EP1046444B1 - Procédé de coulée sous pression - Google Patents

Procédé de coulée sous pression Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1046444B1
EP1046444B1 EP99107814A EP99107814A EP1046444B1 EP 1046444 B1 EP1046444 B1 EP 1046444B1 EP 99107814 A EP99107814 A EP 99107814A EP 99107814 A EP99107814 A EP 99107814A EP 1046444 B1 EP1046444 B1 EP 1046444B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
casting
piston
melt
pressure
mouth
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99107814A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1046444A1 (fr
Inventor
Evgueni Dr.-Ing. Sterling
Gerhart Dr. Dipl.-Kfm. Peleschka
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ritter Aluminium Giesserei GmbH
Original Assignee
Ritter Aluminium Giesserei GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ritter Aluminium Giesserei GmbH filed Critical Ritter Aluminium Giesserei GmbH
Priority to AT99107814T priority Critical patent/ATE213980T1/de
Priority to DE59900928T priority patent/DE59900928D1/de
Priority to EP99107814A priority patent/EP1046444B1/fr
Priority to CN00106494A priority patent/CN1270863A/zh
Priority to JP2000111666A priority patent/JP2000312958A/ja
Priority to KR1020000020552A priority patent/KR20000071729A/ko
Priority to BR0001645-4A priority patent/BR0001645A/pt
Publication of EP1046444A1 publication Critical patent/EP1046444A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1046444B1 publication Critical patent/EP1046444B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22DCASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/14Machines with evacuated die cavity
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22DCASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/20Accessories: Details
    • B22D17/2015Means for forcing the molten metal into the die
    • B22D17/2053Means for forcing the molten metal into the die using two or more cooperating injection pistons
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22DCASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/08Cold chamber machines, i.e. with unheated press chamber into which molten metal is ladled
    • B22D17/10Cold chamber machines, i.e. with unheated press chamber into which molten metal is ladled with horizontal press motion
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22DCASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/20Accessories: Details
    • B22D17/2015Means for forcing the molten metal into the die
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22DCASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/20Accessories: Details
    • B22D17/2015Means for forcing the molten metal into the die
    • B22D17/2069Exerting after-pressure on the moulding material
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22DCASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D17/00Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
    • B22D17/20Accessories: Details
    • B22D17/30Accessories for supplying molten metal, e.g. in rations
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22DCASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D27/00Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting
    • B22D27/09Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting by using pressure
    • B22D27/11Treating the metal in the mould while it is molten or ductile ; Pressure or vacuum casting by using pressure making use of mechanical pressing devices
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22DCASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D21/00Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedure; Selection of compositions therefor
    • B22D21/002Castings of light metals
    • B22D21/007Castings of light metals with low melting point, e.g. Al 659 degrees C, Mg 650 degrees C

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and an apparatus for Manufacture of castings from Al and Mg alloys, in which in a horizontal casting chamber equipped with a casting piston there is a vacuum from the start of the casting process and in which the melt volume introduced into the casting chamber cools to the semi-rigid state and by means of an electromagnetic Field is stirred, then the melt volume accelerated for introduction into the die and before or at the latest when the gate of the die is reached is put under pressure.
  • a method of the type mentioned is from the EP 0733421A1 known.
  • the casting chamber can basically be horizontal or arranged vertically. From this arrangement there are specific advantages and disadvantages for the casting process, resulting from the respective characteristic flow of the melt Lead to the mold cavity before the pouring opening.
  • a distinguishing feature that is typical of the die casting process can be viewed with the horizontal casting chamber is the formation of a hydrodynamically unstable melt flow, that fills the die at a very high speed.
  • the filling process is more like a splash than a flow, whereby air and oxidic inclusions are introduced into the casting which will then crack inside the casting as well Create bubbles on the surface.
  • the cast metal only fills one Part of the horizontal cylindrical casting chamber and thereby forms a movable, non-cylindrical shape, one side surface is delimited by the plunger, while the other side surface in the direction of flow are referred to as open space can, because there is no geometrically defined dimensional limit.
  • a laminar inflow is intended thereby filling the die with the melt achieved that the melt, the temperature of which is somewhat higher than the liquidus temperature is in the casting chamber by cooling and then heating in a metallic suspension and is then pressed into the mold cavity under pressure.
  • the conditions mentioned are not sufficient, to achieve a laminar flow.
  • the melted material strikes on the wall of the movable mold half and flows (the shown Arrangement accordingly) in the die as one scattered free jet.
  • a quality improvement e.g. by a densification of the already crystallizing casting not possible after the arrangement described. Thereby becomes the practical use of the known method limited and not the production of improved end products allows.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of a die casting method that described in the preamble of the skin claim To create type in which the filling of the die with a hydrodynamically stabilized melt flood occurs and the Crystallization of the casting under an additional compression pressure is effected without dispersing the inflow jet.
  • the casting chamber with a counter pressure piston and a compression piston provided that a geometrically restricted space form that does not end before the gate. This is through a special execution of the casting chamber has been made possible has a tee configuration.
  • the casting piston and the counter pressure piston are arranged opposite each other in the casting chamber, during the compression pistons in the vertical channel of the T-piece configuration is stored.
  • This piston arrangement is of great importance and determines the main technological process advantages.
  • the one in the casting chamber located melt is in the by shifting the opposite piston first into a cylindrical shape brought, so that a uniform pressure distribution at the "casting piston melt flood" contact surface he follows. Also occur in compressed cylindrical melt volume elastic liquid Waves on the formation of globular primary crystals stimulate in the casting chamber. Beyond that it is possible in the method according to the invention from the unstable Melt flood a hydrodynamically stable metallic suspension with specifically adjustable rheological properties.
  • the development and maintenance of the rheo effect is through the Introduction of a metallic cooling powder into the melt reached.
  • the crystallization conditions that occur in the Pouring chamber are created so that the morphology of the structure not mainly from heat dissipation through the walls of the Casting chamber depends, but on new solid, exogenous nuclei.
  • the nuclei bring the melt in a short period of time in the semi-rigid state and thereby ensure a crystallization rate that for the simultaneous and even appearance of solid phases leads in the entire melt volume and for temperature homogeneity the occurring metallic suspension.
  • the increasing external pressure in the closed melt volume plays a role in the creation of microporosity in the casting extremely important role, because on this stage laid the basis for the production of non-porous castings becomes.
  • the pores created by the nucleation process can only exist in the melt stable when the difference is out the gas pressure and the pressure of the melt is greater than the capillary pressure from the surface tension of the melt. Therefore will - to the nucleation of pores during solidification prevent - the melt pressure increases what the inventive Process in the casting chamber in the compressed material volume takes place.
  • the one occurring in the metallic suspension Pressure is the sum of the existing hydromechanical pressure and the internal hydrostatic pressure. It nucleates of pores almost impossible and creates crystallization conditions, which significantly affects the density value of the end product increases.
  • the melt which has a uniform temperature and is hydrodynamically stabilized, is moved with the counter-pressure piston in the gate direction.
  • This movement enables a type of inflow, which is offset frontally with respect to the flow front of the melt, and which can be referred to as laminar because of its filling from the mouth side.
  • This stage plays a very important role in filling the casting steps with a vortex-free melt jet.
  • Another advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention also consists in the fact that the opposite surface or
  • End face of casting and counter pressure pistons are designed that it was concave ellipsoidal, and reversed Display profiles. In this way, such profiles in Gap a cylinder with two spherical sections each. Furthermore, the shape of the compressed melt volume referred to as a cylinder or as a cylindrical volume.
  • Diameter of the end face of the compression piston the inner Diameter of the cylindrical formed by casting and counter pressure pistons Contour must correspond. This will not only be a Avoiding scattering when flowing in, but it will also Metal loss reduced because there is no metal residue in the Gate opening is created. Targeted post-compression can also be used of the solidifying casting.
  • a melting tank 1 is provided by means of a suction pipe 2 is connected to a T-configuration casting chamber 3 (further: Casting).
  • a mouth 4 this stands with a Die casting chamber 5 connected between a movable Mold half 6 and a fixed mold half 7 is.
  • the area of the casting chamber 3 are casting pistons 8 and counterpressure pistons 9 arranged, while in the vertical channel a compression piston 10 is stored.
  • the suction pipe 2 and the casting chamber 3 are with a powder metering device 11 and an electromagnetic Stirring device 12 equipped, the casting chamber 3 encloses in a ring.
  • a practical application of the invention is illustrated Representation described in Figures 1 to 7.
  • a given one Melt volume of the melt 13 passes from the Melting container 1 into the T-configuration casting chamber by means of the suction pipe 2 3.
  • the molten material is included a cooling powder mixed in the suction pipe 2; this happens through the powder metering device 11 ( Figure 2).
  • the powder is calling a cooling effect, causing overheating areas in the melt and supercooling areas are balanced and the crystallization process and ultimately the homogeneity of the Casting can be improved.
  • the cooled melt gets into the casting chamber 3 in front of the casting piston 8, which has a position P8-1 occupied, and after a short time begins to primary crystals produce, which have a preferably round shape.
  • the positioning of the counter pressure piston 9th Before the Melt entry changes the positioning of the counter pressure piston 9th
  • a short-term pressure reduction - because of the withdrawal from Piston 9 - is by means of the casting piston displacement in the next Stage balanced ( Figure 5).
  • the change of position from P8-2 after P8-3 ends before the gate opening 4, being the movement of the piston 8 is coupled to the counter-pressure piston 9.
  • the metallic suspension fills the pouring passage and the mouth and is caused by hydromechanical piston action in the die casting chamber 5 pushed out.
  • the face of the plunger 8 just like the counter-pressure piston 9 a concave, ellipsoidal Profile, a small, cylindrical one is formed in the space Material area that is directly under the gate opening 4 and above the compression piston 10 in is in an elasto-plastic state. This "memory" serves to make up the already crystallizing casting can.
  • FIG. 7 shows an important embodiment of the deformation region in accordance with the invention when the metal flows in ( ⁇ M diameter of the cylindrical melt volume, ⁇ k diameter of the contour formed by the casting piston and counterpressure piston head surface).
  • the contour-closed design allows a vortex-free die-casting mold filling, feeding and post-compression of the end product. It also creates the possibility of considerably reducing the metal loss (reduction of the baling residue).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
  • Audible-Bandwidth Dynamoelectric Transducers Other Than Pickups (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
  • Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Procédé de coulée sous pression pour produire des pièces coulées en alliages d'aluminium et de magnésium, dans lequel un vide existe dès de départ de l'opération de coulée dans une chambre de coulée horizontale (3) qui est équipée d'un piston de coulée (8), et dans lequel le volume de métal en fusion introduit dans la chambre de coulée est refroidi pour obtenir l'état semi-solidifié et est agité au moyen d'un champ électromagnétique, puis on accélère le volume de métal en fusion pour l'introduire dans le moule de coulée et on le met sous pression avant d'atteindre - ou au plus tard lorsque l'on atteint - l'embouchure d'attaque du moule de coulée sous pression,
    caractérisé en ce qu'avant l'accélération, le métal en fusion liquide est mis dans un moule cylindrique et stabilisé par voie hydrodynamique, où s'effectuent une compensation de température et une répartition de pression régulière dans le volume de métal en fusion cylindrique, et après le remplissage du moule de coulée sous pression, le métal en cristallisation est alimenté à partir d'un volume de métal en fusion formé spécialement à cet effet, et la formation de la pièce coulée s'effectue sous une pression de compactage additionnelle ciblée.
  2. Procédé de coulée sous pression selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'on introduit dans le métal en fusion une poudre de refroidissement et on produit dans le métal en fusion refroidi des cristaux primaires qui amènent le métal en fusion dans un état semi-solidifié.
  3. Procédé de coulée sous pression selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que pendant le refroidissement du métal en fusion dans la chambre de coulée, une agitation électromagnétique est effectuée jusqu'à la compensation de température complète du volume de métal en fusion cylindrique.
  4. Procédé de coulée sous pression selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'après la stabilisation hydrodynamique, le métal en fusion liquide amené dans le moule cylindrique est accéléré en direction d'attaque le long de la chambre de coulée, jusqu'à ce que dans l'état comprimé, le volume de métal en fusion forme au-dessous de l'embouchure d'attaque un volume de métal en fusion supplémentaire qui présente un axe commun avec l'embouchure et avec un piston de compactage, le piston de compactage poussant le volume de métal en fusion via l'embouchure jusque dans le moule de coulée sous pression, avance ici par sa surface frontale jusque dans l'embouchure et comprime la pièce coulée en cristallisation avant sa solidification définitive dans le moule de coulée sous pression pour former la pièce coulée.
  5. Procédé de coulée sous pression selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce qu'une accélération du volume de métal en fusion en direction de la chute de pression entre la surface du piston de contre-pression et la surface libre du volume de métal en fusion s'effectue après la rétraction rapide du piston de contre-pression jusqu'à l'embouchure d'attaque, et le piston de contre-pression qui présente un profil concave ellipsoïdal à l'extrémité de tête est arrêté à l'embouchure d'attaque et forme ici le profil de l'embouchure.
  6. Dispositif de coulée sous pression pour produire des pièces coulées en alliages d'aluminium et de magnésium, comportant une chambre de coulée horizontale (3) qui est équipée d'un piston de coulée (8) et soumise dès le départ à un vide, et dans lequel le volume de métal en fusion introduit via un tube d'aspiration (2) est refroidi pour prendre l'état semi-solidifié et est agité au moyen d'un champ électromagnétique, puis le volume de métal en fusion est accéléré pour l'introduire dans le moule de coulée et mis sous pression avant d'atteindre - ou au plus tard lorsque l'on atteint - l'embouchure d'attaque du moule de coulée sous pression,
    caractérisé en ce que la chambre de coulée (3) est réalisée sous une configuration en forme de T et est équipée d'un piston de contre-pression (9) mobile en direction du piston de coulée (8), et l'élément de raccordement en forme de T est agencé au-dessous de l'embouchure (4) dans la chambre de coulée et son axe horizontal de la forme en T coïncide avec l'axe horizontal de la chambre de coulée, et dans son axe vertical de la forme en T est agencé un piston de compactage (10).
  7. Dispositif de coulée sous pression selon la revendication précédente,
    caractérisé en ce que les mouvements du piston de coulée (8) et du piston de contre-pression (9) sont couplés, le volume de métal en fusion à stabiliser étant enfermé sous forme cylindrique entre les pistons, et le piston de compactage (10) étant mobile dans l'axe vertical de la forme en T depuis une position inférieure (fond de la chambre de coulée) jusque dans une position supérieure (embouchure d'attaque du moule de coulée sous pression).
  8. Dispositif de coulée sous pression selon l'une ou l'autre des revendications 6 et 7, caractérisé en ce qu'un dispositif de dosage de poudre (11) est raccordé dans le tube d'aspiration (2) de la chambre de coulée (3).
  9. Dispositif de coulée sous pression selon l'une des revendications 6, 7 et 8, caractérisé en ce que l'embouchure d'attaque présente un profil d'embouchure qui est formé par les surfaces frontales du piston de coulée (8), du piston de contre-pression (9) et du piston de compactage (10), et en ce qu'il est prévu au-dessous de l'embouchure (4) un réservoir en forme cylindrique pour le matériau en fusion à faire suivre par le piston de compactage.
  10. Dispositif de coulée sous pression selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que les surfaces frontales du piston de coulée et du piston de contre-pression présentent un profilage concave ellipsoïdal, l'intervalle entre le piston étant réalisé cylindrique avec deux tronçons sphériques respectifs dans les surfaces frontales des pistons.
EP99107814A 1999-04-20 1999-04-20 Procédé de coulée sous pression Expired - Lifetime EP1046444B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT99107814T ATE213980T1 (de) 1999-04-20 1999-04-20 Druckgiessverfahren
DE59900928T DE59900928D1 (de) 1999-04-20 1999-04-20 Druckgiessverfahren
EP99107814A EP1046444B1 (fr) 1999-04-20 1999-04-20 Procédé de coulée sous pression
CN00106494A CN1270863A (zh) 1999-04-20 2000-04-11 压铸方法及其装置
JP2000111666A JP2000312958A (ja) 1999-04-20 2000-04-13 加圧ダイカスト方法及び装置
KR1020000020552A KR20000071729A (ko) 1999-04-20 2000-04-19 압력 다이캐스팅 방법 및 압력 다이캐스팅 방법을수행하기 위한 장치
BR0001645-4A BR0001645A (pt) 1999-04-20 2000-04-19 Processo de moldagem sob pressão e dispositivo para sua execução

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP99107814A EP1046444B1 (fr) 1999-04-20 1999-04-20 Procédé de coulée sous pression

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1046444A1 EP1046444A1 (fr) 2000-10-25
EP1046444B1 true EP1046444B1 (fr) 2002-03-06

Family

ID=8238002

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99107814A Expired - Lifetime EP1046444B1 (fr) 1999-04-20 1999-04-20 Procédé de coulée sous pression

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1046444B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2000312958A (fr)
KR (1) KR20000071729A (fr)
CN (1) CN1270863A (fr)
AT (1) ATE213980T1 (fr)
BR (1) BR0001645A (fr)
DE (1) DE59900928D1 (fr)

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CN1322950C (zh) * 2004-08-11 2007-06-27 杨然森 合金铸件的温室低压铸造方法及其铸造机
DE102005047515A1 (de) * 2005-10-04 2007-04-05 Bühler Druckguss AG Druckgiessverfahren
KR100682372B1 (ko) * 2006-05-26 2007-02-16 주식회사 퓨쳐캐스트 반응고/반용융 마그네슘 합금의 고온 챔버 다이캐스팅 장치및 반용융 상태의 마그네슘 합금을 이용한 제품 제조방법
JP5768616B2 (ja) * 2011-09-20 2015-08-26 トヨタ自動車株式会社 ダイカスト装置
CN103752796A (zh) * 2014-02-13 2014-04-30 江苏博众汽车部件有限公司 压铸用活塞气缸
CN103878339B (zh) * 2014-04-03 2017-07-18 东莞台一盈拓科技股份有限公司 一种非晶合金用的压铸工艺
EP3613520B1 (fr) * 2018-08-21 2021-09-29 GF Casting Solutions AG Procédé et dispositif pour couler des métaux sous pression dans une chambre froide
IT201800009961A1 (it) * 2018-10-31 2020-05-01 Livio Zamperin Unità d’iniezione per macchine presso fusorie e metodo di utilizzo della stessa
LU101305B1 (de) * 2019-07-12 2021-01-14 Phoenix Contact Gmbh & Co Giessvorrichtung und Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Bauteils aus einer Schmelze
DE102020204634A1 (de) 2020-04-09 2021-10-14 Oskar Frech Gmbh + Co. Kg Gießkolbensystem und Gießverfahren für eine Druckgießmaschine
DE102020113633B3 (de) * 2020-05-20 2021-05-20 Universität Kassel Druckgießzelle und Druckgussverfahren
CN112548057B (zh) * 2021-02-01 2021-11-05 莆田市荣兴机械有限公司 一种双增压冷室压铸机的挤压压铸方法
CN112719245A (zh) * 2021-03-08 2021-04-30 金雅豪精密金属科技(深圳)股份有限公司 一种手机中板垂直压铸排位结构以及垂直压铸机
CN114453561B (zh) * 2022-02-11 2024-06-28 常州大学 一种具有内部渗压的三向等压柔性成型砂箱装置
CN114653917B (zh) * 2022-03-07 2023-09-26 山东嘉来顿机械科技有限公司 一种缸套加工方式
CN116140580B (zh) * 2023-04-17 2023-09-05 宁波力劲科技有限公司 一种大压射量的冷室压铸机
CN116851700B (zh) * 2023-07-06 2024-04-05 东莞市铭能五金有限公司 一种铝合金压铸结构部件成型模具

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DE4101592A1 (de) * 1991-01-21 1992-07-23 Mueller Weingarten Maschf Druckgiessmaschine
EP0733421B1 (fr) * 1995-03-22 2000-09-06 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Procédé de coulage sous pression

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008152665A1 (fr) * 2007-06-15 2008-12-18 Giorgio Benzi Appareil de coulage sous pression équipé d'un cylindre à double injection

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DE59900928D1 (de) 2002-04-11
JP2000312958A (ja) 2000-11-14
ATE213980T1 (de) 2002-03-15
BR0001645A (pt) 2000-10-31
EP1046444A1 (fr) 2000-10-25
CN1270863A (zh) 2000-10-25
KR20000071729A (ko) 2000-11-25

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