and sealed tight. As a result, the longitudinal seam 124 is completely covered outside.
  • a damaged inside the weld 124 inner liner 105 is covered by the cover 113, so that a complete corrosion protection is guaranteed.
  • a small free space 129 between the end faces 112e and the cover tape 113 ensures that this is not impaired during welding.
  • Fig. 24 shows in addition to the retaining roller 128 and the support roller 132 guide means 133.
  • the heat required for sealing is optionally from the longitudinal seam 124, or is supplied from the outside.
  • the can jacket sections are severed in a severing device 135, preferably with circumferential cutting edges.
  • the closed bottom flattened can jackets 112 'discharged directly, after storage or after transport, can be used to make can bodies.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Rigid Containers With Two Or More Constituent Elements (AREA)
  • Adornments (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
  • Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
  • Butt Welding And Welding Of Specific Article (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Laser Beam Processing (AREA)
  • Details Of Rigid Or Semi-Rigid Containers (AREA)
EP04736969A 2003-06-27 2004-06-17 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum herstellen eines dosenkörpers, sowie dosenkörper Expired - Lifetime EP1644145B1 (de)

Priority Applications (2)

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SI200431590T SI1644145T1 (sl) 2003-06-27 2004-06-17 Postopek in naprava za izdelavo telesa ploäśevinke in telo ploäśevinke
PL04736969T PL1644145T3 (pl) 2003-06-27 2004-06-17 Sposób i urządzenia do wytwarzania korpusu puszki, oraz korpus puszki

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CH11402003 2003-06-27
CH542004 2004-01-15
PCT/CH2004/000368 WO2005000498A1 (de) 2003-06-27 2004-06-17 Verfahren und vorrichtung zum herstellen eines dosenkörpers, sowie dosenkörper

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EP1644145A1 EP1644145A1 (de) 2006-04-12
EP1644145B1 true EP1644145B1 (de) 2010-11-10

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US (1) US7584639B2 (es)
EP (1) EP1644145B1 (es)
AT (1) ATE487551T1 (es)
DE (1) DE502004011875D1 (es)
ES (1) ES2356328T3 (es)
PL (1) PL1644145T3 (es)
PT (1) PT1644145E (es)
SI (1) SI1644145T1 (es)
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CN105478524A (zh) * 2016-01-06 2016-04-13 河北华通线缆集团股份有限公司 一种双相不锈钢连续油管的制造方法
CN105478524B (zh) * 2016-01-06 2017-07-28 河北华通线缆集团股份有限公司 一种双相不锈钢连续油管的制造方法
WO2022253605A1 (de) 2021-06-04 2022-12-08 Caprosol Ag Vorrichtung und verfahren zum verbinden eines dosenabschlusses mit einem dosenmantel

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US7584639B2 (en) 2009-09-08
EP1644145A1 (de) 2006-04-12
WO2005000498A1 (de) 2005-01-06
SI1644145T1 (sl) 2011-03-31
PL1644145T3 (pl) 2011-04-29
DE502004011875D1 (de) 2010-12-23
US20090003972A9 (en) 2009-01-01
PT1644145E (pt) 2011-02-04
US20070177962A1 (en) 2007-08-02
ES2356328T3 (es) 2011-04-07

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