EP1010803B1 - Einrichtung zur Ablegereifeerkennung von Kunstfaserseilen - Google Patents

Einrichtung zur Ablegereifeerkennung von Kunstfaserseilen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1010803B1
EP1010803B1 EP99123810A EP99123810A EP1010803B1 EP 1010803 B1 EP1010803 B1 EP 1010803B1 EP 99123810 A EP99123810 A EP 99123810A EP 99123810 A EP99123810 A EP 99123810A EP 1010803 B1 EP1010803 B1 EP 1010803B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
rope
strands
detecting
service life
strand
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99123810A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP1010803A2 (de
EP1010803A3 (de
Inventor
Claudio Dipl.-Ing. De Angelis
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Inventio AG
Original Assignee
Inventio AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Inventio AG filed Critical Inventio AG
Priority to EP99123810A priority Critical patent/EP1010803B1/de
Publication of EP1010803A2 publication Critical patent/EP1010803A2/de
Publication of EP1010803A3 publication Critical patent/EP1010803A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1010803B1 publication Critical patent/EP1010803B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/14—Ropes or cables with incorporated auxiliary elements, e.g. for marking, extending throughout the length of the rope or cable
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/02—Ropes built-up from fibrous or filamentary material, e.g. of vegetable origin, of animal origin, regenerated cellulose, plastics
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/14—Ropes or cables with incorporated auxiliary elements, e.g. for marking, extending throughout the length of the rope or cable
    • D07B1/145—Ropes or cables with incorporated auxiliary elements, e.g. for marking, extending throughout the length of the rope or cable comprising elements for indicating or detecting the rope or cable status
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/14—Ropes or cables with incorporated auxiliary elements, e.g. for marking, extending throughout the length of the rope or cable
    • D07B1/148—Ropes or cables with incorporated auxiliary elements, e.g. for marking, extending throughout the length of the rope or cable comprising marks or luminous elements
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B1/00—Constructional features of ropes or cables
    • D07B1/02—Ropes built-up from fibrous or filamentary material, e.g. of vegetable origin, of animal origin, regenerated cellulose, plastics
    • D07B1/025—Ropes built-up from fibrous or filamentary material, e.g. of vegetable origin, of animal origin, regenerated cellulose, plastics comprising high modulus, or high tenacity, polymer filaments or fibres, e.g. liquid-crystal polymers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/10—Rope or cable structures
    • D07B2201/1012—Rope or cable structures characterised by their internal structure
    • D07B2201/1016—Rope or cable structures characterised by their internal structure characterised by the use of different strands
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/10—Rope or cable structures
    • D07B2201/1028—Rope or cable structures characterised by the number of strands
    • D07B2201/1036—Rope or cable structures characterised by the number of strands nine or more strands respectively forming multiple layers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/10—Rope or cable structures
    • D07B2201/104—Rope or cable structures twisted
    • D07B2201/1076—Open winding
    • D07B2201/108—Cylinder winding, i.e. S/Z or Z/S
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2201/00—Ropes or cables
    • D07B2201/20—Rope or cable components
    • D07B2201/2071—Spacers
    • D07B2201/2074—Spacers in radial direction
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2205/00—Rope or cable materials
    • D07B2205/20—Organic high polymers
    • D07B2205/2046—Polyamides, e.g. nylons
    • D07B2205/205—Aramides
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D07—ROPES; CABLES OTHER THAN ELECTRIC
    • D07B—ROPES OR CABLES IN GENERAL
    • D07B2401/00—Aspects related to the problem to be solved or advantage
    • D07B2401/20—Aspects related to the problem to be solved or advantage related to ropes or cables
    • D07B2401/2015—Killing or avoiding twist

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for Discarding maturity detection of synthetic fiber ropes, preferably from aromatic polyamide, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the Stranded rope consists of several layers with each other stranded high-strength synthetic fibers made by a firmly adhering Rope sheath are surrounded.
  • the rope sheath shows abrasive wear as a result of driving or driven ropes due to differences in force the slip caused by the traction sheave.
  • the abrasive wear of the sheath is due to the defined running surface of the ropes in the traction sheave, based on empirical values for Wear condition in relation to the inside of the ropes. Accordingly, as soon as the underlying color is visible, on the maximum permissible inner rope wear closed and the rope is within a given Time to replace.
  • the invention is based on the problem of a device for Detection of the maturity of ropes to show with which the actual wear condition is reliably displayed.
  • the essence of the invention consists in an outward rotation-neutral rope construction, in which between the individual strand layers a reactive torque ratio ensures that the rope is an unstable Takes equilibrium position.
  • the ratio of mutually rotating moments of the rope is designed that weakening of strands by abrasive Wear or other influences on the inside Torque balance disturbs, so that the worn out Rope turns under load during operation about its longitudinal axis, until there is a change in torque ratios corresponding new equilibrium.
  • the turning of the So rope is a sign that the rope is inside Has wear, through which a change in the rope-specific properties, e.g. a loss of Breaking strength, has occurred. Accordingly, the Rope structure change using a suitable device recorded and from there on the reaching of the rope's maturity closed, even simple rope deformations Are signs of inadmissible rope wear.
  • any Form of wear of the rope is very easy to use a twist of the rope can be detected as soon as the weakening of the load-bearing rope structure due to wear determinable extent exceeds. Turning the rope and thus the discard can be done without expensive additional Facilities are found.
  • a friction-reducing intermediate sheath formed between the neighboring counter-stranded concentric Strand layers. It has the advantage that the choice of materials and the Dimensioning of the intermediate jacket the radial distance of the Strand layers chosen to each other and thus that Torque balance can be adjusted. Also can a desired over the durability of the intermediate sheath Lifespan of the rope.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention is at the outermost strand layer with a multi-layer strand rope with counterstrike on a parallel stranded multilayer Inside the rope wrapped. It offers the advantage that outermost strand layer bordering rope layer of the one carrying it Rope interior is exposed to maximum transverse stress and consequently the filaments or strands of this strand layer all other damaged areas. This will only make this selected strand layer weakened, while all others Stranded layers still remain intact and sufficient Ensure the remaining residual load capacity of the synthetic fiber rope.
  • the twisting of the rope is in preferred training by means of one on the outer surface of the wear-free Marking applied in the longitudinal direction of the rope indicated by the marking helically around the longitudinal axis of the rope winds.
  • Figure 1 shows a sheathed aramid fiber rope 1 in three concentric layers of tensile strength stranded together or load-bearing aramid fiber strands 2,3,4,5, like it is used, for example, as a driving rope in elevator systems.
  • the aramid fiber rope 1 is essentially composed of one parallel stranded rope core 6 around the invention a top layer 7 is stranded in the counter-lay. Between the Cover layer 7 and the adjacent strand layer 8 of the rope core 6 there is an intermediate jacket 9, preferably made of Polyurethane. Outside, a cable sheath 10 envelops the top layer 7, which is firmly attached to it.
  • an abrasion-resistant paint line 11 for Marking of the rotational position of the aramid fiber rope applied instead of the color line 11, other devices can be provided, which are suitable the rotational position of the Aramid fiber rope 1 to recognize its longitudinal axis 20 and / or to investigate.
  • the Top layer 7 in cooperation with the top layer 7 bordering strand layer 8 of the rope core 6 and the intermediate sheath 9 and the color line 11 together the inventive Device for recognizing the maturity of the aramid fiber rope 1.
  • the rope core 6 is constructed from a core strand 2, around which in a first beat direction 12, for example, five of the same Strands 3 of a first strand layer 13 helically are laid, with which another ten strands 3, 4 one second strand layer 14 in parallel lay under one balanced ratio between fiber and strand lay are stranded.
  • the second strand layer 14 consists of one alternating arrangement of two types of five each same strands 3.4 together.
  • a further five strands 4 are present with the rope cross section larger diameter helical in the valleys of the they carry first strand layer 13, while five strands 3 with Diameter of the strands 3 of the first strand layer 13 on the The tops of the first strand layer 13 carrying them lie and there the gaps between two neighboring ones Fill in larger-diameter strands 4. That way the rope core 6, twisted in parallel, a second Strand 8 with almost circular outer contour, the further Benefits described below in conjunction with the Intermediate jacket 9 offers.
  • the parallel stranding builds under the longitudinal load of the rope 1 of the rope core 6 opposite to the direction of lay 12 directed torque.
  • the top layer 7 here consists of seventeen also load-bearing Aramid fiber strands 5 which are in the first lay direction 12 opposite twisted lay direction 15 are stranded. she builds a torque under longitudinal load of the rope 1, the to that of the parallel stranded rope core 6 is directed in the opposite direction.
  • a balanced aramid fiber rope 1 behaves like this Load is neutral when running over a traction sheave.
  • multiple stranded Stranded layers are formed. With regard to with the Invention achieved advantageous effect, care must be taken that a certain torque ratio of the strand layers is not less than 0.1 to 1.
  • the radial distance between the strand layers mutually decisive factor is determined by the diameter of the strands used, the thickness of the the intermediate sheath described below, the number of Strand layers in the rope core and the number of strands used in the top layer. The latter can, for example, together with non-load-bearing strands should be stranded to the top layer.
  • All strands used for the aramid fiber rope 1 2,3,4,5 are twisted from individual aramid fibers or beaten and with a protective aramid fiber Impregnating agent, for example with polyurethane solution, treated.
  • High-strength synthetic fibers such as aromatic polyamides or aramids with highly oriented Molecular chains have a high load capacity and a low one specific weight. They show because of their atomic However, they have a low elongation at break and are sensitive against occurring transverse loads.
  • This one Material properties are used according to the invention in order to the state of wear of a rope in a simple manner high-strength fibers inside the rope through a visual display determine.
  • the intermediate sheath 9 between the rope core 6 and the cover layer 7 consists of polyurethane or polyester. He is in Pressure spraying process applied to the core 6 and fills all spaces 17, 18 between the strands 3, 4, 5 of the two adjacent strand layers 7.14. This creates an impression Form fit with a large holding surface that leads to the inner Torque transmission between rope core 6 and cover layer 7 is used.
  • the intermediate jacket 9 prevents contact between the Cover layer 7 and the second strand layer 14 and thus wear of the strands 3, 4 and 5 by rubbing them together Run of the rope 1 over a traction sheave, not shown here and the resulting relative movement of the strands 2, 3, 4, 5 among themselves.
  • the thickness of the intermediate jacket 9 is so dimensioned that at maximum permitted rope load, under the lacing force generated by the top layer 7 creates the spaces between the strands 17, 18 are completely filled and a residual jacket thickness 16 of 0.1 mm between strands 3.4 and 5 of the neighboring ones Strand layers 14 and 7 is ensured.
  • the rope sheath 10 made of polyurethane envelops the top layer 7 and ensures the desired coefficient of friction with the traction sheave.
  • the Polyurethane is so resistant to abrasion that when the rope runs 1 over the traction sheave no damage.
  • the rope sheath 10 is extruded in the course of the top layer 7, which flowable plastic material in all gaps 17, 18 of the cover strand layer 7 is pressed and thus a large one Forms adhesive surface.
  • On the outer surface 19 of the Rope sheath 10 is a in the longitudinal direction of the rope 1 running color stroke 11 applied as Reference mark indicates the rotational position of the rope 1 in.
  • other devices can or markers are provided in a suitable form Turn rope 1 to make it recognizable.
  • the color line 11 or the corresponding facility can also directly on the Cover layer 7 may be applied if no cable sheath 10 is provided.
  • Subsequent functioning of the so far described Device for the detection of maturity of synthetic fiber ropes refers to a powered elevator rope Aramid fibers, which is a cabin frame one in one Elevator shaft guided cabin with a counterweight combines. To lift and close the cabin and counterweight lower, the rope runs over a traction sheave by one Drive motor is driven. The drive torque is below The frictional connection in each case over the wrap angle adjacent rope section stamped. The rope is 1 exposed to high transverse stress.
  • the neutral rope 1 according to the invention is without a twist, i.e. without it between the non-rotatable attachment points on the one hand on the cabin and the counterweight on the other its longitudinal axis 20 is twisted, placed over the traction sheave.
  • this serves as a color line 11 trained marking in the longitudinal direction of the rope 1 at the same time as an assembly aid for aligning the rotational position of the Seils 1 relative to a reference point, e.g. to the traction sheave.
  • the rope 1 is expediently provided with such a Orientation that the course of the marker at running rope 1 can be checked visually.
  • the turning of the rope 1 can be recognized visually by the fact that the color line 11 or a corresponding, other Marking in the longitudinal direction of the rope 1, around itself helically the longitudinal axis 20 of the rope 1 winds. Even simple ones Rope deformations are already a sign that the one above called mechanism is present.

Landscapes

  • Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
  • Lift-Guide Devices, And Elevator Ropes And Cables (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
  • Emergency Lowering Means (AREA)
  • Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • A Measuring Device Byusing Mechanical Method (AREA)
EP99123810A 1998-12-07 1999-12-01 Einrichtung zur Ablegereifeerkennung von Kunstfaserseilen Expired - Lifetime EP1010803B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP99123810A EP1010803B1 (de) 1998-12-07 1999-12-01 Einrichtung zur Ablegereifeerkennung von Kunstfaserseilen

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP98811203 1998-12-07
EP98811203 1998-12-07
EP99123810A EP1010803B1 (de) 1998-12-07 1999-12-01 Einrichtung zur Ablegereifeerkennung von Kunstfaserseilen

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1010803A2 EP1010803A2 (de) 2000-06-21
EP1010803A3 EP1010803A3 (de) 2000-12-13
EP1010803B1 true EP1010803B1 (de) 2003-05-21

Family

ID=8236467

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99123810A Expired - Lifetime EP1010803B1 (de) 1998-12-07 1999-12-01 Einrichtung zur Ablegereifeerkennung von Kunstfaserseilen

Country Status (20)

Country Link
US (1) US6247359B1 (tr)
EP (1) EP1010803B1 (tr)
JP (1) JP4493766B2 (tr)
KR (1) KR100629661B1 (tr)
CN (1) CN1108519C (tr)
AR (1) AR021579A1 (tr)
AT (1) ATE241032T1 (tr)
AU (1) AU751197B2 (tr)
BR (1) BR9907454B1 (tr)
CA (1) CA2291582C (tr)
DE (1) DE59905634D1 (tr)
DK (1) DK1010803T3 (tr)
EG (1) EG22017A (tr)
ES (1) ES2200459T3 (tr)
HK (1) HK1029607A1 (tr)
IL (1) IL133050A (tr)
NO (1) NO313886B1 (tr)
PT (1) PT1010803E (tr)
TR (1) TR199902986A2 (tr)
ZA (1) ZA997230B (tr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USRE47035E1 (en) 1998-12-31 2018-09-11 Otis Elevator Company Wedge clamp type termination for elevator tension member
US10472765B2 (en) 2014-11-05 2019-11-12 Teufelberger Fiber Rope Gmbh Rope made of textile fiber material
US10640922B2 (en) 2015-07-23 2020-05-05 Teufelberger Seil Gesellschaft M.B.H. Hybrid stranded conductor

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US7117981B2 (en) * 2001-12-19 2006-10-10 Otis Elevator Company Load bearing member for use in an elevator system having external markings for indicating a condition of the assembly
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DE102007024020A1 (de) 2007-05-18 2008-11-20 Casar Drahtseilwerk Saar Gmbh Seil, kombiniertes Seil aus Kunststofffasern und Stahldrahtlitzen, sowie kombinierte Litze aus Kunststofffasern und Stahldrähten
DE102007042680B4 (de) * 2007-09-10 2019-02-28 Airbus Helicopters Deutschland GmbH Faserseil aus hochfesten Kunstfasern für eine Hubschrauberrettungswinde
US8525033B2 (en) * 2008-08-15 2013-09-03 3M Innovative Properties Company Stranded composite cable and method of making and using
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CA2773747C (en) 2009-09-18 2017-01-03 Prysmian S.P.A. Electric cable with bending sensor and monitoring system and method for detecting bending in at least one electric cable
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KR101009297B1 (ko) * 2010-05-14 2011-01-18 김진숙 비틀림 식별 라인이 형성되고 편직 방법으로 피복층을 형성한 엘리베이터 보정 체인 및 그 제조장치
DE202011001846U1 (de) * 2011-01-24 2012-04-30 Liebherr-Components Biberach Gmbh Vorrichtung zur Erkennung der Ablegereife eines hochfesten Faserseils beim Einsatz an Hebezeugen
WO2013162520A2 (en) * 2012-04-24 2013-10-31 Anadarko Petroleum Corporation Subsystems for a water current power generation system
DE102012105261A1 (de) * 2012-06-18 2013-12-19 Casar Drahtseilwerk Saar Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Seils
DE102013014265A1 (de) * 2013-08-27 2015-03-05 Liebherr-Components Biberach Gmbh Vorrichtung zur Erkennung der Ablegereife eines hochfesten Faserseils beim Einsatz an Hebezeugen
DE102013017110A1 (de) 2013-08-28 2015-03-05 Liebherr-Components Biberach Gmbh Vorrichtung zur Erkennung der Ablegereife eines hochfesten Faserseils beim Einsatz an Hebezeugen
US20150197408A1 (en) * 2014-01-15 2015-07-16 Slingmax, Inc. Rope pre-failure warning indicator system and method
WO2017010051A1 (ja) * 2015-07-16 2017-01-19 パナソニックＩｐマネジメント株式会社 電気ケーブル
BR112018007015B1 (pt) 2015-10-21 2022-07-12 Liebherr-Components Biberach Gmbh Dispositivo para a detecção do momento de descarte de um cabo de fibras de alta resistência e dispositivo de elevação
DE202016002171U1 (de) * 2016-04-05 2017-07-07 Liebherr-Werk Biberach Gmbh Vorrichtung zur Überwachung von Betriebsdaten und/oder Bestimmung der Ablegereife eines Seils beim Einsatz an Hebezeugen
US10973282B2 (en) * 2016-04-13 2021-04-13 Charisse Satchell Material for developing/maintaining or compensating for motor skills
JP6567174B2 (ja) * 2016-05-13 2019-08-28 三菱電機株式会社 エレベータ用ロープおよびロープ捩れ状態検出装置
CN106480759B (zh) * 2016-09-23 2019-05-07 成都九十度工业产品设计有限公司 一种建筑用缆绳保护器
EP3299331B1 (en) * 2016-09-26 2020-03-18 National Oilwell Varco Norway AS Fibre rope, hoisting system with such a fibre rope, and method for operating said hoisting system
US11459209B2 (en) * 2017-11-10 2022-10-04 Otis Elevator Company Light weight load bearing member for elevator system
DE102018123758A1 (de) * 2018-06-28 2020-01-02 Liebherr-Components Biberach Gmbh Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Einstellen der Ablegereifeerfassung hochfester Faserseile
CN109111872A (zh) * 2018-07-28 2019-01-01 安徽禹王防水建材有限公司 一种无胎自粘聚合物改性沥青防水卷材
US10780817B2 (en) * 2019-01-08 2020-09-22 Sebastian Wolstencroft Metal wrapped bungee assembly
CN112779797A (zh) * 2021-01-15 2021-05-11 江苏兴达钢帘线股份有限公司 一种紧密型钢帘线
CN114412965A (zh) * 2021-12-31 2022-04-29 江苏亚星锚链股份有限公司 一种系泊链防扭转的标识方法
CN117465610B (zh) * 2023-12-27 2024-03-19 中海油能源发展股份有限公司采油服务分公司 水下系泊钢缆的施工方法

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USRE47035E1 (en) 1998-12-31 2018-09-11 Otis Elevator Company Wedge clamp type termination for elevator tension member
US10472765B2 (en) 2014-11-05 2019-11-12 Teufelberger Fiber Rope Gmbh Rope made of textile fiber material
US10640922B2 (en) 2015-07-23 2020-05-05 Teufelberger Seil Gesellschaft M.B.H. Hybrid stranded conductor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO996013L (no) 2000-06-08
DK1010803T3 (da) 2003-09-01
ES2200459T3 (es) 2004-03-01
CA2291582A1 (en) 2000-06-07
KR100629661B1 (ko) 2006-09-28
ATE241032T1 (de) 2003-06-15
BR9907454A (pt) 2000-11-07
ZA997230B (en) 2000-05-22
AU751197B2 (en) 2002-08-08
NO313886B1 (no) 2002-12-16
IL133050A (en) 2003-12-10
TR199902986A3 (tr) 2000-07-21
KR20000047940A (ko) 2000-07-25
EG22017A (en) 2002-06-30
CN1108519C (zh) 2003-05-14
CN1256412A (zh) 2000-06-14
TR199902986A2 (tr) 2000-07-21
US6247359B1 (en) 2001-06-19
CA2291582C (en) 2007-04-10
DE59905634D1 (de) 2003-06-26
PT1010803E (pt) 2003-10-31
IL133050A0 (en) 2001-03-19
JP4493766B2 (ja) 2010-06-30
HK1029607A1 (en) 2001-04-06
EP1010803A2 (de) 2000-06-21
AU6315999A (en) 2000-06-08
JP2000170082A (ja) 2000-06-20
BR9907454B1 (pt) 2009-01-13
AR021579A1 (es) 2002-07-24
NO996013D0 (no) 1999-12-07
EP1010803A3 (de) 2000-12-13

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