EP1634343A2 - Cellule solaire tandem, munie d'une electrode organique commune - Google Patents

Cellule solaire tandem, munie d'une electrode organique commune

Info

Publication number
EP1634343A2
EP1634343A2 EP04741646A EP04741646A EP1634343A2 EP 1634343 A2 EP1634343 A2 EP 1634343A2 EP 04741646 A EP04741646 A EP 04741646A EP 04741646 A EP04741646 A EP 04741646A EP 1634343 A2 EP1634343 A2 EP 1634343A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrode
organic material
photovoltaic cell
common electrode
solar cell
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP04741646A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Christoph Brabec
Saulo Ruiz Moreno
Christoph Waldauf
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Merck Patent GmbH
Original Assignee
Konarka Technologies Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=33494994&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP1634343(A2) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Konarka Technologies Inc filed Critical Konarka Technologies Inc
Publication of EP1634343A2 publication Critical patent/EP1634343A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
    • H10K30/57—Photovoltaic [PV] devices comprising multiple junctions, e.g. tandem PV cells
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y10/00—Nanotechnology for information processing, storage or transmission, e.g. quantum computing or single electron logic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/30—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising bulk heterojunctions, e.g. interpenetrating networks of donor and acceptor material domains
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
    • H10K30/80—Constructional details
    • H10K30/81—Electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
    • H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
    • H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
    • H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
    • H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
    • H10K85/1135—Polyethylene dioxythiophene [PEDOT]; Derivatives thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/20—Carbon compounds, e.g. carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
    • H10K85/311—Phthalocyanine
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
    • H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
    • H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
    • H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
    • H10K85/621—Aromatic anhydride or imide compounds, e.g. perylene tetra-carboxylic dianhydride or perylene tetracarboxylic di-imide
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/548—Amorphous silicon PV cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a solar cell with at least two photoactive layers.
  • solar cells or photovoltaic elements are also called tandem solar cells or photovoltaic multi-cells.
  • tandem solar cells represent an optical and electrical series connection of two photoactive layers.
  • the present invention relates in particular to organic tandem solar cells.
  • Tandem solar cells as such are essentially known. Tandem solar cells essentially represent a serial connection of two (half) solar cells. The tandem solar cells described here represent a mechanical, optical and electrical serial connection of two solar cells. This leads to an increased open circuit voltage, since the individual voltages of the ( Add half) solar cells. Tandem solar cells have a special feature, namely a common electrode between the two solar cells, on which the two types of charge carriers of one and the other solar cell recombine. If this electrode is provided by a metallic layer, the light can be reflected on the metallic layer, which leads to. Reflection losses, and thus leads to a loss of performance in the second cell.
  • tandem photovoltaic devices are known, for example, from DE 693 30 835 T2.
  • DE 693 30 835 T2 is limited only to p- and n-doped semiconductor material and does not disclose any organic photovoltaic devices.
  • the present invention provides a tandem photovoltaic cell with at least two photoactive layers, two outer electrodes and at least one common electrode that connects two photoactive layers to one another, which is formed by at least one common electrode made of a material that can be processed from solution, is marked. 200307136
  • a material that can be processed, ie processed, from solution can be applied more cost-effectively than a material that has to be separated from the gas phase, for example.
  • the material that can be processed from solution is preferably an organic material.
  • it is electrically conductive due to its own chemical structure or its structure or its doping.
  • the material absorbs electrons from the fullerene and / or holes from the polymer, for example. This works best with metals, also with highly doped semiconductors with a small band gap, with doped half layers with a somewhat larger band gap ... etc.
  • the necessary semi-transparency can also be achieved by making these layers very, very thin.
  • outer electrode refers to the position relative to the photoactive layers and not to the entire tandem solar cell. In the case of a solar cell that is applied to a non-conductive substrate, the “outer electrode” can also be located between the photoactive layers of the solar cell and the substrate lie.
  • the number of photoactive layers in the tandem cell is arbitrary, since the invention can in principle be applied to a tandem cell made up of any number of individual cells. It is clear that the band gaps available for the individual photoactive layers and the spectral distribution of the incident light, together with the respective absorption rates, make tandem cells from a large number of individual layers seem impractical.
  • Recombination of positive charges with negative charges preferably takes place on or in the electrode.
  • the conductive organic material of the common electrode comprises a polymer, in particular PEDOT. PANI and / or derivatives and / or mixtures thereof.
  • PEDOT poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene
  • the PEDOT can also be used as a PEDOTrPSS.
  • PSS is a PEDOT doped with polystyrene sulfonate.
  • the photovoltaic cell comprises an intermediate layer with conductive nanoparticles (metallic or semiconducting in nature, for example: CdSe, CdTe,
  • nanoparticles are incorporated into a polymer matrix so that they can be processed from solution.
  • the conductive organic material of the common electrode comprises PANI (polyaniline).
  • PANI and PEDOT are relatively well comparable in terms of function.
  • the photovoltaic cell according to the invention is preferably an organic photovoltaic cell.
  • the semi-transparent conductive layer made of organic material can also be used for inorganic tandem solar cells.
  • a photovoltaic compound cell can, for example, be an inorganic solar cell with an organic solar cell attached by means of a common transparent and conductive electrode made of organic material 200307136
  • the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic
  • Tandem cell with at least two photoactive layers, two outer electrodes and at least one common electrode, which connects two photoactive layers together, and which is characterized in that the common electrode is applied from a conductive organic material between the two photoactive layers.
  • a conductive layer made of an organic material makes it possible to apply the layer from a solution, which is an important one in comparison to the otherwise customary vacuum-processed metal layers
  • the conductive semi-transparent organic material used can also be printed in a solvent that does not attack, damage or dissolve the underlying semiconductor.
  • the method is characterized in that at least one of the photoactive layers is applied from a solvent.
  • Another advantage that results from the use of a conductive semi-transparent organic material is that the layer of organic material is resistant to chemicals from which the second semiconductor layer is applied. This protects the first semiconductor layer and a second semiconductor layer can be applied from a solvent that would dissolve or dissolve or destroy the first semiconductor layer in the case of a conventional intermediate electrode. Overall, the semiconductor layers and the intermediate electrode can therefore be used without the use of vacuum processes 200307136
  • the conductive semi-transparent layer of organic material can also be applied by a vacuum process if the two adjacent layers are applied by a vacuum process in production. As a result, the entire production line for the tandem solar cell can be kept under vacuum conditions and it would be impractical to carry out this one step under a normal atmosphere.
  • organic material here encompasses all types of organic, organometallic and / or inorganic
  • Plastics which e.g. be called "plastics”. These are all types of substances with the exception of the semiconductors that form the classic diodes (germanium, silicon) and the typical metallic conductors. A restriction in the dogmatic sense to organic material as carbon-containing material is therefore not provided, but rather is also due to the widespread use of e.g. Silicones thought. Furthermore, the term should not be subject to any restriction with regard to the molecular size, in particular to polymeric and / or oligomeric materials, but the use of "small molecules" is also entirely possible.
  • the conductive semi-transparent layer made of organic material can, for example, also be a conjugated polymer that is not conductive, but has been made conductive by adding conductive fillers.
  • Other alternatives are organic materials that are applied by solvents and / or a vacuum process and that meet the requirements for conductivity and semi-transparency. 200307136
  • tandem solar cells One advantage of tandem solar cells is that the spectral absorption of the solar cell can be significantly broadened by using two solar cells connected in series. For example, if a semiconductor with a different band gap (first
  • FIG. 1 represents a sectional view through a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a cross section through a tandem solar cell according to the present invention.
  • Solar cell is applied to a carrier material or a substrate 4.
  • the substrate 4 can consist of organic material, for example flexible material or film, glass, plastic, a crystal or a similar material.
  • the substrate 4 is shown with a break line 6 to show that the thickness of the substrate 4 is irrelevant to the present invention and can vary.
  • the substrate only serves to provide the solar cell with appropriate mechanical strength and possibly surface protection.
  • the substrate is provided with an anti-reflective coating 2 (or coating) on the side facing the incidence of light in order to reduce or avoid losses due to reflection. 200307136
  • the first layer 8 on the substrate represents an electrode 8 of the solar cell. It is essentially irrelevant to the invention whether the electrode is a cathode or an anode.
  • the first electrode 8 should therefore consist, for example, of Al, CU, ... r ITO (indium tin oxide) or the like. It should be noted that the electrode facing the incidence of light (here electrode 8) is preferably transparent or semitransparent and / or has a lattice structure. The electrode 8 can also be constructed in multiple layers according to the prior art.
  • the electrode 8 arranged on the substrate 4 is a cathode.
  • the electrode 8 is covered by a first active layer 10.
  • the composition of the active layer 10 is essentially not important for the present invention. Active layers usually have an area with electron donors 14 and an area with electron acceptors 12, both of which are connected to one another via a depletion layer. The charge carriers (electron-hole pairs) generated in the active layer by the incidence of light are suctioned off separately into the adjacent layers.
  • the first active layer can be composed, for example, of a classic monocrystalline, polycrystalline or amorphous semiconductor with a pn junction.
  • the present invention can be used particularly advantageously in organic solar cells, for example with P3HT / PBCM, CuPc / PTCBI, ZNPC / C60 or a conjugate
  • the side 12 of the active layer 10 facing the substrate is assigned to the electron acceptor and the side 14 facing away from the substrate is assigned to the electron donor.
  • a common organic electrode 16 for example made of a semi-transparent conductive polymer, is arranged above the first active layer 10 on the side of the electron donors 14.
  • the further properties of the common electrode 16, such as thickness and refractive index, can be selected such that the common electrode 16 forms a reflection layer between the first active layer 10 and the second active layer 18 that follows. If the reflection properties of the electrode can be matched to a different spectral absorption of the two active layers, the overall absorption can be influenced further positively. For example, if semiconductors with different bandgaps are used for both half-cells (first semiconductor: large
  • the thickness of the semi-transparent electrode can be adjusted so that a short-wave light component is reflected back to the first photoactive layer, while a long-wave component through the electrode to the second photoactive layer with the longer wavelength absorption.
  • the total absorption can also be influenced by photoactive layers of different thicknesses.
  • the semi-transparent electrode 16 is followed by the second photoactive layer 18.
  • the composition of the second active layer 18 is also essentially insignificant for the present invention.
  • the second active layer also has an area with electron donors 22 and an area with electron acceptors 20 200307136
  • the second active layer can, for example, also be composed of a classic monocrystalline, polycrystalline or amorphous semiconductor with a pn junction.
  • the present invention can be used very particularly advantageously in organic solar cells, for example with P3HT / PBCM, CuPc / PTCBI, ZNPC / C ⁇ O or a conjugated polymer component and a fullerene component.
  • organic solar cells for example with P3HT / PBCM, CuPc / PTCBI, ZNPC / C ⁇ O or a conjugated polymer component and a fullerene component.
  • combinations of conventional semiconductor materials can also be combined with organic semiconductors.
  • the second photoactive layer is in turn covered by an external or connecting electrode.
  • electrode 24 is an anode.
  • the electrode material of the anode can comprise Ag, Au, Al, CU, ... ITO or the like, for example.
  • the anode since the anode faces away from the light, it is not subject to any restrictions in terms of thickness, transparency or any other restrictions.
  • the anode can also be covered by a protective layer (not shown), for example a lacquer.
  • the wavy arrows 26 indicate the direction of the incidence of light.
  • the solar cell can also be built upside down on, for example, an opaque substrate 4, or directly on a conventional crystalline solar cell, in which case the light can then come in from above.
  • an “inverse” structure has the disadvantage that the structures and 200307136
  • Layers are exposed to environmental influences such as atmospheric oxygen, dust and the like, which can quickly damage or render the solar cell unusable.
  • anti-reflective coating 2 on the other side of the solar cell.
  • the present invention can also be applied to conventional monocrystalline or polycrystalline solar cells.
  • the intermediate electrode 16 would in turn be arranged between the active layers of the tandem solar cell.
  • the intermediate electrode 16 can be deposited both from the gas phase and from a solution, which makes the processing or the production of the intermediate layers cheaper.
  • the present invention relates to a solar cell with at least two photoactive layers. Such solar cells or photovoltaic elements are also called tandem solar cells or photovoltaic multi-cells. Essentially, tandem solar cells represent an optical and electrical series connection of two photoactive layers.
  • the present invention relates in particular to organic tandem solar cells, which according to the invention comprises at least one “common” electrode which is arranged between two photovoltaically active layers and which is essentially made of organic material.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une cellule solaire comportant au moins deux couches photoactives. Les cellules solaires de ce type ou les éléments photovoltaïques s'appellent également cellules solaires tandem ou cellules photovoltaïques multiples. Les cellules solaires tandem constituent essentiellement un couplage en série optique et électrique de deux couches photoactives. L'invention concerne notamment des cellules solaires tandem organiques. Selon l'invention, il est prévu au moins une électrode </= COMMUNE >/= , montée entre deux couches à activité photovoltaïque, qui consiste essentiellement en matériau organique.
EP04741646A 2003-06-12 2004-05-26 Cellule solaire tandem, munie d'une electrode organique commune Withdrawn EP1634343A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10326547A DE10326547A1 (de) 2003-06-12 2003-06-12 Tandemsolarzelle mit einer gemeinsamen organischen Elektrode
PCT/EP2004/050914 WO2004112161A2 (fr) 2003-06-12 2004-05-26 Cellule solaire tandem, munie d'une electrode organique commune

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1634343A2 true EP1634343A2 (fr) 2006-03-15

Family

ID=33494994

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP04741646A Withdrawn EP1634343A2 (fr) 2003-06-12 2004-05-26 Cellule solaire tandem, munie d'une electrode organique commune

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20070272296A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1634343A2 (fr)
JP (1) JP4966653B2 (fr)
DE (1) DE10326547A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2004112161A2 (fr)

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DE10326547A1 (de) 2005-01-05
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JP4966653B2 (ja) 2012-07-04
WO2004112161A3 (fr) 2006-03-23

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