EP1137502B1 - Vorrichtung zum andrücken des seitendamms einer doppelrollen-stranggiessvorrichtung and die stirnflächen der rollen - Google Patents
Vorrichtung zum andrücken des seitendamms einer doppelrollen-stranggiessvorrichtung and die stirnflächen der rollen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1137502B1 EP1137502B1 EP99972950A EP99972950A EP1137502B1 EP 1137502 B1 EP1137502 B1 EP 1137502B1 EP 99972950 A EP99972950 A EP 99972950A EP 99972950 A EP99972950 A EP 99972950A EP 1137502 B1 EP1137502 B1 EP 1137502B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- side wall
- plate
- thrust member
- thrust
- horizontal direction
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
- B22D11/0622—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars formed by two casting wheels
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
- B22D11/0637—Accessories therefor
- B22D11/0648—Casting surfaces
- B22D11/066—Side dams
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
- B22D11/06—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths into moulds with travelling walls, e.g. with rolls, plates, belts, caterpillars
- B22D11/0637—Accessories therefor
- B22D11/068—Accessories therefor for cooling the cast product during its passage through the mould surfaces
- B22D11/0682—Accessories therefor for cooling the cast product during its passage through the mould surfaces by cooling the casting wheel
Definitions
- the invention relates to the continuous casting of metals. More specifically, it concerns installations for the casting of thin metal strips directly from liquid metal, of the type called "casting between cylinders".
- These installations usually comprise two cylinders with axes horizontal, the cylindrical side surfaces of which are placed side by side at a distance minimum corresponding to the thickness of the strips that we want to obtain. They demarcate thus a casting space, which is closed laterally by two plates of material refractory, called “side faces", mounted on a rigid metal plate, and which applies against the flat ends of the cylinders.
- the peripheral layers of cylinders are made of a material with high thermal conductivity (such as copper and its alloys), and are internally cooled vigorously.
- Each of these side faces is held in position by means of a set generally comprising a plurality of members which press it against the cylinders with at least enough force to prevent liquid metal from getting out of casting space.
- These organs are mounted on a frame, and have rigid rods fixed on the rear face of the plate on which the lateral face is fixed and which are mounted on thrust springs, or piloted cylinders, or a combination of rods springs and actuated cylinders.
- These thrust members are, for example, three in number, distributed as follows. One exerts its action in the longitudinal median plane of the lateral face and in its lower part, at a level close to the neck, i.e. of the area where the cylinders are closest to each other.
- the object of the invention is to propose a design of a device for maintaining and of application of the lateral faces against the walls of the cylinders allowing the organs to push to exert their action without it being disturbed by dilations differentials of the parts of the device exposed to a high temperature.
- the invention relates to a device for applying a lateral face.
- said means for connecting a first thrust member authorize a relative movement in translation of said thrust member and of the plate or of the lateral face both in a horizontal direction parallel to the plane of the plane faces cylinders and in a vertical direction parallel to the plane of the planar faces of the cylinders
- said means for connecting a second thrust member authorize a relative movement in translation of said thrust member and of the plate or of the lateral face in a horizontal direction parallel to the plane of the plane faces of the cylinders, and in that said
- the first pushing member exerts its action on the part bottom of the plate or of the lateral face, while the second and the third organ of thrust exert their actions on the upper part of the plate or the side face.
- the invention consists in connecting the plate supporting the side face (or the side face itself if you do not use a plate to support it) to the three thrust members, leaving two of the three connections with possibilities of travel in a plane parallel to the plane of the planar faces of the cylinders against which the side face is applied, from a point kept fixed.
- the turntable or the side face can expand freely without this expansion disturbing the actions of the thrust members, and good rigidity of the connections between the different parts of the side face and its support means.
- the action of the lower cylinder is made independent of those of the two upper cylinders, and the actions two upper cylinders are made independent of each other.
- the side face 1 of refractory material is fixed to a metal plate 2, and applied against the flat ends of the casting rolls (whose contours 3, 3 'are located by dotted lines) by the device which will be described later.
- the representation of the side face 1 and the plate 2 is very schematic, their constitutions precise not having importance for the invention.
- the rest of the description will be given with reference to an Oxyz coordinate system, in which the directions Ox and Oz are the directions respectively horizontal and vertical located in the plane defined by the planar faces of the cylinders or by the side face 1, and the direction Oy is the horizontal direction perpendicular to said plane, and therefore parallel to the axes of the cylinders.
- the device for applying the side face 1 comprises a frame fixed 3.
- This frame 3 is mounted on a mobile carriage not shown which allows the bring the cylinders as close as possible and away from them when the face is put in place lateral 1 before the start of casting and removal of lateral side 1 after the end of casting.
- the frame 3 and the plate 2 are connected by means of three piloted jacks 4, 5, 6.
- the first cylinder 4 exerts its action in the longitudinal median plane of the lateral face 1 and in its lower part, at a level close to that of the neck 7.
- the second cylinder 5 and the third cylinder 6 exerts their actions in the upper part of the lateral face 1, in symmetrical points with respect to its longitudinal median plane, respectively (in the example shown) to the left and right of said plan.
- These cylinders 4, 5, 6 are controlled, from known manner, by a device not shown comprising computer means which govern the movements of their respective movable rods, so as to bring them closer or further away from the cylinders, and the forces applied to these same rods.
- the piloting of the cylinders 4, 5, 6 can, as is conventional, be carried out according to the intensity of the efforts received by said movable rods 8, 9, 10 during the application of the lateral face 1 against the cylinders, thanks to the information collected by sensors adapted to this function.
- connection devices between the frame 3, the jacks 4, 5, 6 and plate 2 have constitutions which leave different degrees of freedom to the different organs involved.
- the first jack 4 is connected to the frame 3 by means of a fixed rod 11.
- connection point 14 can move freely in the space according to the directions Ox and Oz, in particular according to the dilations and deformations of the plate 2, without this interfering with the operation of the first jack 4.
- the forces collected by the movable rod 8 will always be oriented along its axis longitudinal.
- connection point 14 If the connection point 14 is moved, it will simply be necessary for the device for controlling the first jack 4 makes the movable rod 8 move forward or backward so as to control the position of the connection point 14 on the Oy axis. maintaining a constant value of the effort collected by the movable rod 8 makes it possible to obtain automatically this advancement or retreat without additional special conditions compared to known control devices.
- the second jack 5 is connected to the frame 3 by means of a fixed rod 15. This is articulated on the frame 3 by means of a ball joint 16 which allows free rotation of the fixed rod 15 around its connection point on the frame 3 in all directions from space.
- the end of the movable rod 9 is itself connected to a end of a rigid rod 17 by means of a ball joint 18.
- the rigid rod 17 slides in a slide device 19 fixed to the frame 3. The function of this slide device 19 is to allow the rigid rod 17 only displacements in the direction Oy.
- the other end of the rigid rod 17 is fixed to one end of another rigid rod 20 by through a ball joint 21.
- the other end of this rigid rod 20 is inserted into a slide device 22 secured to the plate 2 and oriented horizontally along the direction Ox. Its function is to authorize a relative movement of the plate 2 and the rod rigid 20 in the direction Ox and only in this direction, in particular at the option of expansion and deformation of the plate 2.
- the third cylinder 6 is connected to the frame 3 by means of a fixed rod 23.
- This is articulated on the frame 3 by means of a ball joint 24 which allows free rotation of the fixed rod 23 around its connection point on the frame 3 in all directions from space.
- the end of the movable rod 10 is itself connected to a end of a rigid rod 25 by means of a ball joint 26.
- the rigid rod 25 slides in a slide device 27 fixed to the frame 3.
- the function of this slide device 27 is to allow the rigid rod 25 only displacements in the direction Oy.
- the other end of the rigid rod 25 is connected to the plate 2 via a ball joint 28. This allows free rotation of the rod 25 around its connection point on the plate 2, but prohibits any mode of displacement in translation relative to the plate 2.
- this last connection point constitutes the only point on plate 2 which is constantly kept fixed in space.
- all the others point of stage 2 can move freely in the Oxz plane, depending on the expansions of plate 2.
- displacements and deformations of the side face 1-plate assembly 2 having a component according to Oy they are absorbed or compensated by displacements of the movable rods 8, 9, 10 of the jacks 4, 5, 6.
- the invention finds its justification in the fact that the possibilities of displacement free in the various dimensions of space which are given at the different points of the plate 2 influence the behavior of the three cylinders 4, 5, 6 independently.
- the lower cylinder 4 is not systematically influenced by variations in actions exerted by the upper cylinders 5, 6, and vice versa.
- the upper cylinder left 5 is not systematically influenced by variations in the actions exercised by the upper right cylinder 6, in particular in the case of dilations according to Ox.
- the configuration of the invention makes it possible to obtain an isostatism of the system formed by the face side 1 and its plate 2 on the one hand, and its application device on the other hand.
- the ball joints 12, 16, 24 by which the jacks 4, 5, 6 are connected to frame 3 can be mounted not directly on said frame 3, but can be separated from him by spring devices which allow a retraction of the corresponding jack.
- This additional possibility of absorbing variations in the positioning of the lateral face according to Oy introduces a certain flexibility into the functioning of the device application, in that it can react more quickly to sudden stresses due to for example to the infiltration of solidified metal between a cylinder and the side face 1.
- the ball joints 16, 18, 24 and 26 which frame the upper cylinders 5, 6 are not in principle essential for an implementation of the invention. Indeed, due to the presence slide devices 19, 27, the stresses exerted on the movable rods 9, 10 cylinders 5, 6 are oriented only along Oy, as well as the stresses which are exerted on the fixed rods 15, 23 which connect the jacks 5, 6 to the frame 3. It would remain in the spirit of the invention to confuse the rods 9 and 17 on the one hand, and the rods 10 and 25 on the other part, as well as to remove the ball joints 16 and 24 by which the cylinders 5, 6 are connected to the frame 3, this connection then becoming completely rigid. However, the presence of ball joints 16, 18, 24 and 26 provides additional security by limiting the possibility of deterioration of the cylinders 5, 6 and making their operation more reliable, in the if the installation becomes slightly deformed under the effect of temperatures environment.
- the piloted cylinders 4,5, 6 can also be replaced by devices with spring operating freely, without external servo or control.
- the position according to Oy of the side face 1 can then be controlled by the operator only at using the positioning means of the frame 3.
- the invention applies to the casting between cylinders of all types of bands metallic, for example steel, stainless steel and other ferrous alloys, or copper.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
- Actuator (AREA)
- Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
- Rolls And Other Rotary Bodies (AREA)
- Coating Apparatus (AREA)
- Cleaning In General (AREA)
- Casting Devices For Molds (AREA)
Claims (9)
- Vorrichtung zum Drücken einer Seitenfläche (1) einer Anlage zum kontinuierlichen Gießen von Metallbändern zwischen zwei gekühlten Zylindern mit rotatorisch angetriebenen horizontalen Achsen gegen die ebenen Flächen der Zylinder, wobei die Vorrichtung von dem Typ ist, der drei Schuborgane umfaßt, die mit einem in einer festen Position gehaltenen Rahmen (3) verbunden sind und ihre Wirkungen auf die Rückseite einer Platine (2), an deren vorderer Fläche die Seitenfläche (1) befestigt ist, oder auf die Rückseite der Seitenfläche (1) selbst ausüben, wobei die Wirkung in einer im wesentlichen horizontalen und zu den Achsen der Zylinder parallelen Richtung (Oy) orientiert ist und über Mittel zum Verbinden jedes der Schuborgane mit der Platine ausgeübt wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verbindungsmittel eines ersten Schuborgans eine translatorische Relativverlagerung des Schuborgans und der Platine (2) oder der Seitenfläche (1) sowohl in einer horizontalen Richtung (Ox) parallel zur Ebene der ebenen Flächen der Zylinder als auch in einer vertikalen Richtung (Oz) parallel zur Ebene der ebenen Flächen der Zylinder zulassen, daß die Verbindungsmittel eines zweiten Schuborgans eine freie translatorische Relativverlagerung des Schuborgans und der Platine (2) oder der Seitenfläche (1) in einer horizontalen Richtung (Ox) parallel zur Ebene der ebenen Flächen der Zylinder zulassen und daß die Verbindungsmittel des dritten Schuborgans keinerlei translatorische Relatiwerlagerung des Schuborgans und der Platine (2) oder der Seitenfläche (1) zulassen.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verbindungsmittel eines ersten Schuborgans aus einem Kugelgelenk (13) gebildet sind, in das ein beweglicher Stift (8) eingeschoben ist, der einen Teil des ersten Schuborgans bildet und außerdem über ein Kugelgelenk (12) am Rahmen (3) befestigt ist.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verbindungsmittel eines zweiten Schuborgans durch eine Gleitschienenvorrichtung (22), die an der Platine (2) oder an der Seitenfläche (1) befestigt und horizontal in der horizontalen Richtung (Ox) orientiert ist, und einen starren Stift (20), wovon ein Ende in die Gleitschienenvorrichtung (22) eingeschoben ist und das andere Ende über ein Kugelgelenk (21) mit einem starren Stift (17) verbunden ist, der einen Teil des zweiten Schuborgans bildet oder mit diesem verbunden ist, gebildet sind, wobei der starre Stift (17) durch eine Gleitschienenvorrichtung (19) verläuft, die in der horizontalen Richtung (Oy) orientiert ist und dem starren Stift (17) nur Verlagerungen in der horizontalen Richtung (Oy) erlaubt.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verbindungsmittel des dritten Schuborgans durch ein Kugelgelenk (28), das an der Platine (2) oder der Seitenfläche (1) befestigt ist, und durch einen starren Stift (25) gebildet sind, der einen Teil des dritten Schuborgans bildet oder mit ihm verbunden ist, wobei der starre Stift (25) durch eine Gleitschienenvorrichtung (27) verläuft, die in der horizontalen Richtung (Oy) orientiert ist und dem starren Stift (25) nur Verlagerungen in der horizontalen Richtung (Oy) erlaubt.
- Vorrichtung nach den Ansprüchen 3 und 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die zweiten und dritten Schuborgane mit den starren Stiften (17, 25) über Kugelgelenke (18, 26) verbunden sind.
- Vorrichtung nach den Ansprüchen 3 und 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet daß die zweiten und dritten Schuborgane mit dem Rahmen (3) über Kugelgelenke (12, 16) verbunden sind.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das erste Schuborgan seine Wirkung auf den unteren Teil der Platine (2) oder der Seitenfläche (1) ausübt, während das zweite und das dritte Schuborgan ihre Wirkungen auf den oberen Teil der Platine (2) oder der Seitenfläche (1) ausüben.
- Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schuborgane gesteuerte Stellzylinder (4, 5, 6) sind.
- Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Stellzylinder (4, 5, 6) mit dem Rahmen (3) über Kugelgelenke und Federvorrichtungen, die eine Rückstellung des entsprechenden Stellzylinders zulassen, verbunden sind.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9815262 | 1998-12-03 | ||
FR9815262A FR2786716B1 (fr) | 1998-12-03 | 1998-12-03 | Dispositif d'application d'une face laterale d'installation de coulee continue de bandes metalliques entre deux cylindres contre les faces planes des cylindres |
PCT/FR1999/002990 WO2000032332A1 (fr) | 1998-12-03 | 1999-12-02 | Dispositif d'application d'une face laterale d'installation de coulee continue de bandes metalliques entre deux cylindres contre les faces planes des cylindres |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1137502A1 EP1137502A1 (de) | 2001-10-04 |
EP1137502B1 true EP1137502B1 (de) | 2002-08-14 |
Family
ID=9533531
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99972950A Expired - Lifetime EP1137502B1 (de) | 1998-12-03 | 1999-12-02 | Vorrichtung zum andrücken des seitendamms einer doppelrollen-stranggiessvorrichtung and die stirnflächen der rollen |
Country Status (13)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6497270B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1137502B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4380921B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR100605464B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE222151T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU772640B2 (de) |
BR (1) | BR9915874A (de) |
DE (1) | DE69902558T2 (de) |
DK (1) | DK1137502T3 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2180346T3 (de) |
FR (1) | FR2786716B1 (de) |
PT (1) | PT1137502E (de) |
WO (1) | WO2000032332A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH691574A5 (de) † | 1999-09-24 | 2001-08-31 | Main Man Inspiration Ag | Bandgiessmaschine zur Erzeugung eines Metallbandes. |
AT412195B (de) * | 2002-06-25 | 2004-11-25 | Voest Alpine Ind Anlagen | Verfahren zur erzeugung eines metallbandes mit einer zweiwalzengiesseinrichtung |
US7556084B2 (en) * | 2006-03-24 | 2009-07-07 | Nucor Corporation | Long wear side dams |
DE102008010688B4 (de) * | 2008-02-22 | 2019-03-28 | Outokumpu Nirosta Gmbh | Verfahren und Zwei-Walzen-Gießmaschine zum Herstellen von aus einer Metallschmelze gegossenem Band |
DE102008010689B4 (de) * | 2008-02-22 | 2018-10-31 | Outokumpu Nirosta Gmbh | Zwei-Walzen-Gießmaschine zum Herstellen von aus einer Metallschmelze gegossenem Band |
DE102008010653B4 (de) * | 2008-02-22 | 2019-04-04 | Outokumpu Nirosta Gmbh | Verfahren und Zwei-Walzen-Gießmaschine zum Herstellen von aus einer Metallschmelze gegossenem Band |
JP5837758B2 (ja) | 2011-04-27 | 2015-12-24 | キャストリップ・リミテッド・ライアビリティ・カンパニー | 双ロール鋳造装置及びその制御方法 |
US10046384B2 (en) | 2015-09-30 | 2018-08-14 | Nucor Corporation | Side dam with pocket |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS6483337A (en) * | 1987-09-22 | 1989-03-29 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind | Twin roll type continuous casting machine |
JPH0741376B2 (ja) * | 1990-06-11 | 1995-05-10 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | 薄帯連続鋳造方法 |
JPH07106434B2 (ja) * | 1991-03-15 | 1995-11-15 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | 金属薄帯の連続鋳造方法 |
JPH0825000B2 (ja) * | 1991-04-22 | 1996-03-13 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | 双ドラム式薄板連続鋳造方法 |
JPH0749140B2 (ja) * | 1992-02-17 | 1995-05-31 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | 双ドラム式連続鋳造装置 |
FR2721843B1 (fr) * | 1994-06-30 | 1996-08-30 | Unisor Sacilor | Disposition de coulee continue entre cylindres a parois d'obturation laterale appliquees |
FR2727337B1 (fr) * | 1994-11-30 | 1996-12-27 | Usinor Sacilor | Dispositif de support d'une face laterale d'une installation de coulee continue de bandes metalliques entre cylindres |
GB9500156D0 (en) * | 1995-01-05 | 1995-03-01 | Davy Mckee Sheffield | Twin roll casting |
IT1284214B1 (it) * | 1996-07-16 | 1998-05-14 | Acciai Speciali Terni Spa | Metodo di colata continua di prodotti metallici sottili ed apparecchiatura idonea alla sua esecuzione |
AUPP331598A0 (en) * | 1998-05-04 | 1998-05-28 | Bhp Steel (Jla) Pty Limited | Strip casting |
-
1998
- 1998-12-03 FR FR9815262A patent/FR2786716B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-12-02 KR KR1020017006816A patent/KR100605464B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 1999-12-02 JP JP2000585011A patent/JP4380921B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-02 AU AU13937/00A patent/AU772640B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-12-02 WO PCT/FR1999/002990 patent/WO2000032332A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1999-12-02 EP EP99972950A patent/EP1137502B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-02 AT AT99972950T patent/ATE222151T1/de active
- 1999-12-02 ES ES99972950T patent/ES2180346T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-02 US US09/856,307 patent/US6497270B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-02 DK DK99972950T patent/DK1137502T3/da active
- 1999-12-02 BR BR9915874-4A patent/BR9915874A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-02 PT PT99972950T patent/PT1137502E/pt unknown
- 1999-12-02 DE DE69902558T patent/DE69902558T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DK1137502T3 (da) | 2002-12-09 |
ES2180346T3 (es) | 2003-02-01 |
ATE222151T1 (de) | 2002-08-15 |
DE69902558D1 (de) | 2002-09-19 |
KR20010080645A (ko) | 2001-08-22 |
JP2002531268A (ja) | 2002-09-24 |
PT1137502E (pt) | 2002-11-29 |
US6497270B1 (en) | 2002-12-24 |
KR100605464B1 (ko) | 2006-07-28 |
BR9915874A (pt) | 2001-09-11 |
FR2786716B1 (fr) | 2001-01-05 |
EP1137502A1 (de) | 2001-10-04 |
WO2000032332A1 (fr) | 2000-06-08 |
AU1393700A (en) | 2000-06-19 |
AU772640B2 (en) | 2004-05-06 |
FR2786716A1 (fr) | 2000-06-09 |
DE69902558T2 (de) | 2003-01-09 |
JP4380921B2 (ja) | 2009-12-09 |
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