EP1018377A2 - Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Entzundern einer Oszillationsmarken aufweisenden Oberfläche eines Gussstranges aus einer Stranggiessanlage - Google Patents
Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Entzundern einer Oszillationsmarken aufweisenden Oberfläche eines Gussstranges aus einer Stranggiessanlage Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1018377A2 EP1018377A2 EP99124715A EP99124715A EP1018377A2 EP 1018377 A2 EP1018377 A2 EP 1018377A2 EP 99124715 A EP99124715 A EP 99124715A EP 99124715 A EP99124715 A EP 99124715A EP 1018377 A2 EP1018377 A2 EP 1018377A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cast strand
- deflection
- strand
- descaling
- cast
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 title claims description 19
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 title 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000008233 hard water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007688 edging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B45/00—Devices for surface or other treatment of work, specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills
- B21B45/04—Devices for surface or other treatment of work, specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills for de-scaling, e.g. by brushing
- B21B45/08—Devices for surface or other treatment of work, specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills for de-scaling, e.g. by brushing hydraulically
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B1/00—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations
- B21B1/46—Metal-rolling methods or mills for making semi-finished products of solid or profiled cross-section; Sequence of operations in milling trains; Layout of rolling-mill plant, e.g. grouping of stands; Succession of passes or of sectional pass alternations for rolling metal immediately subsequent to continuous casting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B45/00—Devices for surface or other treatment of work, specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills
- B21B45/004—Heating the product
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
- B21B45/00—Devices for surface or other treatment of work, specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills
- B21B45/04—Devices for surface or other treatment of work, specially combined with or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, metal-rolling mills for de-scaling, e.g. by brushing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/45—Scale remover or preventor
- Y10T29/4517—Rolling deformation or deflection
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/45—Scale remover or preventor
- Y10T29/4533—Fluid impingement
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/45—Scale remover or preventor
- Y10T29/4533—Fluid impingement
- Y10T29/4544—Liquid jet
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for descaling, in particular oscillation marks having surfaces of a producible in the continuous casting process Cast strand, especially of thin slabs, in a subsequent Hot strip mill with leveling furnace and preferably with several rolling stands be reduced in thickness. Furthermore, the invention relates to a device for Implementation of the method according to the invention.
- the invention is based on the object of specifying a method and a device, through which the difficulty in cleaning the surfaces of Continuous casting products, especially for thin slabs, and there particularly and be overcome in the oscillation marks.
- One is also said to be undesirable strong cooling effect in the cast product using the smallest possible quantities can be prevented by pressurized water.
- One embodiment of the invention provides that the cast strand is sinusoidal for this purpose or is deflected approximately sinusoidally.
- Such a sinusoidal or approximately sinusoidal deflection is guaranteed an almost uniform swelling and decay of the surface tension, thereby avoiding damage to the cast structure.
- a further embodiment of the method provides that the extent of each distraction of the cast strand in accordance with the maximum permissible reversible Deformation of the cast strand is made.
- Another embodiment of the method according to the invention provides that Extent of each deflection of the cast strand in accordance with the maximum permissible Surface tension of the strand is made.
- a further embodiment of the process provides that the Extent of each deflection of the cast strand in accordance with the material temperature of the cast strand is carried out under constant temperature control.
- the method according to the invention further provides that the distance between the spray nozzles and the water-irradiated surface of the cast strand is continuously measured and kept constant. So that the working parameters largely constant when using the hard cleaning jets of water held.
- An advantageous embodiment of the method further provides that the cast strand with a number each running in parallel planes and in series arranged water jets is applied, the planes at an angle one of the planes perpendicular to the direction of transport of the cast strand lie and the water jets can be aligned obliquely to the surface of the cast strand are.
- a further improvement in the cleaning effect can also be achieved in this way be that the water jets with the spray nozzles they generate the spray bars can be moved back and forth in the spray plane.
- the Measure be made use of that according to the structural condition of the cast strand in accordance with the cooling that takes place with descaling changing deflection force measured continuously and then the amount of water to be added while maintaining the product of the amount of water and water pressure is set constantly.
- This also compensates for parameter changes that are occasionally made by the Casting machine can run out, for example, due to a change in the casting speed or the casting temperature.
- the cast strand in a subsequent hot strip mill with a compensating furnace and is reduced in thickness with several roll stands is in the end Strand support and before entering the equalization furnace or before entering the rolling stands between a pair of directional driver rollers on the inlet side and one Pair of exit-side bending driver rollers present a descaling station that at least two spaced apart in the transport direction of the cast strand has opposite deflection bending rollers, which on each opposite side of the Cast strand spray bar with spray nozzles arranged in an inclined plane assigned.
- the area of a continuous caster shown in FIG. 1 shows the continuous caster 28 with downstream strand support 10 for guiding and supporting the Cast strand 1 in particular a thin slab.
- the thin slab is behind the continuous caster in a hot strip mill 32 with equalizing furnace 11 and with several rolling stands 33 reduced thickness. Between the equalization furnace 11 and A cropping shear 31 is arranged on the first roll stand 33.
- This one Deflection bending rollers are a spray bar 17 on each opposite side of the slab, 18 associated with spray nozzles 6, 7 arranged in inclined planes, like this can be seen from Figures 3b and 4.
- the spray bars 17, 18 are, for example.
- Distance sensors 19, 20 and distance adjusting means 21, 22 are assigned. So that can the distance between the spray nozzles 6 and 7 and the surface 2, 3 of the Thin slab 1 are kept exactly constant.
- the deflection bending rollers 15, 16 are controlled actuating cylinders 23, 24 and displacement sensors 25, 26 assigned.
- the deflection bending rollers 15, 16 can thus either be regulated away or load-controlled adjustable distance.
- the descaling station 14 is covered with a protective box 27.
- the deflection bending rollers 15, 16 can be adjusted by means of the corresponding adjusting means 23-26 achieved that the extent of each deflection 4, 5 of the thin slab 1 after Provided their maximum allowable deformation is made.
- the water jets 8, 9 can also be sprayed with the spray bar 17, 18 can be moved back and forth in the plane y-y.
- the water jets 8,9 either according to FIG. 3b or FIG. 4 obliquely against the transport direction 34 the slab 1 be directed. However, they can also be aligned with the transport direction 34 be, the choice of this orientation depending on the prevailing Operating parameters can be set by the specialist from case to case.
- the descaling device with the claims Features (Fig. 2) also before the entry of the thin slab in the roll stands 33 are provided.
Abstract
Description
- daß der Gußstrang zwischen dem Ende der Strangstützung und vor dem Einlauf in den Ausgleichsofen oder vor dem Einlauf in die Walzgerüste in einem begrenzten Bereich durch wenigstens zweifaches Auslenken aus seiner horizontalen Transportrichtung im Bereich jeder Auslenkung einer Dehnung seiner Oberflächen unterworfen wird, und
- daß die Strangoberflächen insbesondere in den Auslenkungsbereichen mittels harter Wasserstrahlen einer intensiven Abreinigung unterzogen werden.
- Figur 1
- eine Stranggießanlage mit darin angeordneter Vorrichtung zum Entzundern von Oszillationsmarken aufweisenden Oberflächen einer im Stranggießverfahren herstellbaren Dünnbramme in schematischer Darstellung;
- Figur 2
- in Seitenansicht und in vergrößertem Maßstab die Entzunderungsstation gemäß Fig. 1,
- Figur 3 a
- eine Draufsicht auf die Oberfläche einer Dünnbramme mit Oszillationsmarken,
- Figur 3 b
- das Strangstück gemäß Fig. 3a in Seitenansicht,
- Figur 4
- In Draufsicht ein Stück einer Dünnbramme mit darüber angeordneten Spritzbalken und Spritzdüsen.
- 1
- Gußstrang, Dünnbramme
- 2
- Oberfläche
- 3
- Oberfläche
- 4
- Auslenkung
- 5
- Auslenkung
- 6
- Spritzdüse
- 7
- Spritzdüse
- 8
- Wasserstrahl
- 9
- Wasserstrahl
- 10
- Strangstützung
- 11
- Ausgleichsofen
- 12
- Richttreiberrollen
- 13
- Biegetreiberrollen
- 14
- Entzunderungsstation
- 15
- Auslenk-Biegerolle
- 16
- Auslenk-Biegerolle
- 17
- Spritzbalken
- 18
- Spritzbalken
- 19
- Abstandsfühler
- 20
- Abstandsfühler
- 21
- Stellmittel
- 22
- Stellmittel
- 23
- Stellzylinder
- 24
- Stellzylinder
- 25
- Weggeber
- 26
- Weggeber
- 27
- Schutzkasten
- 28
- Stranggießmaschine
- 29
- Auslenkungsbereich
- 30
- Oszillationsmarken
- 31
- Schere
- 32
- Warmbandstraße
- 33
- Walzgerüste
- 34
- Gießrichtung/Transportrichtung
Claims (15)
- Verfahren zum Entzundern, insbesondere von Oszillationsmarken (30) aufweisenden Oberflächen (2, 3) eines im Stranggießverfahren herstellbaren Gußstranges (1), insbesondere von Dünnbrammen, die in einer nachfolgenden Warmbandstraße (32) mit Ausgleichsofen (11) und mit vorzugsweise mehreren Walzgerüsten (33) dickenreduziert werden,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,daß der Gußstrang (1) zwischen dem Ende der Strangstützung (10) und vor dem Einlauf in den Ausgleichsofen (11) oder vor dem Einlauf in die Walzgerüste (33) in einem begrenzten Bereich (29) durch wenigstens zweifaches Auslenken aus seiner horizontalen Transportrichtung im Bereich jeder Auslenkung (4, 5) einer Dehnung seiner Oberflächen (2,3) unterworfen wird, unddaß die Strangoberflächen (2, 3) insbesondere in den Auslenkungsbereichen (4, 5) mittels harter Wasserstrahlen (8, 9) einer intensiven Abreinigung unterzogen werden. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Gußstrang (1) sinusförmig oder annähernd sinusförmig ausgelenkt wird. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß das Ausmaß jeder Auslenkung (4, 5) des Gußstranges (1) nach Maßgabe der maximal zulässigen Verformung des Gußstranges (1) vorgenommen wird. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß das Ausmaß jeder Auslenkung (4, 5) des Gußstranges (1) nach Maßgabe der maximal zulässigen Oberflächenspannung des Gußstranges (1) vorgenommen wird. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß das Ausmaß jeder Auslenkung (4, 5) des Gußstranges (1) nach Maßgabe der Materialtemperatur des Gußstranges (1) unter ständiger Temperaturkontrolle vorgenommen wird. - Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 5,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, ,
daß die Entfernung zwischen Spritzdüsen (6, 7) und der wasserbestrahlten Oberfläche (2, 3) des Gußstranges (1) fortlaufend gemessen und konstant gehalten wird. - Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 6,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, ,
daß der Druck des Spritzwasser fortlaufend kontrolliert und auf hohem Druckniveau gehalten wird. - Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 7,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, ,
daß der Gußstrang (1) mit einer Anzahl jeweils in parallelen Ebenen (x-x) verlaufenden und in Reihe angeordneten Wasserstrahlen (,8, 9) beaufschlagt wird, wobei die Ebenen (x-x) im Winkel (α bzw. β) zu einer die Transportrichtung des Gußstranges (1) senkrecht schneidenden Ebene (y-y) liegen und die Wasserstrahlen (8, 9) schräg zur Oberfläche (2, 3) des Gußstranges (1) ausrichtbar sind. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 8,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Wasserstrahlen (8, 9) mit den sie erzeugenden Spritzdüsen (6, 7) der Spritzbalken (17, 18) in der Ebene (y-y) hin- und herbewegbar sind. - Verfahren nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 9,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die nach Maßgabe des Gefügezustandes des Gußstranges (1) entsprechend der mit der Entzunderung stattfindenden Abkühlung sich ändernde Auslenkungskraft fortlaufend gemessen und danach die aufzugebende Wassermenge unter Aufrechterhaltung des Produkts aus Wassermenge und Wasserdruck konstant eingestellt wird. - Vorrichtung zum Entzundern von insbesondere Oszillationsmarken (20) aufweisenden Oberflächen (2, 3) eines im Stranggießverfahren herstellbaren Gußstranges (1), insbesondere von Dünnbrammen zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 10, wobei der Gußstrang (1) in einer nachfolgenden Warmbandstraße (32) mit Ausgleichsofen (11) und mit vorzugsweise mehreren Walzgerüsten (33) dickenreduziert wird,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß am Ende der Strangstützung (10) und vor dem Einlauf in den Ausgleichsofen (11) oder vor dem Einlauf in die Walzgerüste (33) zwischen einem Paar einlaufseitiger Richttreiberrollen (12) und einem Paar auslaufseitiger Biegetreiberrollen (13) eine Entzunderungsstation (14) vorhanden ist, die wenigstens zwei in Transportrichtung des Gußstranges (1) beabstandete, einander entgegengerichtete Auslenk-Biegerollen (15, 16) besitzt, welchen auf jeder Gegenseite des Gußstranges (1) Spritzbalken (17, 18) mit in einer schrägen Ebene angeordneten Spritzdüsen (6, 7) zugeordnet sind. - Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 11,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, ,
daß den Spritzbalken (17, 18) Abstandsfühler (19, 20) sowie Abstands-Stellmittel (21, 22) zugeordnet sind. - Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 11 oder 12,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß den Auslenk-Biegerollen (15, 16) geregelte Stellzylinder (23, 24) und Weggeber (25, 26) zugeordnet sind. - Vorrichtung nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 11 bis 13,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß den Stellzylindern (23, 24) Kontrollmittel zur Überwachung der Auslenk-Kräfte zugeordnet sind. - Vorrichtung nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 11 bis 14,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Entzunderungsstation (14) mit einem Schutzkasten (27) umkleidet ist.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19900427 | 1999-01-08 | ||
DE19900427A DE19900427A1 (de) | 1999-01-08 | 1999-01-08 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Entzundern einer Oszillationsmarken aufweisenden Oberfläche eines Gußstranges aus einer Stranggießanlage |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP1018377A2 true EP1018377A2 (de) | 2000-07-12 |
EP1018377A3 EP1018377A3 (de) | 2003-09-17 |
EP1018377B1 EP1018377B1 (de) | 2005-07-06 |
Family
ID=7893764
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99124715A Expired - Lifetime EP1018377B1 (de) | 1999-01-08 | 1999-12-11 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Entzundern einer Oszillationsmarken aufweisenden Oberfläche eines Gussstranges aus einer Stranggiessanlage |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6389666B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1018377B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP4637986B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR100648498B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1260253A (de) |
AT (1) | ATE299050T1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE19900427A1 (de) |
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KR100648498B1 (ko) * | 1999-01-08 | 2006-11-24 | 에스엠에스 데마그 악티엔게젤샤프트 | 연속주조기에 의하여 생산된 주조 빌릿의 진동 연흔을가진 표면을 디스케일링하는 방법 및 장치 |
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- 1999-12-11 DE DE59912239T patent/DE59912239D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-11 AT AT99124715T patent/ATE299050T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-27 JP JP37054099A patent/JP4637986B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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KR100648498B1 (ko) * | 1999-01-08 | 2006-11-24 | 에스엠에스 데마그 악티엔게젤샤프트 | 연속주조기에 의하여 생산된 주조 빌릿의 진동 연흔을가진 표면을 디스케일링하는 방법 및 장치 |
EP1059127A2 (de) * | 1999-06-07 | 2000-12-13 | SMS Schloemann-Siemag AG | Entzunderungsverfahren für ein Metallband und hiermit korrespondierende Entzunderungsanordnung |
EP1059127A3 (de) * | 1999-06-07 | 2003-10-22 | SMS Schloemann-Siemag AG | Entzunderungsverfahren für ein Metallband und hiermit korrespondierende Entzunderungsanordnung |
CN101811145A (zh) * | 2010-04-23 | 2010-08-25 | 东莞市科力钢铁线材有限公司 | 振动剥壳装置 |
ITMI20110368A1 (it) * | 2011-03-10 | 2012-09-11 | Danieli Off Mecc | Discagliatore oscillante e metodo per discagliare un semilavorato metallurgico |
WO2012120112A1 (en) | 2011-03-10 | 2012-09-13 | Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche S.P.A. | Oscillating descaler and method for descaling a semi-finished metallurgical product |
US9669439B2 (en) | 2011-03-10 | 2017-06-06 | Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche S.P.A. | Oscillating descaler and method for descaling a semi-finished metallurgical product |
CN107931328A (zh) * | 2017-11-20 | 2018-04-20 | 江苏省冶金设计院有限公司 | 一种双带钢生产工艺 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US6389666B1 (en) | 2002-05-21 |
JP2000202518A (ja) | 2000-07-25 |
EP1018377A3 (de) | 2003-09-17 |
CN1260253A (zh) | 2000-07-19 |
DE59912239D1 (de) | 2005-08-11 |
KR100648498B1 (ko) | 2006-11-24 |
JP4637986B2 (ja) | 2011-02-23 |
ATE299050T1 (de) | 2005-07-15 |
KR20000053410A (ko) | 2000-08-25 |
DE19900427A1 (de) | 2000-07-13 |
EP1018377B1 (de) | 2005-07-06 |
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