EP1414275B1 - Appareil de chauffage électrique - Google Patents

Appareil de chauffage électrique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1414275B1
EP1414275B1 EP03022497A EP03022497A EP1414275B1 EP 1414275 B1 EP1414275 B1 EP 1414275B1 EP 03022497 A EP03022497 A EP 03022497A EP 03022497 A EP03022497 A EP 03022497A EP 1414275 B1 EP1414275 B1 EP 1414275B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
housing
heating device
legs
base portion
heating
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP03022497A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1414275A1 (fr
Inventor
Roland Starck
Franz Flick
Frank Kamy
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Eichenauer Heizelemente GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Eichenauer Heizelemente GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Eichenauer Heizelemente GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Eichenauer Heizelemente GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP1414275A1 publication Critical patent/EP1414275A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1414275B1 publication Critical patent/EP1414275B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
    • H05B3/48—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material
    • H05B3/50—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material heating conductor arranged in metal tubes, the radiating surface having heat-conducting fins
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/02—Heaters using heating elements having a positive temperature coefficient

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electric heater with the in the preamble of claim 1 features.
  • a heater is known from DE 26 14 433 C3.
  • the well-known heater has a tubular housing in which between two metallic heat spreaders a PTC heating element is provided.
  • the heat spreaders have one flat, the PTC heating element facing base, curved from the longitudinal edge Legs go out, which resiliently on the inner wall of the housing issue. In this way, the heat spreaders take from the PTC heating element Heat generated with their base and forward this over their Thighs to the housing.
  • a disadvantage of such known heating devices is that they only for low heat output of, for example, 14W suitable and that the thermal coupling of the PTC heating element to the housing especially with delivery of higher power over time increasingly worse becomes.
  • urea solutions which is needed for catalysts is the known heater due to their low power output and the relatively rapidly deteriorating heat coupling of the PTC heating element not suitable for the housing.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to show a way, as in an electric heater of the type mentioned over long periods of time and high power output of several 100 watts, as required for use in cars, a permanently improved heat coupling of the PTC heating element can be reached to the housing.
  • the legs of the heat spreader tapered towards its free end. Basically, it is sufficient if of the base part of each heat spreader only a single leg goes out. Preferably, two legs go from the base part out. In both cases, it is desirable that the legs of the Heating generated as well as possible in the medium to be heated initiate.
  • the legs are continuous and uniform over to rejuvenate their full length.
  • Temperature differences between the different areas of the housing and between the housing and the heat spreaders are lower than in State of the art and advantageously also reduce the differences between each local thermal expansion of the material.
  • the lower now the differences between the thermal expansion of the individual parts of the Heating device the more reliable and durable can be Clamp the legs of the heat distributors to the inner wall of the housing and so for optimum thermal coupling of the PTC heating element to the housing to care.
  • the legs taken together if necessary the inside of the peripheral wall of the housing as much as possible, preferably almost completely, cover.
  • the legs are preferred at its attached to the base part of the respective heat spreader on the end thickest.
  • This measure has the advantage that the mechanical stability of the Heat spreader is high and consequently the legs with a larger force can press against the housing, especially if the base part is stable; preferably it is thicker than the legs emanating from it, so that he can be considered stiff compared to the thighs.
  • the object of the invention is achieved in that the base part the heat spreader is thicker than the legs emanating from it, which the housing should rest resiliently.
  • This has the advantage that the base part stiffer than the thighs. This can prevent that the base part Bends and partially loses contact with the heating element when the Legs are bent. Rather, a good heat transfer from the heating element remains obtained on the heat spreader.
  • the base part on his away from the heating element in the middle between the legs is designed to be particularly thick.
  • the legs can be biased more, without bending the base is to be feared.
  • the greater the bias of the legs the larger is also the force with which they press against the inner wall of the housing and so the better and more reliable is the heat coupling to the Casing.
  • the base part is thicker in the middle than at the ends, from where the or go out the thighs, on top of that favors the flexibility of Leg and increases the length on which a bend easily done can.
  • the base part on its side facing away from the heating element has a running in the longitudinal direction of the housing U-shaped receiving part.
  • this U-shaped receiving part can advantageously an electrical connection line for the PTC heating element inserted and soldered or welded and / or be pressed so that an electrical connection without a separate Connecting part can be produced.
  • a further advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the housing deformed by pressing on its inner wall legs of the heat spreader is.
  • a tubular housing which prior to assembly the heater has a circular cross section, in this way and Be so deformed that it assumes an elliptical or oval cross-section.
  • deformability of the housing is a full-scale snuggling the leg of the heat spreaders favors.
  • the housing and the or the heat spreader of different Materials exist and consequently different thermal expansion coefficients have, over a wide temperature range, a good surface Contact between the legs and the housing and thus a good heat coupling guarantee.
  • the wall thickness is therefore smaller than that Thighs and is best only between 0.1 mm and 0.7 mm, especially preferably between 0.2 mm and 0.5 mm. It has been shown that in such Wall thickness the housing on the one hand still reliable the interior of the heater protects against damage, on the other hand, the housing by the at his Inner wall pressing leg of the heat spreader is slightly deformed, so that a good surface contact between the housing and the leg established.
  • a heater according to the invention can of course with a single PTC heating element or also equipped with several PTC heating elements are.
  • the heat spreader can cover the whole with PTC heating elements or it can also pull on the assembled length of the housing a plurality of heat spreaders may be provided, which in a row in the tubular Housing lie. It is particularly favorable, the at least one PTC heating element between pairs of themselves with their respective base opposite To arrange heat distributors. In this way, one becomes special efficient heat removal from both surfaces of the PTC heating element allows.
  • a further advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the heat spreader made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy.
  • aluminum and aluminum alloys are characterized by a high thermal conductivity out.
  • aluminum and aluminum alloys allow a cost effective Production of heat spreaders by extrusion.
  • AIMgSi alloys for example AlMgSi1 F32 alloys, which combine a good spring action with a good thermal conductivity.
  • a further advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the housing has an open end with a molded flange.
  • a flange on open end of the housing can be the introduction of one or the a plurality of heating elements and the heat spreader containing heating insert in facilitate the housing.
  • the upper, open side of the housing relaxes Close the inner parts tightly. This is preferably done with a Plastic cap, preferably between the flange and the plastic cap a sealing ring is arranged. Then the upper open side is through a potting compound, for example made of a silicone plastic, sealed, where the required electrical connections through the sealant to the outside be guided.
  • the housing is made of stainless steel. This measure has the advantage.
  • this Housing of corrosive fluid such as a urea solution, which is used in catalytic converters of motor vehicles, is not attacked.
  • the housing made of aluminum which anodized for use in corrosive fluids and / or with a corrosion resistant Coating can be provided.
  • a plastic with a relatively high thermal conductivity for plastics use, for example, one with mineral or ceramic fillers filled PTFE.
  • FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section through the cylindrical housing 2 of a heating device 1, which at the upper open end 4 with a plastic cap. 3 is provided.
  • the opposite lower end 5 of the housing 2 is closed.
  • the housing 2 is made in one piece as Rollumformteil Made of stainless steel. It is also conceivable, however, the production of the housing 2 tubular semi-finished product and the subsequent attachment of a bottom 6 by Welding, soldering, flanging, pressing or the like.
  • a flange 7 is formed at the upper open End 4 of the housing.
  • This flange 7 has on the one hand the advantage that it serves as a guide during insertion of the internal parts, see Figure 2, on the other hand, the plastic cap 3 thereby optionally in a simple manner with the interposition of a sealing ring 8 attached thereto.
  • FIG 2 the cross section through the heater 1 after insertion the internal parts shown.
  • the heat generated by the PTC heater 20 is passed over heat spreaders 9, between which the PTC heating element 20 is located, discharged to the housing 2.
  • the heat spreaders 9 have a Base part 10, which has its flat side facing the PTC heating element 20 and is in good heat-conducting contact with the PTC heating element 20. From the base part 10 of the metallic heat spreader 9, the heat is bent over Leg 15, which emanate from the base part 10 and resiliently on the inner wall abut the housing 2, discharged. To get the best possible heat coupling of the housing 2 to reach the legs 15 of the heat spreader 9, It is important that these always with the largest possible spring force to the housing Press 2.
  • One or more flat PTC heating elements 20 are made in a frame 21 Plastic inserted and secured against movement.
  • the lower contact surfaces 22 of the PTC heating elements 20 are directly on the flat side of the Base 10 of a first heat spreader 9.
  • On the contact plate 25 is one of the power supply serving connecting element (not shown) formed from the Heating device 1 is led out.
  • the contact plate 25 is in turn of an insulating layer 26, preferably made of a ceramic, covered.
  • the insulating layer 26 is chosen as thin as possible.
  • On this insulating layer 26 is the plane Side of the base part 10 of a second heat spreader 9 placed.
  • Both heat spreaders 9 are preferably identical. While the Power supply, as described, by means of a connection element on the contact plate 25, the ground connection in the U-shaped receptacle 17 on the base part 10 of the heat spreader 9 is formed (not shown) by a connecting wire compressed in the receptacle 17 and led out of the heater 1 is.
  • a thickening 18 of the base part 10 increases the mechanical stability the heat spreader 9 and allows higher contact forces of the legs 15th to the housing 2, without the base member 10 bends and thereby partially lifts off the heating element 20. As shown in Figure 3, the thickening may occur Continue in 18 approaches 12, which the U-shaped receptacle 17 for a Make ground wire.
  • the receptacle 17 is for the second heat spreader. 9 not required per se, if the housing 2 is grounded. However, it is production technology most favorable if both heat spreaders 9 formed the same are.
  • the spring force of the legs 15 of the heat spreader 9 causes a slightly oval elastic deformation of the housing 2, wherein the contours of the inside of the housing 14 and leg outer sides 13 optimally flat fit each other and thus form a maximum heat transfer surface.
  • the housing 2 with a wall thickness of only 0.4 mm, while the heat spreader 9 essential are thicker.
  • a material for the housing 2 stainless steel is particularly good suitable as this is a use in many corrosive liquids, such as in a urea solution, allowed.
  • leg outer sides nestle 13 and the housing inner side 14 to each other, that the distances a and a 'largely go to zero and thus leg outer surfaces and housing inner surface flat and thus are thermally conductive connected.
  • the base part 10 formed very thick. That makes him particularly suitable at the same time for heat conduction.
  • the legs 15 At the base, the legs 15 have a thickness d and taper to the top 16 towards a thickness d '. As a result, a high heat conduction along the Leg 15 ensures at the same time high elasticity of the tips 16.
  • Vor the installation have the tips 16 a small distance s to each other, the itself further reduced by the compression during installation. The distance s is chosen so that it is as low as possible to a large gapless Heat transfer surface and on the other hand for easy installation and for the compensation of thermal expansion still enough scope Has.
  • the described heat spreader 9 with its profiled cross section is preferably produced as an extruded profile of an aluminum alloy.

Landscapes

  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)

Claims (19)

  1. Dispositif de chauffage électrique (1) comprenant un carter de forme tubulaire (2) dans lequel sont prévus un ou plusieurs éléments de chauffage CTP (20) et au moins une paire de dissipateurs de chaleur métalliques (9), entre lesquels sont serrés les éléments de chauffage (20) et qui présentent, à cet effet, respectivement une partie de base (10) tournée vers l'élément, respectivement les éléments de chauffage et une ou deux branches cintrées (15) émanant de ladite partie de base, qui épousent de manière élastique le côté interne de la paroi périphérique de carter (2), caractérisé en ce que les branches (15) se rétrécissent en direction de leurs extrémités libres.
  2. Dispositif de chauffage selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la partie de base (10) est plus épaisse que les branches (15) qui en émanent.
  3. Dispositif de chauffage électrique (1) comprenant un carter de forme tubulaire (2) dans lequel sont prévus un ou plusieurs éléments de chauffage CTP (20) et au moins une paire de dissipateurs de chaleur métalliques (9), entre lesquels sont serrés les éléments de chauffage (20) et qui présentent, à cet effet, respectivement une partie de base (10) tournée vers l'élément, respectivement les éléments de chauffage et une ou deux branches cintrées (15) émanant de ladite partie de base, qui épousent de manière élastique le côté interne de la paroi périphérique du carter (2), caractérisé en ce que la partie de base (10) est plus épaisse que les branches (15).
  4. Dispositif de chauffage selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que les branches (15) se rétrécissent en direction de leurs extrémités libres.
  5. Dispositifs de chauffage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisés en ce que les branches (15) se rétrécissent en continu sur toute leur longueur.
  6. Dispositif de chauffage selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que les branches (15) se rétrécissent de manière uniforme.
  7. Dispositif de chauffage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la partie de bases (10) est la plus épaisse en position médiane entre les branches (15) émanant de ladite partie.
  8. Dispositif de chauffage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que, sur le côté de la partie de bases (10) se détournant de l'élément de chauffage (20), sont réalisées, deux saillies (12) s'étendant dans la direction longitudinale du carter (2), qui forment un collier de serrage possédant une section transversale en U pour un câble d'amenée de courant.
  9. Dispositif de chauffage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la partie de base (10), sur son côté tourné vers l'élément de chauffage CTP (20), possède une forme plate, en particulier une forme plane.
  10. Dispositif de chauffage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la paroi périphérique du carter (2) est plus mince que la partie de base (10) et que les branches (15).
  11. Dispositif de chauffage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'épaisseur de paroi du carter (2) s'élève de 0,1 mm à 0,7 mm, de préférence de 0,2 mm à 0,5 mm.
  12. Dispositif de chauffage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le carter (2) est façonné par les branches (15) des dissipateurs de chaleur (9) qui épousent de manière élastique la forme de sa paroi périphérique.
  13. Dispositif de chauffage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les dissipateurs de chaleur (9) sont constitués d'aluminium ou d'un alliage d'aluminium.
  14. Dispositif de chauffage selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que les dissipateurs de chaleur (9) sont réalisés à partir d'un profilé filé.
  15. Dispositif de chauffage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le carter (2) présente une extrémité (4) ouverte pour le montage des éléments de chauffage (20) et qui doit être refermée par la suite, présentant une bride (7) appliquée par façonnement.
  16. Dispositif de chauffage selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce qu'un chapeau d'obturation (3) en matière synthétique est maintenu sur la bride (7) du carter (2).
  17. Dispositif de chauffage selon la revendication 16, caractérisé en ce qu'un anneau d'étanchéité (8) est disposé entre le chapeau d'obturation en matière synthétique (3) et la bride (7).
  18. Dispositif de chauffage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que le carter (2) est constitué d'acier spécial.
  19. Dispositif de chauffage selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les branches (15) prises ensemble recouvrent pratiquement la totalité du côté interne de la paroi périphérique du carter (2).
EP03022497A 2002-10-22 2003-10-09 Appareil de chauffage électrique Expired - Lifetime EP1414275B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE20216509U DE20216509U1 (de) 2002-10-22 2002-10-22 Elektrische Heizeinrichtung
DE20216509U 2002-10-22

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1414275A1 EP1414275A1 (fr) 2004-04-28
EP1414275B1 true EP1414275B1 (fr) 2005-12-21

Family

ID=31969861

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03022497A Expired - Lifetime EP1414275B1 (fr) 2002-10-22 2003-10-09 Appareil de chauffage électrique

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US6847017B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP1414275B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE313930T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE20216509U1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102010006184A1 (de) 2010-01-29 2011-08-04 Eichenauer Heizelemente GmbH & Co. KG, 76870 Elektrische Heizeinrichtung und Verfahren zum Fertigen einer elektrischen Heizeinrichtung
DE102017103039B3 (de) 2017-02-15 2018-06-07 Eichenauer Heizelemente Gmbh & Co. Kg Heizeinheit zum Beheizen von Flüssigkeiten in einem Kraftfahrzeug

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EP1657963B1 (fr) * 2004-11-11 2007-03-14 DBK David + Baader GmbH Elément chauffant d'une carte de circuit imprimé, carte de circuit imprimé et procédé de chauffage
DE102006047042A1 (de) 2006-10-02 2008-04-03 Emitec Gesellschaft Für Emissionstechnologie Mbh Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Verdampfen eines Reaktionsmittels
DE502007005351D1 (de) * 2007-07-20 2010-11-25 Eberspaecher Catem Gmbh & Co K Elektrische Heizvorrichtung insbesondere für Kraftfahrzeuge
US20090139972A1 (en) * 2007-10-23 2009-06-04 Psion Teklogix Inc. Docking connector
DE102011077922B4 (de) * 2011-06-21 2024-10-10 Mahle International Gmbh Wärmeübertrager
DE102011054750B4 (de) * 2011-10-24 2014-08-21 Stego-Holding Gmbh Kühl- und Haltekörper für Heizelemente, Heizgerät und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Kühl- und Haltekörpers
DE102011054752B4 (de) * 2011-10-24 2014-09-04 Stego-Holding Gmbh Kühl- und Haltekörper für Heizelemente, Heizgerät und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Kühl- und Haltekörpers
DE102012107600B4 (de) * 2012-08-20 2015-10-08 Borgwarner Ludwigsburg Gmbh Elektrische Heizvorrichtung zum Beheizen von Fluiden
DE102012109801B4 (de) * 2012-10-15 2015-02-05 Borgwarner Ludwigsburg Gmbh Elektrische Heizvorrichtung
US8934764B2 (en) * 2012-11-05 2015-01-13 Betacera Inc. Electrical heating device and equipment with pluggable heating module
DE102012220432A1 (de) * 2012-11-09 2014-05-15 Mahle International Gmbh Vorheizeinrichtung für eine Kraftstoffeinspritzanlage
DE102012220433A1 (de) * 2012-11-09 2014-05-15 Mahle International Gmbh Kraftstoffeinspritzanlage mit Vorheizeinrichtung
DE102012220429A1 (de) * 2012-11-09 2014-05-15 Mahle International Gmbh Vorheizeinrichtung für eine Kraftstoffeinspritzanlage
WO2015084076A1 (fr) * 2013-12-06 2015-06-11 주식회사 세라젬 Appareil de chauffage pour une partie interne en céramique et son procédé de fabrication
US11118810B2 (en) * 2017-10-19 2021-09-14 Tom Richards, Inc. Heat transfer assembly
DE202017006480U1 (de) * 2017-12-18 2019-03-19 I.G. Bauerhin Gmbh Heizeinrichtung zum Beheizen von Flüssigkeiten in einem Reservoir, wie einem Tank oder einem Behälter, eines Fahrzeugs
DE102018220333B4 (de) * 2018-11-27 2022-11-24 Eberspächer Catem Gmbh & Co. Kg Elektrische Heizvorrichtung
DE102018131766B3 (de) * 2018-12-11 2020-03-26 Stego-Holding Gmbh Haltekörper, Heizgerät und Verfahren

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102010006184A1 (de) 2010-01-29 2011-08-04 Eichenauer Heizelemente GmbH & Co. KG, 76870 Elektrische Heizeinrichtung und Verfahren zum Fertigen einer elektrischen Heizeinrichtung
EP2355614A1 (fr) 2010-01-29 2011-08-10 Eichenauer Heizelemente GmbH & Co. KG Dispositif de chauffage électrique et procédé de fabrication d'un dispositif de chauffage électrique
DE102017103039B3 (de) 2017-02-15 2018-06-07 Eichenauer Heizelemente Gmbh & Co. Kg Heizeinheit zum Beheizen von Flüssigkeiten in einem Kraftfahrzeug

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20040104215A1 (en) 2004-06-03
DE50301979D1 (de) 2006-01-26
ATE313930T1 (de) 2006-01-15
EP1414275A1 (fr) 2004-04-28
DE20216509U1 (de) 2004-02-26
US6847017B2 (en) 2005-01-25

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