EP0927687B1 - Method and means for transfer of granular materials - Google Patents

Method and means for transfer of granular materials Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0927687B1
EP0927687B1 EP98124583A EP98124583A EP0927687B1 EP 0927687 B1 EP0927687 B1 EP 0927687B1 EP 98124583 A EP98124583 A EP 98124583A EP 98124583 A EP98124583 A EP 98124583A EP 0927687 B1 EP0927687 B1 EP 0927687B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
decorating material
granular
screen
granular decorating
transfer means
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98124583A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0927687A3 (en
EP0927687A2 (en
Inventor
Maris Algeri
Carlo Antonio Camorani
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from IT97MO000233 external-priority patent/IT1297422B1/it
Priority claimed from ITMO980197 external-priority patent/IT1304643B1/it
Priority claimed from ITMO980196 external-priority patent/IT1304642B1/it
Priority claimed from ITMO980262 external-priority patent/IT1304941B1/it
Priority claimed from ITMO980261 external-priority patent/IT1304940B1/it
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP0927687A2 publication Critical patent/EP0927687A2/en
Publication of EP0927687A3 publication Critical patent/EP0927687A3/en
Priority to AT99118949T priority Critical patent/ATE270608T1/de
Priority to DE69918511T priority patent/DE69918511T2/de
Priority to EP99118949A priority patent/EP0997248B1/en
Publication of EP0927687B1 publication Critical patent/EP0927687B1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B13/00—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles; Discharging shaped articles from such moulds or apparatus
    • B28B13/02—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles
    • B28B13/0215—Feeding the moulding material in measured quantities from a container or silo
    • B28B13/022—Feeding several successive layers, optionally of different materials
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
    • B28B1/005—Devices or processes for obtaining articles having a marble appearance
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B13/00—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles; Discharging shaped articles from such moulds or apparatus
    • B28B13/02—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B13/00—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles; Discharging shaped articles from such moulds or apparatus
    • B28B13/02—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles
    • B28B13/0205—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles supplied to the moulding device in form of a coherent mass of material, e.g. a lump or an already partially preshaped tablet, pastil or the like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B13/00—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles; Discharging shaped articles from such moulds or apparatus
    • B28B13/02—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles
    • B28B13/0215—Feeding the moulding material in measured quantities from a container or silo
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B13/00—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles; Discharging shaped articles from such moulds or apparatus
    • B28B13/02—Feeding the unshaped material to moulds or apparatus for producing shaped articles
    • B28B13/0295—Treating the surface of the fed layer, e.g. removing material or equalization of the surface
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
    • B28B3/00—Producing shaped articles from the material by using presses; Presses specially adapted therefor

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and relative apparatus for transferring in a controlled manner granular material on a support; in particular, the invention can be applied to the manufacturing of ceramic tiles to add on or take from them granular material.
  • granular material means a loose product capable of flowing, constituted by powders, granules of any form and dimension, scales, small tesserae or any mixture of said pieces.
  • IT-B-1268908 discloses a system for decorating objects with a powdery decorating product, in which the decorating product is made to pass through the meshes of a silk-screen and is deposited on predetermined areas of a surface to be decorated.
  • PCT/EP94/04291 discloses a system in which a decorating product, in a powdery state, is incorporated in shaped cavities of a transport belt and is projected from the belt onto a surface to be decorated.
  • These systems provide for the decorating product being incorporated in a suitable transfer means, i.e. a silk-screen or a belt, and then ejected from said transfer means; so wear of the silk-screen and changes in the granulometry of the decorating product have been found due to the sliding of the product on the transfer means; furthermore these systems are not suitable for treating granules having large dimensions.
  • a purpose of the present invention is to improve the known decorating machines, particularly to make possible to reduce the strengths on the particles of decorating product, to change and control the thickness of decorating product to be applied, and to reduce wear of the silk-screens and/or the dies used, all that causing variability of the results.
  • An other purpose of the present invention is to make possible to decorate a support even with rough granular materials, preserving a good definition and without the need to recover the material distributed in excess.
  • a further purpose of the present invention is to make possible to change the thickness of a granular material layer in an easy and controllable way in order to obtain decorating effects on it.
  • a first technique described in IT-B-890769 was to use multiple loading carriages, but, said technique did not allow to obtain the required aesthetic effects and, in addition, extended substantially the pressing cycles.
  • IT-B-1146358 discloses a rotating die multiple mould press; in this case, even if there is the possibility of obtaining fair aesthetic results, remarkable financial commitments are required, special presses being required to be used. Furthermore the moulds are very bulky, expensive, complicated and it is almost impossible to use multiple parallel imprints.
  • a further system consists in the use of a double pressing: in the first pressing a semi-finished piece is obtained on which the decorating granules are to be spread and then the whole is subjected to a definitive final pressing; this technique, besides some restrictions in the aesthetic result, involves the use of a second press, that is somewhat onerous, complicated and not always possible due to space reasons.
  • This method allows to have a good definition of the decoration but involves a considerable increase of the costs because, first of all, the insertion of the decalcomania into the mould has to be done before or after the insertion of the powder constituting the tile body; more operations are therefore needed to load the mould which increase greatly the duration of the working cycle.
  • a decorating layer for example a decalcomania
  • An other object of the present invention is to allow said decalcomania to be obtained directly during the production cycle related to the pressing.
  • a further object of the present invention is to obtain an apparatus, which may be applied to the more widely used presses for forming ceramic tiles, i.e. presses having moulds with lower die, side die and punch always in axis, said apparatus allowing, during a production cycle with single pressing, a filling of the mould space without relative displacements among the granules, i.e. allowing different granular materials to be introduced into the mould in a single filling operation, even according to patterns well defined in the stratification and at the surface, without the presence of excess of powder to be recycled and without loss of productivity.
  • the industrial patent application RE96A000004 proposes a method for transferring at the inside of the mould cavity the superimposed layers of the decorating powders, causing them to fall, by gravity, from the end of a conveyor belt and to mix with each other during the fall through sliding over some deviating baffles.
  • This method presents a first drawback because this operation may be performed only on the layers of the decorating powders, so that the basic layer has to be previously introduced into the mould. Therefore, with usual fixed presses, two distinct mould loading phases are required, largely extending the working cycles. Furthermore, with such a method, it is not possible to introduce at the same time also the basic layer, because the decorating powders would be mixed through the full thickness of the tile, and widely spread.
  • a second drawback consists in the fact that, however the belt roll is small and the fall distance short, a wide spread of the powders will be present in any way, not permitting an acceptable pattern definition.
  • a further purpose of the present invention is to improve the described technology in order to overcome its drawbacks, first of all, to allow a mould to be loaded in only one loading operation, with a well defined and controlled stratigraphical and plan arrangement of different powders and then with the possibility of mutually mixing along a vertical direction the different layers of powder in a controlled and selective way, i.e. just only in a portion of the thickness or in a selected portion of the plan surface.
  • WO 98/11996 discloses an apparatus and a method for laying down a continuous, predetermined pattern of granular material upon a substrate.
  • a rotating drum comprising a drum wall defining a limited retention region under vacuum, and a plurality of through-apertures arranged according to a desired pattern.
  • Granular material collected from a hopper located along a descending portion of the drum, is kept adherent to the. drum surface by vacuum. After removal of excess granular material, the vacuum is discontinued causing the granular material to disengage from the drum surface and pass, by force of gravity, onto the surface of the substrate moving relative to the drum according to the desired pattern.
  • transfer means arranged for transferring a granular decorating material, including screen means so configured as to move said granular decorating material from a collecting region to a discharging region along a path partially surrounding suction chamber means containing an operating fluid which acts on said granular decorating material through said screen means, said path comprising an ascending portion and a descending portion, said suction chamber means facing said screen means along a substantial portion of said ascending portion adjacent to said collecting region, so as to allow said granular decorating material to be raised adherent to said screen means from said collecting region.
  • a method for transferring granular decorating material from a collecting region to a discharging region comprising acting with an operating fluid on said granular decorating material causing said operating fluid to pass through permeable regions of screen means, said acting comprising lifting said granular decorating material from said collecting region along an ascending portion of said screen means adjacent to said collecting region.
  • a flowable decorating product 2 for example a granular or powdery product
  • the screen 10 is provided with barrier regions, that is regions through which the transport fluid can not pass, and regions 12 permeable to the transport fluid, through which the transport fluid can easily pass and act on the product 2.
  • the screen 10 is flexible, so that it can be wound on roller means.
  • the screen 10, for example, can consists of a usual silk-screen with any pattern defined by the permeable regions 12.
  • suction means maintain, in a chamber 19, an enough pressure drop p- to assure the adherence between the particles of the product 2 and the screen 10 at the permeable regions 12 thereof.
  • the screen 10 is wound on a pair of rollers 20, through which the air can be sucked, and on a roller 21, external to the chamber 19, defining, together with one of the rollers 2, a horizontal path stroke for the screen 10.
  • the screen 10 passes under a wall 22, surrounding the chamber 19 under pressure drop, and beyond which the product 2 is no more kept adherent to the screen 10 by the pressure drop p- and falls on the support 4, decorating it.
  • a screen 31 constituted by a weft of wires 32 forming a endless belt, leans, in a portion of its route, against a permeable wall 33, consisting of a wall provided with a number of through holes 34; the screen 31 having permeable regions 36 and non-permeable regions 37.
  • the permeable wall 33 together with other non-permeable walls 35, surrounds a chamber 38 into which a pressure drop P- is kept by known means, not shown.
  • the screen 31 is wound on rollers 39 capable of moving the screen 31 sliding on the permeable wall 33, in a controlled and synchronised manner with an underlying support 40,
  • a container 41 having inside the granular material 42; at the bottom, said container is provided with an opening leading near to the screen 31 in the route portion where the chamber 38 is present: in this portion therefore, the granular material will be attracted by the permeable regions 36 of the screen 31 and here will stay adherent for a certain thickness S.
  • the active side of the screen 31 designed to adhere to the granular material 42, is turned downwards.
  • the collected granular material that rises adherent to the screen 31 will be automatically and continuously replaced' by natural sliding fall from the container 41.
  • a scraping blade 44 in order to level the layer of granular material 42.
  • the granular material 42 is kept adherent due to the presence of the chamber 38 in pressure drop, while, downwards, near the support 40, the granular material remains on the support 40 due to lack of pressure drop and gravity effect; the transfer can be aided through the action of other means as for example a body 45, having a suitable vibration and in contact to the screen 31.
  • a cleaning system of the screen 31 can be advantageously placed, for example a sucking mouth 46.
  • the screen 31 can work away from the support 40 but may also work in contact with it.
  • This second possibility is very advantageous when said support 40 is constituted by a layer of another granular material in this case the granular material 42 will penetrate into the support 40, keeping it levelled and furthermore the pattern will result better defined due to the absence of falling and sliding of said granular material 42.
  • Said penetration can be achieved by forcing said material 42 into the levelled support 40, in such a case the granular material 42, displacing automatically the other granular material of the support 40, replaces it and keeps it levelled, or said penetration can be achieved introducing said granular material 42 into cavities 49 already provided in the support 40.
  • the invention is used to take in a selective manner granular material from an underlying support 40; in such a case the taken granular material 47 can be easily recycled causing it to fall into an upstream distributing device 48; this use is particularly useful to modify in a controlled manner the thickness of a layer of granular material, or to obtain said cavities 49, in which a different material may be introduced.
  • the invention allows an effective control of the dosing of the granular material simply regulating the pressure drop level in the chamber 38; for example, using:
  • the invention can be carried out in different forms, for example: with movable or stationary planar screens, with drum-shaped screens, for applications on the movable support 40 (as in the explained examples) or stationary. In this last event, since the support 40 is stationary, the apparatus will be caused to translate.
  • the invention is also suitable for transferring material in form of great scales or tesserae without real limits of dimension, particularly valuable aesthetic effects being obtainable using these materials, as for example mosaic surfaces or imitations of natural stones.
  • FIG. 5 shows a different embodiment of the invention, in which elements already disclosed with reference to previous figures have been designated with the same reference numerals, preceded by the number "3".
  • the invention can be used as mixing apparatus 313 of layerd powders 310, 312 such an apparatus, placed closely above the layer to be modified, during the motion of relative translation, raises the surface layers, initially arranged on a base powder layer 305, and leaves them fall subsequently in a downstream position.
  • a layer 316 of mixed powders is therefore obtained.
  • the mixing may be obtained only on a selected portion of the layers and/or at different depths; so obtaining special aesthetic effects.
  • the mixing devices 313 can be used also in conditions different from those up to now described, for example they can be used for applications on an already pressed or fired material or to form decalcomanias or again a layers of powders already loaded in a mould can be mixed. Furthermore, the layer to be mixed can be kept stationary while the mixing device 313 translates.
  • the apparatus according to the invention makes possible therefore to apply an unlimited number of different decorating layers with well defined patterns and to mix them with each other in a controllable and selective manner, which is particularly productive and advantageous.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Press-Shaping Or Shaping Using Conveyers (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
EP98124583A 1997-12-23 1998-12-23 Method and means for transfer of granular materials Expired - Lifetime EP0927687B1 (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP99118949A EP0997248B1 (en) 1998-09-28 1999-09-27 Method and means for transfer of granular materials
DE69918511T DE69918511T2 (de) 1998-09-28 1999-09-27 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Übertragung von körnigem Material
AT99118949T ATE270608T1 (de) 1998-09-28 1999-09-27 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur übertragung von körnigem material

Applications Claiming Priority (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT97MO000233 IT1297422B1 (it) 1997-12-23 1997-12-23 Mezzi decoratori
ITMO970233 1997-12-23
ITMO980196 IT1304642B1 (it) 1998-09-28 1998-09-28 Mezzi per trasferimento di materiale granulare particolarmenteindicati alla decorazione di piastrelle ceramiche
ITMO980196 1998-09-28
ITMO980197 1998-09-28
ITMO980197 IT1304643B1 (it) 1998-09-28 1998-09-28 Dispositivo per alimentare lo stampo nella pressatura di prodotticeramici e metodo relativo
ITMO980262 1998-12-22
ITMO980261 IT1304940B1 (it) 1998-12-22 1998-12-22 Dispositivo e metodo per realizzare decorazioni, con materiali inpolvere, su piastrelle ceramiche.
ITMO980261 1998-12-22
ITMO980262 IT1304941B1 (it) 1998-12-22 1998-12-22 Metodo e dispositivo per decorare piastrelle ceramiche alla pressatura

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0927687A2 EP0927687A2 (en) 1999-07-07
EP0927687A3 EP0927687A3 (en) 1999-08-18
EP0927687B1 true EP0927687B1 (en) 2004-05-26

Family

ID=27517899

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98124583A Expired - Lifetime EP0927687B1 (en) 1997-12-23 1998-12-23 Method and means for transfer of granular materials

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0927687B1 (es)
DE (1) DE69824134D1 (es)
ES (1) ES2223154T3 (es)

Families Citing this family (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT1302213B1 (it) * 1998-09-16 2000-09-05 Siti Dispositivo per alimentare un apparato di pressatura, apparato dipressatura e procedimento di pressatura.
ATE270608T1 (de) * 1998-09-28 2004-07-15 Carlo Antonio Camorani Verfahren und vorrichtung zur übertragung von körnigem material
IT1318352B1 (it) * 2000-07-26 2003-08-25 Lb Officine Meccaniche Spa Dispositivo dosatore pneumatico di polvere per il caricamento distampi ceramici.
DE10108327C1 (de) * 2001-02-21 2002-09-05 Klingenberg Dekoramik Gmbh Verfahren zum Dekorieren von Formkörpern und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens
ITMO20020026A1 (it) * 2002-02-07 2003-08-07 Ronflette Sa Metodo e apparecchiatura per la decorazione di lastre o piastrelle ceramiche
ITBO20020253A1 (it) * 2002-05-03 2003-11-03 Tecno Europa Srl Gruppo di lavorazione per la realizzazione di decori su manufatti ceramici e relativo
ITMO20020175A1 (it) * 2002-06-20 2003-12-22 Ronflette Sa Dispositivo per il carico di polveri
ITRE20020053A1 (it) * 2002-06-28 2003-12-29 Lb Officine Meccaniche Spa Impianto per la creazione di tessere pre-compattate di polvere ceramica e loro alimentazione alla cavita' di formatura di una pressa
ITMO20020234A1 (it) * 2002-08-12 2004-02-13 Algeri Maris Dispositivo e metodo per trasferire materiale granulare.
ITBO20030032A1 (it) * 2003-01-24 2004-07-25 T S C Spa Apparecchiatura per l'applicazione di prodotti polverulenti
ITBO20030114A1 (it) * 2003-03-04 2004-09-05 T S C Spa Dispositivo alimentatore per l'applicazione di prodotti
ITMO20030251A1 (it) * 2003-09-17 2005-03-18 Mira Di Algeri Maris Metodo ed apparato per decorare.
ITRE20030116A1 (it) * 2003-12-11 2005-06-12 Tecnografica Sistemi Welko S P A Metodo per la fabbricazione di piastrelle dotate di
ITMO20040081A1 (it) * 2004-04-08 2004-07-08 Lb Officine Meccaniche Spa Apparati e metodi
ITRE20050083A1 (it) * 2005-07-19 2007-01-20 Sacmi Metodo per la formatura di piastrelle o lastre ceramiche riproducenti le caratterisitche tipiche delle pietre naturali e relativo apparato
PT2687347T (pt) 2006-02-21 2018-01-24 System Spa Decoração com material em pó
ITRE20130005A1 (it) * 2013-02-01 2014-08-02 Sacmi Metodo per la fabbricazione di lastre ceramiche
CN103466260B (zh) * 2013-09-10 2015-11-25 杭州中亚机械股份有限公司 一种输送装置
CN103466310B (zh) * 2013-09-10 2015-11-25 杭州中亚机械股份有限公司 一种变向输送装置
ES2472140B2 (es) 2014-02-07 2015-01-29 Kerajet S.A. Método de proyección de sólidos sobre una superficie
CN105034156A (zh) * 2015-08-24 2015-11-11 佛山市赛普飞特机械有限公司 一种3d布料装饰方法及应用该方法的3d布料装置
CN106736351A (zh) * 2016-12-02 2017-05-31 芜湖市泰能电热器具有限公司 一种电热铝管装配线用传输装置
IT201800003939A1 (it) * 2018-03-26 2019-09-26 System Ceramics S P A Metodo per la pressatura di lastre ceramiche
WO2020062300A1 (zh) * 2018-09-30 2020-04-02 东莞市唯美陶瓷工业园有限公司 陶瓷砖通体纹理与表面装饰图案一致的机械手布料设备及其机械手布料与图案调整的控制方法
CN110480797B (zh) * 2019-08-08 2021-02-05 临泉县睿鑫建材有限公司 一种高密度空心砖的环保智能制作装置
IT202000023845A1 (it) * 2020-10-09 2022-04-09 Technoplants S R L Forno-pressa di materiale inconsistente
CN112265130A (zh) * 2020-11-18 2021-01-26 广东宏陶陶瓷有限公司 一种用于生产通体砖砖坯的布料机

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WO1996004081A1 (en) * 1994-08-02 1996-02-15 Kenneth Bibby Method and apparatus for laying a granular pattern
WO1998011996A1 (en) * 1996-09-18 1998-03-26 Kenneth Bibby Method and apparatus for laying a granular pattern

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JPS5857430B2 (ja) * 1978-10-23 1983-12-20 四国化成工業株式会社 顆粒状ジクロロイソシアヌル酸アルカリ金属塩の製法
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Patent Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2647298A1 (fr) * 1989-05-25 1990-11-30 Billard Jean Dispositif de distribution monograine pneumatique pour semoir polyvalent
WO1996004081A1 (en) * 1994-08-02 1996-02-15 Kenneth Bibby Method and apparatus for laying a granular pattern
WO1998011996A1 (en) * 1996-09-18 1998-03-26 Kenneth Bibby Method and apparatus for laying a granular pattern

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69824134D1 (de) 2004-07-01
ES2223154T3 (es) 2005-02-16
EP0927687A3 (en) 1999-08-18
EP0927687A2 (en) 1999-07-07

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