EP0910697B1 - Verfahren zur wiederverwertung von füllstoffen und streichpigmenten der papier-, pappe- und kartonherstellung - Google Patents

Verfahren zur wiederverwertung von füllstoffen und streichpigmenten der papier-, pappe- und kartonherstellung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0910697B1
EP0910697B1 EP97915390A EP97915390A EP0910697B1 EP 0910697 B1 EP0910697 B1 EP 0910697B1 EP 97915390 A EP97915390 A EP 97915390A EP 97915390 A EP97915390 A EP 97915390A EP 0910697 B1 EP0910697 B1 EP 0910697B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fresh
weight
pigment
fillers
pigments
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP97915390A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0910697A1 (de
Inventor
Dieter Alpha Calcit Füllstoff GmbH MÜNCHOW
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Alpha Calcit Fuellstoff GmbH
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Alpha Calcit Fuellstoff GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alpha Calcit Fuellstoff GmbH filed Critical Alpha Calcit Fuellstoff GmbH
Priority to SI9730180T priority Critical patent/SI0910697T1/xx
Publication of EP0910697A1 publication Critical patent/EP0910697A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0910697B1 publication Critical patent/EP0910697B1/de
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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/01—Waste products, e.g. sludge
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F1/00—Wet end of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F1/66—Pulp catching, de-watering, or recovering; Re-use of pulp-water
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
    • D21H17/67—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H19/00—Coated paper; Coating material
    • D21H19/36—Coatings with pigments
    • D21H19/38—Coatings with pigments characterised by the pigments
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S162/00—Paper making and fiber liberation
    • Y10S162/09—Uses for paper making sludge
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S210/00—Liquid purification or separation
    • Y10S210/928—Paper mill waste, e.g. white water, black liquor treated

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for recycling fillers and coating pigments from paper, cardboard and cardboard manufacture from the Residual water sludge from the coating waste water, deinking plants, internal Sewage treatment plants or separators as well as the use of such Pigment slurries as a filler for the production of paper or as a pigment slurry for the production of a coating slip for the paper industry.
  • the raw material i.e. H. Pulp, wood, straw pulp or harder pulp also waste paper pulp, fillers and pigments added, with which a closed surface is to be achieved to the Properties of the paper, especially the whiteness, the opacity and the Improve the printability of the paper.
  • Natural printing papers contain up to 35% by weight of fillers, coated papers 25% to 50% by weight. The amount of filler depends very much Purpose of the paper. Heavily weighted papers have smaller ones Strengths and poorer sizing.
  • the proportion of filler in the paper pulp is usually between 5 and 35% by weight. and consists of primary pigment or recirculated coating pigments, which from Remaining coating colors or deleted scrap can come.
  • the Whiteness of the filler which is important for white-tinted papers, plays the grain size play an essential role as they greatly increase the filler yield and the physical Properties of the paper, particularly the porosity.
  • the one in the paper remaining filler content is between 20 and 80% of that of the fiber suspension amount added.
  • the yield depends on the type of filler as well on the material composition, the degree of grinding, the fixation of the filler particles through resin and aluminum sulfate, paper weight, paper machine speed, the type of water extraction and the fineness of the sieve.
  • the following products have filler and coating pigment more important today: kaolin, calcium carbonate, artificial aluminum silicates and oxide hydrates, titanium dioxide, satin white, talc and calcium silicate.
  • This waste product exists for example from 50% by weight cellulose, 25% by weight kaolin and 20% by weight Calcium carbonate, but also other small proportions of calcium sulfate, titanium dioxide, Talc or other solids can be present, these mixtures may contain more or less large fiber components.
  • EP 0 492 121 B1 describes the previous processing of waste paper in such a way that that these waste materials as a wastewater / solid mixture from the Process are separated out, whereby a pure waste product arises that about Contains 50% solids and is stored in landfills.
  • a pure waste product arises that about Contains 50% solids and is stored in landfills.
  • DE 40 34 054 C1 describes a process for the recovery of raw materials the mechanical residual sewage sludge of the paper industry.
  • the residual water sludge is removed after the Coarse dirt is first freed of the black particle content by centrifugation and then using fractional sieving in fibers, fillers, Pigments and agglomerates divided.
  • the agglomerates are sheared treated and discarded while the fibers, fillers and pigments, if any can be reused after further treatment.
  • EP 0 576 177 A1 describes a method for recycling and reuse of raw materials from the residual water sludges of the paper industry known, which is characterized in that the sludge suspension in one first step of a first screening / cleaning process at relative Subject to low consistency, then thickened, heated and by one Disperser is given before this sludge is used in papermaking again is used.
  • the process is characterized by the setting of a defined solids content, the separation of the coarse dirt, the separation of the black particles, the fractionated fine screening of the good content and the recycling of the fiber content and the filler and pigment content in the raw material processing of the paper mill.
  • the fillers and coating pigments are often in agglomerated form and have a low whiteness, which limits direct reuse in raw material processing, especially in the coating.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a method for Recycling of paper raw materials, especially fillers and Coating pigments while saving energy costs and raw material costs as well as transportation costs.
  • the above object is inventively achieved by a process for recycling fillers and coating pigments of paper, paperboard and cardboard from the residual water sludges from coating, deinking plants, internal water treatment plants or separators, to give the filler and coating pigment containing residual water sludges with fresh pigment in Form of powder, fresh filler in the form of powder, fresh pigment-containing and / or fresh filler-containing slurry are mixed and then the fresh pigment or the fresh filler is ground to the desired particle size distribution to form a pigment slurry.
  • both the fillers and coating pigments are usually from the manufacturers with the desired whiteness and Grain size distribution provided.
  • the essence of the present invention now consists in the delivery of the pigment in a kind of "basic grain", preferably as a solid or as a highly concentrated slurry, for example with a solids content of 70% by weight to 85% by weight or more, for example with an average grain diameter of 50% ⁇ 2 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, especially 2 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m and grinding in aqueous phase on site in one Satellite grinding plant to the desired white and grain size.
  • the destruction of agglomerates that the The running behavior of a coating color on the blade is disrupted by squeegee strips and the Adversely affecting the properties of the stroke is particularly preferred.
  • the residual water sludge including the loaded particles acts as Dispersing aids and grinding aids for the fillers and pigments in the Grinding process, so that the usual amounts of dispersing agents and Grinding aids can be reduced according to the invention.
  • the ratio of fillers and / or in the residual water sludge can Pigments to fibers vary in a wide range. Particularly preferred it is residual water sludge with a optionally enriched concentration of fillers and / or pigments to be used in the range from 2% by weight to 80% by weight, in particular 20% by weight is up to 60 wt .-% based on the solids content. So the fiber content on the one hand or the filler and / or pigment content on the other hand for example vary from 2 to 98% by weight or 98 to 2% by weight. Also go without saying Fiber-free residual water sludge can be used according to the invention.
  • the waste water from the Production 0.5 to 5 wt .-%, in particular 2.5 wt .-% loss in one special fresh water requirements of 10 to 100 l / kg, in particular 20 l / kg.
  • the consistency is preferably 0.02 to 0.5, in particular 0.125% by weight.
  • a quantitative ratio of is particularly preferred Fiber content to filler and / or pigment content from 20 to 80 wt .-% or 80 to 20% by weight, in particular fibers to pigment in a ratio of 40 to 60% by weight of one Waste water from production.
  • the pH of the residual water sludge used as wastewater from production can vary widely.
  • the pH is particularly preferred in the range from 4.5 to 8.5, in particular in the neutral range around pH 7.
  • Waste water from the coating plant which can be used according to the invention can, for example a solids content of 0.1 to 20 wt .-%, in particular 1 wt .-% before Precipitation and after precipitation from 1 to 30% by weight, in particular at 5% by weight exhibit.
  • the pH can be, for example, in the range from 6.5 to 10, preferably 7.5 before precipitation and 6.0 to 10.0, preferably 7.0 after precipitation be.
  • the ash content should in particular be in the range from 60 to 95% by weight, are in particular 90% by weight.
  • a typical composition contains 1 up to 90% by weight, in particular 20% by weight of kaolin, 1 to 90% by weight, in particular 60 wt .-% calcium carbonate., 0.5 to 50 wt .-%, in particular 15 wt .-% talc and 0.1 to 40% by weight, in particular 5% by weight of other.
  • a fresh pigment and / or fresh filler kaolin natural or precipitated calcium carbonates, artificial or natural aluminum silicates and oxide hydrates, titanium dioxide, satin white, Dolomite, mica, metal flakes, especially aluminum flakes, bentonite, rutile, magnesium hydroxide, Gypsum, layered silicates, talc, calcium silicate and other stones and earth.
  • Fresh pigment or fresh filler is preferably used as powder, slurries containing fresh pigment and / or filler in the presence of the Residual water sludges and, if appropriate, customary grinding aids and / or Dispersing aids to form a slurry with a solids content of 30 to 85% by weight, in particular 40 to 75 wt .-% mixed and ground.
  • the Pigment slurries from raw material suppliers are usually associated with the number of Weight percentages of particles smaller than 2 ⁇ m characterized, for example as Type: 95, 90, 75, 60, 50 etc.
  • the paper manufacturer is therefore able to use pigments as a slurry according to the respective needs, even on site in one Manufacture satellite system.
  • This allows a flexible and quick response to Quality and production requirements, for example the different ones Paper raw materials for the pulp, the pigments or slurries for the primer, Top coat and single coat or pigmentation alone, as well as mixing with other pigments. Above all, however, this is a considerable one Reduction in transport costs evident as not necessarily Ready-made slurries with a high water content are transported over long distances Need to become.
  • Residual water sludges can be used, such as from EP 0 625 611 A1 are known, the amount required according to the invention significantly reduced compared to the prior art. For one, they contain Residual sewage sludge already contains a certain amount of the above-mentioned agents.
  • the wetting, stabilizing, grinding and dispersing aids in usual Orders of magnitude to be used since the time span between production of the slurry and the use can be greatly reduced.
  • Another advantage of lower amounts of auxiliary materials is the improved retention of the Pigments in paper production, because larger quantities have a negative influence on the retention.
  • the method according to the invention is particularly suitable for working up Filling and fiber material existing sewage sludge or Partial suspension of pulp suspension from the waste paper processing paper industry and the reuse of paper scrap, especially in reprocessing of waste paper from the ash removal stage, where particularly great importance is attached to a sorted and size-specific separation of fillers and pigments is laid to recycle them here, and thereby to use the energy and value brought in.
  • the coating pigment slurries obtainable with the aid of the present invention can be particularly advantageous in the paper industry, especially for manufacturing a coating color for the paper line or in the paper pulp.
  • the use for the production of a coating pigment slurry is particularly preferred for offset paper.
  • the inventive Slurries also for making a coating slip for lightweight, coated Papers, especially at high application speeds, as well as for Production of roll offset papers, especially for the production of light-weight, coated roll offset papers, the coating of cardboard and Special paper, such as labels, wallpaper, silicone base paper, self-copying, as well as the admixture for gravure papers.
  • Coating pigment slurries obtainable according to the invention in particular usable in sheetfed offset, especially for sheetfed single-stroke, sheetfed double-stroke: Sheetfed pre-coat and sheetfed topcoat; - in web offset, especially for the LWC web offset single line, web offset double line: Web offset primer and web offset top coat; - in gravure, in particular for the LWC rotogravure single line, rotogravure double line: rotogravure pre-coat and rotogravure top coat; - in a box, especially for the double cardboard box: Cardboard primer and cardboard topcoat and for special papers, especially for Labels and flexible packaging.
  • the process offers the possibility of the pigment slurries produced according to the invention without any loss of quality in the base paper and coating produced with it and especially to use the final qualities.
  • Silos of any size for example from 50 to 1000 m 3, are used to hold and store dry fillers and pigments with a uniform or possibly different basic grain size, for example calcium carbonate. Dispensing of the filler and / or pigment powder with subsequent transport is ensured by metering devices, optionally to day silo container (s), optionally with cleaning devices. Dosing devices for the powder (s), possibly controlled by programmable logic controllers (PLC) with the electronically integrated recipes, determine gravimetrically and / or volumetrically the quantities of the components to be mixed, which are required for mixing with water, fresh water or circulating water from the paper mill.
  • PLC programmable logic controllers
  • a residual water sludge with a solids content of in particular 0.02 to 50% by weight is used, partially or completely, optionally with the addition of water at a higher concentration of the residual water sludge.
  • containers for storing the residual water sludge, dosing devices for the residual water sludge, which determine the amount to be used gravimetrically or volumetrically are also required.
  • containers are required to hold the mixture of fresh pigment or filler as a powder, slurry containing fresh pigment and / or filler and residual water sludge / water, optionally grinding aids and dispersion aids or other aids.
  • Dispersing devices (dissolvers) or other agitators are required for dispersion and stability adjustment.
  • Grinding the fresh pigments and / or fresh fillers as powder, slurry containing fresh pigment and / or filler with the residual water sludge can, according to the invention, continuously in conventional agitator ball mills, for example with a content of 700 to 5000 l or greater become. Grinding media, preferably grinding balls, are used in particular with a diameter of 1 to 4 mm.
  • sieves are usually used, preferably curved sieves for separating contaminants (broken balls, separating agents, rust, etc.). Laser measuring instruments are used to determine and control the fineness of grinding during the grinding process and the computer-aided control of the agitator ball mill system. If necessary, further metering injection devices are required for further metering of dispersing and grinding aids on the agitator ball mill. After the pigment slurry has been discharged, sieves may be required for the further separation of pollutants with a size of more than 20 ⁇ m.
  • the fresh pigment and / or filler material used in particular calcium carbonate powder used in dry form, has a whiteness according to DIN 53163 of more than 90%, in particular a whiteness of more than 95% in a fineness of d 97 25 25 ⁇ m, a fineness not greater d 97 ⁇ 100 ⁇ m, a purity of the carbonate ⁇ 98%, a proportion of SiO 2 ⁇ 1.0, in particular ⁇ 0.2%.
  • Changing proportions of carbonate, for example, mixed with residual water sludge are ground to a slurry that has a solids content, which can be set to a usable coating color, for example. If necessary, the solids content can also be set higher if the pigment slurry should be stored longer.
  • the delicacy of the slurry is particular by the dwell time and / or the energy consumption during the Production determined in the agitator ball mill.
  • the whiteness of the pigment slurry results, among other things, from the mixing ratio Fresh pigment to residual water sludge and especially the one used Fresh pigment type.
  • composition of the residual water sludge is shown in Table 1 below: MgO % 2.15 Al 2 O 3 % 24.38 SiO 2 % 29.84 P 2 O 5 % 0.81 CaO % 27.26 TiO 2 % 0.20 V 2 O 5 % ⁇ 0.01 Cr 2 O 3 % 0.01 MnO % 0.01 Na 2 O % 0.29 K 2 O % 0.82 Fe 2 O 3 % 0.54 SO 4th % 0.14 Cl % 0.01 NiO % ⁇ 0.01 CuO % 0.02 ZnO % 0.01 Ga 2 O 3 % ⁇ 0.01 SrO % 0.02 ZrO 2 % 0.01 PbO % 0.02 BaO % 0.06 Loss on ignition % 13.40 total % 100.00
  • a sewage sludge with the composition shown in Table 1 was dried; the fineness and the color value measured.
  • the water content of the sewage sludge was 19.5%.
  • the pH was in measured in a 10% solution and was 6.8. Part of the dried Sewage sludge was heated at 450 ° C for 2 hours.
  • the loss on ignition (organic Shares) was 13.4%.

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  • Paper (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Non-Biological Materials By The Use Of Chemical Means (AREA)
  • Packging For Living Organisms, Food Or Medicinal Products That Are Sensitive To Environmental Conditiond (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
EP97915390A 1996-07-09 1997-03-19 Verfahren zur wiederverwertung von füllstoffen und streichpigmenten der papier-, pappe- und kartonherstellung Expired - Lifetime EP0910697B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SI9730180T SI0910697T1 (en) 1996-07-09 1997-03-19 Method of reusing fillers and coating pigments used in paper, paperboard and cardboard manufacture

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19627523 1996-07-09
DE19627523A DE19627523C1 (de) 1996-07-09 1996-07-09 Verfahren zur Wiederverwertung von Füllstoffen und Streichpigmenten der Papier-, Pappe- und Kartonherstellung
PCT/EP1997/001375 WO1998001621A1 (de) 1996-07-09 1997-03-19 Verfahren zur wiederverwertung von füllstoffen und streichpigmenten der papier-, pappe- und kartonherstellung

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0910697A1 EP0910697A1 (de) 1999-04-28
EP0910697B1 true EP0910697B1 (de) 2001-07-04

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EP97915390A Expired - Lifetime EP0910697B1 (de) 1996-07-09 1997-03-19 Verfahren zur wiederverwertung von füllstoffen und streichpigmenten der papier-, pappe- und kartonherstellung

Country Status (19)

Country Link
US (3) US6214166B1 (pl)
EP (1) EP0910697B1 (pl)
JP (1) JP4046764B2 (pl)
CN (1) CN1120262C (pl)
AT (1) ATE202810T1 (pl)
AU (1) AU2288997A (pl)
BR (1) BR9710866A (pl)
CA (1) CA2250475C (pl)
CZ (1) CZ298816B6 (pl)
DE (2) DE19627523C1 (pl)
DK (1) DK0910697T3 (pl)
ES (1) ES2160936T3 (pl)
GR (1) GR3036174T3 (pl)
HU (1) HU221442B (pl)
NO (1) NO324375B1 (pl)
PL (1) PL187463B1 (pl)
PT (1) PT910697E (pl)
TR (1) TR199900012T2 (pl)
WO (1) WO1998001621A1 (pl)

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EP1734174A2 (de) 2005-06-13 2006-12-20 Andritz AG Verfahren zur Wiederverwertung von Füllstoffen und Streichpigmenten der Papier-,Pappe oder Kartonherstellung

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JP5337434B2 (ja) * 2008-09-04 2013-11-06 大王製紙株式会社 再生填料を用いた塗工紙
EP2376707A1 (en) * 2008-12-15 2011-10-19 IMI Fabi S.p.A. Talc- and/or chlorite-based compositions and use thereof in controlling pollutants in papermaking industry processes
JP5468281B2 (ja) * 2009-03-24 2014-04-09 大王製紙株式会社 再生粒子の製造方法
CN102217787A (zh) * 2011-06-03 2011-10-19 河南卷烟工业烟草薄片有限公司 造纸法再造烟叶生产中涂布液的净化工艺
US9777129B2 (en) 2014-04-11 2017-10-03 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp Fibers with filler
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CN106430301B (zh) * 2016-08-31 2017-11-14 四川龙蟒钛业股份有限公司 利用通用和造纸钛白粉系统联产制备高品质钛白粉的方法
CN106758464B (zh) * 2016-12-08 2018-08-24 海南金海浆纸业有限公司 一种造纸涂料废水的固含物回收方法
CN109331756A (zh) * 2018-10-31 2019-02-15 江南大学 一种纸制品填料的预处理装置及工艺
CN110694348B (zh) * 2019-10-28 2021-08-20 海南金海浆纸业有限公司 一种造纸涂料废渣解离系统及方法
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JP2000514510A (ja) 2000-10-31
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AU2288997A (en) 1998-02-02
HUP9903637A2 (hu) 2000-03-28
HU221442B (en) 2002-10-28
US20020088587A1 (en) 2002-07-11
GR3036174T3 (en) 2001-10-31
PL187463B1 (pl) 2004-07-30
US6444092B1 (en) 2002-09-03
NO324375B1 (no) 2007-10-01
PL331011A1 (en) 1999-06-21
CZ2299A3 (cs) 1999-06-16
CA2250475A1 (en) 1998-01-15
CZ298816B6 (cs) 2008-02-13
ATE202810T1 (de) 2001-07-15
US20030041990A1 (en) 2003-03-06
DK0910697T3 (da) 2001-09-24
EP0910697A1 (de) 1999-04-28
CN1120262C (zh) 2003-09-03
JP4046764B2 (ja) 2008-02-13
WO1998001621A1 (de) 1998-01-15
CA2250475C (en) 2005-12-27
ES2160936T3 (es) 2001-11-16
BR9710866A (pt) 2000-01-11
NO990074D0 (no) 1999-01-08
PT910697E (pt) 2001-10-30
HUP9903637A3 (en) 2001-04-28
DE59703962D1 (de) 2001-08-09
US7887629B2 (en) 2011-02-15
NO990074L (no) 1999-01-08
CN1225144A (zh) 1999-08-04
US6214166B1 (en) 2001-04-10

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