EP0899325B1 - Weichspülmittelzusammemsetzung - Google Patents

Weichspülmittelzusammemsetzung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0899325B1
EP0899325B1 EP98810753A EP98810753A EP0899325B1 EP 0899325 B1 EP0899325 B1 EP 0899325B1 EP 98810753 A EP98810753 A EP 98810753A EP 98810753 A EP98810753 A EP 98810753A EP 0899325 B1 EP0899325 B1 EP 0899325B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
alkyl
formula
alkoxy
independently
phthalocyanine
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98810753A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0899325A3 (de
EP0899325A2 (de
Inventor
Alfred HÖHENER
Roland Frick
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BASF Schweiz AG
Original Assignee
Ciba Spezialitaetenchemie Holding AG
Ciba SC Holding AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ciba Spezialitaetenchemie Holding AG, Ciba SC Holding AG filed Critical Ciba Spezialitaetenchemie Holding AG
Priority to EP98810753A priority Critical patent/EP0899325B1/de
Publication of EP0899325A2 publication Critical patent/EP0899325A2/de
Publication of EP0899325A3 publication Critical patent/EP0899325A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0899325B1 publication Critical patent/EP0899325B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/395—Bleaching agents
    • C11D3/3951—Bleaching agents combined with specific additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
    • C11D1/38—Cationic compounds
    • C11D1/62—Quaternary ammonium compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/0005—Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
    • C11D3/001—Softening compositions
    • C11D3/0015—Softening compositions liquid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/0005—Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
    • C11D3/0063—Photo- activating compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/168—Organometallic compounds or orgometallic complexes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
    • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
    • C11D3/26—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • C11D3/30—Amines; Substituted amines ; Quaternized amines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D2111/00—Cleaning compositions characterised by the objects to be cleaned; Cleaning compositions characterised by non-standard cleaning or washing processes
    • C11D2111/10—Objects to be cleaned
    • C11D2111/12—Soft surfaces, e.g. textile
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
    • C11D2111/00—Cleaning compositions characterised by the objects to be cleaned; Cleaning compositions characterised by non-standard cleaning or washing processes
    • C11D2111/40—Specific cleaning or washing processes
    • C11D2111/46—Specific cleaning or washing processes applying energy, e.g. irradiation

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a fabric softener composition and a Process for bleaching textile fiber materials using this fabric softener composition.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide water-soluble phthalocyanine compounds as a photo bleach in certain fabric softener compositions to use, which contain so-called "esterquats" as active substance, these are quaternary Ammonium compounds, at least one interrupted by carboxy groups have long chain hydrophobic alkyl or alkenyl group. Containing esterquats Fabric softeners are described, for example, in EP-A-0,239,910 or WO 95/24460.
  • the number of substituents Q 1 and Q 2 in formulas (2a) and (2b), which may be the same or different, is between 1 and 8, and, as is customary for phthalocyanines, does not have to be an integer (degree of substitution) . If other non-cationic substituents are also present, the sum of the latter and the cationic substituents is between 1 and 4.
  • the minimum number of substituents that must be present in the molecule depends on the water solubility of the resulting molecule. Sufficient water solubility is given when enough phthalocyanine compound goes into solution to cause photodynamically catalyzed oxidation on the fiber. A solubility of 0.01 mg / l may be sufficient, in general that of 0.001 to 1 g / l is appropriate.
  • Halogen means fluorine, bromine or especially chlorine.
  • the group is preferred
  • heterocyclic rings in the group the groups mentioned above are also suitable, with only the binding to the residual substituents taking place via a carbon atom.
  • phenyl, naphthyl and aromatic hetero rings can be substituted by one or two further radicals, for example by C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, halogen carboxy, carb-C 1 -C 6 - Alkoxy, hydroxy, amino, cyano, sulfo, sulfonamido etc.
  • All of the nitrogen heterocycles mentioned above can still be by alkyl groups be substituted, either on a carbon atom or on another in the ring located nitrogen atom.
  • Preferred as the alkyl group is the methyl group.
  • a - s in formula (2a) means any anion as a counterion to the positive charge of the residual molecule. It is generally introduced through the manufacturing process (quaternization). It then preferably means a halogen ion, an alkyl sulfate or an aryl sulfate ion. Of the aryl sulfate ions, the phenyl sulfonate, p-tolyl sulfonate and p-chlorophenyl sulfonate ions are mentioned.
  • any other anion can also act as the anion, since the anions can be easily exchanged in a known manner;
  • a s - can also represent a sulfate, sulfite, carbonate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, citrate, lactate or other anion of an organic carboxylic acid.
  • the index s is r for monovalent anions.
  • s assumes a value ⁇ r, which, depending on the conditions, must be such that it just compensates for the positive charge of the residual molecule.
  • C 1 -C 6 -alkyl and C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy are straight-chain or branched alkyl or alkoxy radicals such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, amyl, Isoamyl, tert-amyl or hexyl or methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, amyloxy, isoamyloxy, tert-amyloxy or hexyloxy.
  • C 2 -C 22 alkenyl means, for example, allyl, methallyl, isopropenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, isobutenyl, n-penta-2,4-dienyl, 3-methyl-but-2-enyl, n-oct-2 -enyl, n-dodec-2-enyl, iso-dodecenyl, n-dodec-2-enyl or n-octadec-4-enyl.
  • the C 8 -C 20 fatty acid residues defined for the quaternary ammonium compounds of the formula (1) are derived from saturated or unsaturated fatty acids, such as, for example, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, dodecyl; Pentadecyl; Hexadecyl or oleic acid; or decen, dodecen, tetradecen, hexadecen, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, ricinoleic acid, coconut fatty acid, or preferably tallow fatty acid.
  • saturated or unsaturated fatty acids such as, for example, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, dodecyl; Pentadecyl; Hexadecyl or oleic acid; or decen, dodecen, tetradecen, hexadecen, oleic
  • R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , B 2 , B 3 , M, M 1 , Q 1 , Q 2 , A s , T 1 , X 1 , Y 2 , Z 2 a, b, c, d, e, r, v, w have the meaning given in the formulas (2a) and (2b).
  • Quaternary ammonium compounds which can be used according to the invention are particularly preferred are those of formula (1), wherein A and B represent the rest of the formula (1b).
  • the photobleaches used according to the invention are in the fabric softener composition used in only small amounts and therefore have catalytic Effect.
  • the fabric softener compositions according to the invention preferably contain 0.0001 to 0.05, preferably 0.001 to 0.005% by weight of component (a) and 1 to 20, preferably 5 to 20% by weight of component (b).
  • the fabric softener composition according to the invention can also be that for commercially available Contain conventional additives such as alcohols, e.g. Ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, polyhydric alcohols, e.g.
  • Glycerin and propylene glycol amphoteric and nonionic surfactants such as Carboxyl derivatives of imidazole, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, hydrogenated and ethoxylated castor oil, alkyl polyglycosides, for example decyl polyglucose and dodecyl polyglucose, fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters, fatty acids, ethoxylated Fatty acid glycerides or fatty acid partial glycerides; still smaller amounts of dyes, Perfumes, buffer substances, inorganic or organic salts, e.g.
  • amphoteric and nonionic surfactants such as Carboxyl derivatives of imidazole, ethoxylated fatty alcohols, hydrogenated and ethoxylated castor oil, alkyl polyglycosides, for example decyl polyglucose and dodecyl polyglucose, fatty alcohols, fatty acid est
  • water soluble Potassium, sodium or magnesium salts non-aqueous solvents, pH buffers, perfumes, Dyes, hydrotroping agents, anti-foaming agents, corrosion inhibitors, anti-redeposition agents, Viscosity regulators, in particular polymeric or other thickeners, stabilizers, Enzymes, optical brighteners, anti-enema agents, anti-stain agents, antimicrobials, germicides, Fungicides, antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors and wrinkle free agents.
  • the fabric softener composition according to the invention is usually liquid.
  • the one in it Active ingredients contained are preferably emulsified in water.
  • the production takes place usually in such a way that the active substance, i.e. the quaternary ammonium compound of the formula (1) stirred in water in the molten state, then optionally Add further desired additives and finally, after cooling, the Add phthalocyanine compound as a dilute stock solution.
  • the composition according to the invention is used in the for known Fabric softener usual way, the photobleaching agent only by irradiation with Light takes effect, e.g. in US-A-4,166,718.
  • the photobleaching agent only by irradiation with Light takes effect, e.g. in US-A-4,166,718.
  • a washing cycle in a liquor containing an inventive
  • Contains fabric softener composition aftertreated in one rinse cycle.
  • Irradiation with visible and / or infrared light or in daylight can take place directly in the fabric softener liquor, for example by means of a corresponding artificial light source in the washing machine.
  • the radiation can also be preferred after removing the textiles from the rinsing bath in a damp state, whereby sunlight is preferably used as the light source.
  • the exposure can be in this case expediently take place while the textiles are drying.
  • the textiles are not on the line, but dried in a tumble dryer, for example, the exposure also take place during this drying process, for example by a suitable one artificial light source, which is attached to or in the dryer.
  • a suitable one artificial light source which is attached to or in the dryer.
  • oxygen is also required for the effectiveness of the photobleaching agent.
  • the (dissolved) oxygen present in the wash liquor is sufficient (the liquor should if possible contain no reducing agent) or the oxygen dissolved in the moisture and atmospheric oxygen if the exposure is outside the bath.
  • textile fiber materials with the inventive fabric softener composition can be treated, e.g. Silk, wool, polyamide materials or polyurethanes, and in particular cellulose-containing fiber materials of all kinds in Consideration.
  • Such fiber materials are, for example, the natural cellulose fiber, such as Cotton, linen, jute and hemp, as well as cellulose and regenerated cellulose.
  • Prefers are textile fiber materials made of cotton.
  • the fabric softener compositions according to the invention are also suitable for fibers containing hydroxyl groups in mixed fabrics are included, e.g. Mixtures of cotton with polyester fibers or polyamide fibers.
  • the effect of the photo bleaching agent will remove stains from the treated Tissue significantly improved. This also allows color transfers between individual pieces of tissue can be prevented or reduced.
  • composition according to the invention has the advantage that the essential components in their effect do not influence each other, that is Bleaching action of the photo bleaching agent through the quaternary ammonium compound and conversely is not affected.
  • Bleaching agent compositions are already known from US-A-4,240,920 and US-A-4,255,273 known, which is a metal phthalocyanine and a surface-active quaternary ammonium compound contain.
  • the quaternary ammonium compound used is significantly different from the compounds used in the present application.
  • a viscous, homogeneous liquid is created.
  • Example 5 (comparative example )
  • Y brightness values
  • Table 2 Formulation from example without exposure with 2 h exposure Y [%] ⁇ Y Y [%] ⁇ Y 1 68.1 71.1 2 67.9 -0.2 74 2.9 3rd 67.3 -0.8 75.9 4.8 4th 67.6 -0.5 77.8 6.7
  • Example 6 (Comparative example ) The procedure is as described in Example 5, with the difference that cotton fabric soiled with tea is used.
  • Example 7 (Comparative example ) The procedure is as described in Example 5, with the difference that cotton fabric soiled with coffee is used.
  • the fabric After washing, the fabric is rinsed under running water.
  • 1 part of the fabric is ironed dry. 1 part of the fabric soiled with wine and coffee is exposed for 4 hours under Osram lamps and then ironed dry.
  • the tissue soiled with tea is exposed to moisture under Osram lamps for 2 hours and subsequently ironed dry.
  • results of the washing test of the tea soiled tissue tissue soiled with tea Y (start) 35.5 after 1 wash cycle after 3 washing cycles after 5 washing cycles exposure without 2 hours without 2 hours without 2 hours Y ⁇ Y Y ⁇ Y Y ⁇ Y Y ⁇ Y Y ⁇ Y Y ⁇ Y Formulation 8a) 40.6 40.7 41.2 44.7 41.3 49.9 Formulation 8b) 40.2 -0.4 43.4 2.7 41.6 0.4 53.4 8.7 41.6 0.3 63.5 13.6

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Nitrogen Condensed Heterocyclic Rings (AREA)
EP98810753A 1997-08-15 1998-08-06 Weichspülmittelzusammemsetzung Expired - Lifetime EP0899325B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP98810753A EP0899325B1 (de) 1997-08-15 1998-08-06 Weichspülmittelzusammemsetzung

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP97810573 1997-08-15
EP97810573 1997-08-15
EP98810753A EP0899325B1 (de) 1997-08-15 1998-08-06 Weichspülmittelzusammemsetzung

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0899325A2 EP0899325A2 (de) 1999-03-03
EP0899325A3 EP0899325A3 (de) 1999-07-21
EP0899325B1 true EP0899325B1 (de) 2001-12-19

Family

ID=8230344

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98810753A Expired - Lifetime EP0899325B1 (de) 1997-08-15 1998-08-06 Weichspülmittelzusammemsetzung

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US6583105B1 (https=)
EP (1) EP0899325B1 (https=)
JP (1) JPH11172575A (https=)
KR (1) KR100505528B1 (https=)
AU (1) AU747856B2 (https=)
BR (1) BR9803753A (https=)
DE (1) DE59802506D1 (https=)
ES (1) ES2169492T3 (https=)
ID (1) ID20699A (https=)
NZ (1) NZ331196A (https=)
ZA (1) ZA987302B (https=)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1320090C (zh) * 2002-09-04 2007-06-06 西巴特殊化学品控股有限公司 包含水溶性颗粒的制剂

Families Citing this family (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ATE272104T1 (de) 1998-05-18 2004-08-15 Ciba Sc Holding Ag Wasserlösliche granulate von phthalocyaninverbindungen
EP0959123B1 (de) * 1998-05-18 2004-07-28 Ciba SC Holding AG Wasserlösliche Granulate von Phthalocyaninverbindungen
US6645928B1 (en) * 1999-03-05 2003-11-11 Case Western Reserve University Hydrophobic liquid photobleaches
KR100554479B1 (ko) * 2002-09-11 2006-03-03 씨제이라이온 주식회사 염착 얼룩 방지 세탁용 착염
KR100502955B1 (ko) * 2002-10-11 2005-07-21 씨제이라이온 주식회사 염착얼룩방지 세탁용 과립조성물
US7345016B2 (en) * 2003-06-27 2008-03-18 The Procter & Gamble Company Photo bleach lipophilic fluid cleaning compositions
ES2317370T3 (es) * 2005-09-06 2009-04-16 Clariant (Brazil) S.A. Composiciones acuosas estables de esteres cuates.
GB0717485D0 (en) * 2007-09-08 2007-10-17 Unilever Plc Improvements relating to fabric conditioners
EP2188358B1 (en) * 2007-09-08 2011-04-06 Unilever PLC Improvements relating to fabric conditioners
CN103147267B (zh) * 2013-03-06 2015-07-15 浙江传化股份有限公司 一种低温练漂剂及其制备方法
EP3831917A1 (en) 2015-01-19 2021-06-09 Diversey, Inc. Drying-aid for laundry
EP3805346B1 (en) 2019-10-08 2024-08-14 The Procter & Gamble Company A method of laundering fabric
US20240374769A1 (en) * 2023-05-09 2024-11-14 The Procter & Gamble Company Light activated cleaning composition

Family Cites Families (15)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1408144A (en) 1972-06-02 1975-10-01 Procter & Gamble Ltd Bleaching process
US4033718A (en) * 1973-11-27 1977-07-05 The Procter & Gamble Company Photoactivated bleaching process
CA1064797A (en) 1975-04-03 1979-10-23 Brandon H. Wiers Photoactivated bleach-compositions and process
CH630127A5 (de) 1977-03-25 1982-05-28 Ciba Geigy Ag Verfahren zum bleichen von textilien.
EP0003371A1 (en) 1978-01-11 1979-08-08 THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY Composition containing a cationic substance and a photoactivator for improved washing and bleaching of fabrics
CA1104451A (en) * 1978-02-28 1981-07-07 Manuel Juan De Luque Detergent bleach composition and process
MX155643A (es) * 1980-02-29 1988-04-11 Ciba Geigy Ag Composicion blanqueadora de telas
ATE12254T1 (de) * 1980-12-22 1985-04-15 Unilever Nv Einen photoaktivator enthaltende zusammensetzung mit verbesserter bleichwirkung.
JP2855287B2 (ja) 1990-08-22 1999-02-10 ライオン株式会社 柔軟剤組成物
ES2094795T3 (es) * 1990-11-02 1997-02-01 Ici Plc Ftalocianinas polisustituidas.
JP3330200B2 (ja) 1993-09-14 2002-09-30 花王株式会社 液体漂白剤組成物
ES2150002T3 (es) * 1994-07-19 2000-11-16 Procter & Gamble Perfumes para composiciones destinadas a lavar y limpiar.
IL116638A0 (en) 1995-01-12 1996-05-14 Procter & Gamble Method and compositions for laundering fabrics
US5679661A (en) 1995-07-25 1997-10-21 The Procter & Gamble Company Low hue photodisinfectants
US5916481A (en) * 1995-07-25 1999-06-29 The Procter & Gamble Company Low hue photobleaches

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN1320090C (zh) * 2002-09-04 2007-06-06 西巴特殊化学品控股有限公司 包含水溶性颗粒的制剂

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ZA987302B (en) 1999-02-15
NZ331196A (en) 2000-01-28
ES2169492T3 (es) 2002-07-01
EP0899325A3 (de) 1999-07-21
ID20699A (id) 1999-02-18
EP0899325A2 (de) 1999-03-03
AU8000698A (en) 1999-02-25
DE59802506D1 (de) 2002-01-31
KR100505528B1 (ko) 2005-11-09
US6583105B1 (en) 2003-06-24
BR9803753A (pt) 1999-12-07
KR19990023559A (ko) 1999-03-25
JPH11172575A (ja) 1999-06-29
AU747856B2 (en) 2002-05-23

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