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  • A61K38/164—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents

Definitions

• the invention relates to the use of substances that bind to the bacterial translation factor EF-Tu, for inhibiting the formation of a cytoskeleton in bacterial cells and for producing antibacterial agents.
• the invention further relates to antibacterial agents which contain partial sections of the amino acid sequences of domains 2 or / and 3 of a bacterial EF-Tu protein with a length of preferably 4-20 amino acids.
• Penicillin or other antibiotics which have their specific inhibitory effect on growing bacterial cells have hitherto been used as antibacterial agents. This effect is based on the fact that these antibiotics prevent the expansion of the peptidoglycan structure necessary for cell growth. This destabilization of murine weakens growing cells significantly. Bacteria in the stationary phase are not inhibited, because in this phase there is no expansion of the mooring structure.
• the bacterial protein EF-Tu contains domains 1, 2 and 3 (Song, H., Parsons, M .R., Rowell, S., Leonard, G., Phillips, EV, J. Mol. Biol. 285, 1 245-1 256, 1 999).
• the sequences of the EF-Tu protein and its coding gene have been published for Escherichia coli and a number of other eubacteria and are accessible in databases. It also describes that domain 1 of EF-Tu plays a role in protein synthesis.
• This cytoskeleton comprises a network of protein fibrils that is located close to the surface of the cytoplasmic membrane facing the cytoplasm and running through the cytoplasm.
• the cytoplasmic membrane and the peripheral part of this network can be regarded as 2 concentric hollow tubes, the cytoplasmic membrane being the outer of the two tubes, the peripheral part of the network (cytoskeleton) the inner tube. Fibrils running through the cytoplasm complement and stabilize the system and are starting points for ribosomes. Ribosomes could also be detected on the peripheral part of the cytoskeleton, oriented towards the cytoplasm.
• the prokaryotic cytoskeleton thus has several variants:
• Variants that impart special functions consisting of proteins that are close to the actin of higher cells and define the length and diameter of the cell in rod-shaped bacteria
• Variants which consist of proteins that are close to the tubulin of the higher cells and ensure the regulated cell division, as well as a variant that occurs generally in all prokaryotes (“basic cytoskeleton"), which consists of a network of protofilaments of the
• Protein EF-Tu (elongation factor Tu) exists, which serves the cell as a shape-stabilizing structural element and acts as an attachment structure for ribosomes and other complex molecular aggregates.
• Tu elongation factor
• EF-Tu is a protein that contains 3 domains, whereby domain 1 is involved in the process of translation. No specific function has been described for domains 2 and 3. It has now been found that the laterally exposed epitopes of domains 2 and 3 form a fit, one surface being convex and one surface being concave. It is believed that these fits can cause the formation of EF-Tu polymers, particularly fibrils lined up linearly, both in vitro and in vivo. These fibrils are the components of the network that acts as a cytoskeleton. From this it can be deduced that substances that bind to EF-Tu, in particular in the area of domains 2 or / and 3, can serve to inhibit the formation of a cytoskeleton in bacterial cells and thus to produce an antibacterial agent.
• the cytoskeletal network can thus be used as a target for a new class of antibiotics.
• EF-Tu can serve as a target protein for new bacterial agents which can occupy the fitting sites on domain 2 or / and 3 and thereby prevent the build-up of EF-Tu polymers in the cell which are essential for the structure of the bacterial cell .
• This mode of operation differs fundamentally from the mode of operation of other antibiotics that act on EF-Tu (see e.g. Vogeley, L., Palm, GJ, Mesters, JR, Hilgenfeld, R.: Conformational change of elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) induced by antibiotic binding. J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001), 1 71 49-1 71 55).
• EF-Tu contains 394 amino acids.
• Domain 1 includes amino acids 8-204, with amino acids 1 72-204 forming a connection structure to domain 2.
• Domain 2 includes amino acids 205-298 and domain 3 includes amino acids 299-394.
• domains 2 and 3 Different secondary structures occur within domains 2 and 3.
• amino acid sequences from 31 7 to 328 and from 343 to 354, which are in domain 3 and form loops that protrude freely into the space and are candidate sequences for an interaction with amino acid sequences that are in a correspondingly positioned indentation at the Periphery of domain 2 are located, these sequences ranging from amino acid 21 8 to 224.
• cell damage can generally be achieved in the bacterial cytoskeleton by inhibiting the polymerization of EF-Tu.
• Such cell damage is achieved in particular in the case of ordinary bacterial cells which have a cell wall.
• the invention is particularly applicable to eubacteria.
• the substances which can be used to inhibit the build-up of cytoskeletons can be of a very wide variety of types, provided they are able to inhibit the interaction between domain 2 and domain 3 of two neighboring EF-Tu molecules. Suitable substances can be identified, for example, by a method comprising:
• This method can be carried out both in vitro and in vivo.
• purified EF-Tu molecules or suitable partial fragments thereof are preferably incubated under conditions in which fibril formation can take place.
• the effect of a test substance on fibril formation can be determined in a simple manner, for example by immunological staining using labeled anti-EF-Tu antibodies or by using EF-Tu molecules which carry a labeling group, for example a fluorescent labeling group.
• the method can also be carried out in vivo, the effect of adding a test substance on the fibril network in a cell being able to be determined by immunological methods, for example immunohistochemically with labeled anti-EF-Tu antibodies and microscopic evaluation.
• Substances which inhibit the formation of EF-Tu polymers and which are obtainable by the process described above, and substances derived therefrom, for example by empirical derivatization and / or by co-m ute modeling, can be aspha rm a ze uti cal composition, optionally formulated together with pharmaceutically customary carriers, auxiliaries and / or diluents.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be present, for example, as a liquid preparation, solid preparation, emulsion or dispersion. Depending on the preparation, it can be administered by injection, orally, rectally, nasally, topically, etc.
• the dosage is selected depending on the active ingredient, the form of administration and the type and severity of the disease so that it is possible to combat bacterial infections.
• the effect of the antibacterial agent can be of various types.
• substances are used that can bind directly to the fitting sites of domains 2 or / and 3 of EF-Tu.
• substances can also be used which bind to other positions of the EF-Tu molecule, but which have an inhibiting influence on the fit and thus lead to the prevention of fibril formation.
• peptidic, antibacterial agents are used.
• the peptidic agents are based on oligopeptides which bind to EF-Tu, preferably in the region of the matching sites of domains 2 and / or 3.
• These oligopeptides can contain sections of the amino acid sequences of domains 2 or / and 3 with a length of preferably 4 to 20 amino acids, particularly preferably 5 to 15 amino acids and particularly preferably with a length of 6-1 2 amino acids. These sections are able to bind to complementary sequences of the other domain, i.e. Sequences from domain 2 are able to bind to domain 3 and sequences from domain 3 are able to bind to domain 2.
• the substances which bind to EF-Tu contain partial sections of the amino acid sequences from domain 2 with a length of at least 4 and in particular at least 5 amino acids, in particular partial sections in the area of domain 2 of amino acids 21 8 to 224 and simultaneously no section of the Range of amino acids 31 7 to 328 or / and the range of amino acids 343 to 354 of domain 3 of EF-Tu corresponds.
• Such sections can be, for example, "truncated" EF-Tu, which consist exclusively of domain 3 without domains 1 and 2 or exclusively of domains 1 and 2 without domain 3.
• Such an EF-Tu fragment competes in the cell with the natural EF-Tu protein molecules synthesized by the cell and ensures chain termination when it is incorporated into the polymerizing protofilament, since the second domain required for chain extension is missing. This means that an intact network is no longer formed. This is tantamount to the loss of viability of the bacterial cell.
• a disturbance in the form of the network in the bacterial cell has a negative influence on the shape and behavior of the bacterial cell, as could be determined by experiments. The negative influence on the shape and behavior of the cell is an indication of the expected cell death that occurs when the antibiotic according to the invention is used.
• a particular advantage of the antibiotics according to the invention is that there is only a slight risk of bacterial resistance to this new class of antibiotics exists. Resistance would mean that the bacterium would degrade a peptide that was introduced into the cell. If this were to happen, the bacterium could not avoid degrading its structurally identical peptide, which is part of the cell's own EF-Tu protein and which is of the greatest importance for translation.
• the antibacterial agents can include linear or cyclic peptide compounds or peptidomimetics.
• Peptide compounds can be derived from natural L- amino acids, but also from other amino acids, e.g. D- ⁇ -amino acids, aza-aminic acids, ß-amino acids, non-genetically encoded L or / and D- ⁇ amino acids etc. or combinations thereof.
• the production of peptidomimetics is described, for example, in RIPKA, A.S. , RICH, D.H. (1,998) Peptidomimetic design, Curr. Op. Chem. Biol. 2, 441-452.
• the peptidic compounds or peptidomimetics can contain bound hydrophobic groups which facilitate the transfer through the cytoplasmic membrane or groups with a large space filling which hinder the attachment of further EF-Tu molecules and thus the formation of a polymerization product.
• the antibacterial agents can carry groups with a protective function against degradation.
• the antibacterial agents can be used against any prokaryotic organisms and archaea, in particular pathogenic organisms. Both gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and mycoplasma have an EF-Tu-based cytoskeleton and can therefore be controlled by the agent according to the invention. For example, antibacterial agents against vancomycin-resistant germs, for example staphylococci, can be used. This means that the new class of antibiotics has a wide range of applications. It was found that those areas which are responsible for the binding of the monomers to form the protofilaments are very similar in terms of their amino acid sequence in all the bacteria examined. EF-Tu is highly conserved in this area. The distances between these areas in a given EF-Tu molecule, i.e. the distances between the exposed areas of domains 2 and 3, are also identical, expressed in terms of the number of amino acids, with always 1 26 amino acids between the conserved areas.
• the antibiotics according to the invention are distinguished by a high specificity and, in particular, very few side effects. Large EF-Tu sequences do not occur in the human cell except in mytochondria. The mytochondrial EF-Tu-like sequences are largely protected against the antibiotic by the double membrane of the mytochondria.
• FIG. 1 shows the macromolecular architecture of the bacterial protein EF-Tu, in which domains 1, 2 and 3 are designated in more detail.
• This bacterial protein EF-Tu can assemble during the polymerization to form periodically built fibrils, as shown in FIG. 2.
• FIG. 3 shows a schematic illustration of the polymerization at the reactive binding regions of the domains 2 and 3 denoted by + or -.
• FIG. 4 shows an enlargement (enlargement: approx. 1.5 million) of an electron micrograph of an in vivo polymerized, isolated fibril made of EF-Tu protein molecules. Above the dotted Domain 1 is located on the line, below which are the domains 2 and 3, which are joined together.
• EM 1 Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum
• Mp the wallless bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• the experiments involve the identification and cellular localization of candidate proteins for such a bacterial cytoskeleton by using anti-actin antibodies (produced against actin of the higher cell), whose more or less strong cross-reactivity with bacterial proteins is due to the fact that it is in bacteria there are known proteins that belong to the actin superfamily, without striking sequence homologies with actin of the higher cell. Prokaryotes have no pronounced actin genes.
• Network of protein fibrils is located, the components of which cross-react with the anti-actin antibodies.
• the cytoplasmic membrane and the peripheral part of this network formally form two concentric
• Tubes represents the peripheral part of the network (cytoskeleton) the inner.
• Fibrils running through the cytoplasm complement and stabilize the system and are starting points for ribosomes. Ribosomes also attach to the peripheral part of the cytoskeleton, oriented towards the cytoplasm.
• the cells of EM 1 were disrupted using the French press and SDS gel electrophoresis and Western blotting were carried out with the material obtained (soluble fraction, particulate fraction).
• Several defined bands were obtained in the SDS gel, one band of which (at approx. 43 kDa) was stainable with both anti-actin antibodies and with anti-EF-Tu antibodies obtained against EF-Tu from Mp. This band increased where the particulate fraction of the cell disruption obtained by low-speed centrifugation was used as material for the SDS gel electrophoresis.
• the anti-EF-Tu antibodies were used because EF-Tu is usually found at 43 kDa (it accounts for up to 9% of the protein mass of a bacterium), because EF-Tu belongs to the actin superfamily, and because EF-Tu occurs in large quantities in a prokaryotic cell.
• EF-Tu As a structural component of a bacterial cytoskeleton is new. From this property of the EF-Tu as a building component for a complex network, as represented by the cytoskeleton, it can be deduced that the bacterial cell has to use a large amount of protein for this. A comparison of the construction of this bacterial cytoskeleton with that of the higher cell shows that the bacterial cytoskeleton should also be made up of several protein types.
• EF-Tu is a main component. In the higher cell, EF-Tu is not involved in the formation of the cytoskeleton (the higher cell does not have EF-Tu), but it is known that a large number of different proteins contribute to the cytoskeleton.
• Ribosomes which are shown to be the attachment points for the auxiliary function performing EF-Tu in the course of translation (EF-Tu acts here with its domain 1). From this it was concluded that in the course of translation it is not the EF-Tu that goes to the ribosome, but the ribosome that goes to the EF-Tu, which, in its capacity as a component of the cytoskeleton, is spatially fixed to the cell periphery and to those running across the cytoplasm fibrils.

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