EP0854050B1 - Recording medium for printer - Google Patents
Recording medium for printer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0854050B1 EP0854050B1 EP19970123044 EP97123044A EP0854050B1 EP 0854050 B1 EP0854050 B1 EP 0854050B1 EP 19970123044 EP19970123044 EP 19970123044 EP 97123044 A EP97123044 A EP 97123044A EP 0854050 B1 EP0854050 B1 EP 0854050B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- printer
- recording medium
- ink
- layer
- dye fixation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/50—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording
- B41M5/52—Macromolecular coatings
- B41M5/5227—Macromolecular coatings characterised by organic non-macromolecular additives, e.g. UV-absorbers, plasticisers, surfactants
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
- B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
- B41M5/50—Recording sheets characterised by the coating used to improve ink, dye or pigment receptivity, e.g. for ink-jet or thermal dye transfer recording
- B41M5/52—Macromolecular coatings
- B41M5/5218—Macromolecular coatings characterised by inorganic additives, e.g. pigments, clays
Definitions
- This invention relates to a recording medium for a printer containing an interlayer compound for fixing and holding a water-soluble dye by an intercalation reaction which is based on the ion exchange action.
- an ink jet recording system of emitting an aqueous ink containing a water-soluble dye onto a recording medium for a printer for forming an image from a recording nozzle having an electrical field, heat or the pressure as a driving source.
- the dye used in general in this ink jet recording system is held on the dye fixing layer, after it is transferred to the dye fixing layer, by the force of interaction with constituent components of the dye fixing layer, such as the Van del Waals force or hydrogen linkage.
- the solvent such as water
- the dye tends to be dissolved from the dye fixing layer to the solvent thus causing image blurring.
- the heat energy or the water vapor sufficient to counteract the Van del Waals force or the hydrogen linkage between the water-soluble dye making up the image and the constituent elements of the dye fixing layer is supplied to the recording medium for the printer, the water-soluble dye tends to be moved to cause the image blurring.
- the water-soluble dye making up the image is exposed to light rays of a higher energy, such as ultraviolet light, the image tends to be faded or changed in color tone or or lowered in concentration due to decomposition of the dye itself.
- EP-A-0 732 218 discloses an ink-jet recording element comprising a polymeric film substrat or a resin coated paper substrate, wherein an ink-receiving layer comprising a synthetic clay is coated thereon.
- the provision of said synthetic clay results in a printed image with both an improved waterfastness and light-fastness.
- EP-A-0 633 143 discloses a printing paper containing an intercalation compound that may fix water-soluble dyes to the paper due to the intercalation based on ion-exchanging between them.
- the present inventors have conducted perseverant researches and have found that, if an organic acid is newly added besides the organic acid used for improving the fixation between the interlayer compound and the aqueous ink, the image formed on the recording medium for the printer can be improved significantly in light-fastness.
- the preset invention provides a recording medium for a printer containing an interlayer compound used for fixing and holding a water-soluble dye by an intercalation reaction which is based on the ion exchange action, wherein at least one organic acid is contained in an amount of 5 to 100 wt% related to the interlayer compound.
- the organic acid is contained in an amount of 5 to 100 wt%, related to the interlayer compound, not only the ink fixation properties and water-proofness can be improved in forming an image on a recording medium, but also the light-fastness of an image can be improved.
- the content of the organic acid is less than 5 wt%, the image is lowered in water-proofness and light-fastness. If the content of the organic acid exceeds 100 wt%, the proportion of the resin is correspondingly decreased, thus lowering adhesion and water-proofness to lead to lowered ink permeation and loss of luster as the recording medium thus detracting from the image quality.
- the organic acid 5 preferably has 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the recording medium for a printer is made up at least of a substrate and a dye fixation layer formed of a binder resin and which is formed on a substrate.
- the interlayer compound is contained in the dye fixation layer in an amount of 10 to 90 wt% related to the solid content in the dye fixation layer.
- the content of the interlayer compound is less than 10 wt%, the dye fixing effect is lowered, whereas, if the content of the interlayer compound exceeds 90 wt%, the resin content in the solid content making up the dye fixation layer is relatively decreased to lower the flexibility.
- a layered inorganic high molecular material, formed of a mineral of the hydrotalcite group, is preferably employed.
- the recording medium for a printer is made up of a substrate, a dye fixation layer formed of a binder resin and an ink absorbing layer formed of an ink-absorbing resin.
- the ink-absorbing resin is formed on the dye fixation layer, while the dye fixation layer is formed on the substrate.
- An organic acid is contained in the ink absorbing layer in an amount of 10 to 150 wt% related to the weight of the ink-absorbing resin.
- the image is lowered in water-proofness and light-fastness. If the content of the organic acid exceeds 150 wt%, the amount of the resin is correspondingly decreased, thus lowering adhesion and water-proofness to lead to lowered ink permeation and loss of luster as the recording medium thus detracting from the image quality.
- the recording medium for the printer may be a double-layered structure comprised of a substrate and a dye fixation layer of a binder resin formed thereon, or a three-layered structure additionally including an ink absorbing layer of an ink-absorbing resin formed on the dye fixation layer.
- the interlayer compound is contained in the dye fixation layer while the organic acid is contained in at least one of the dye fixation layer and the ink absorbing layer.
- the recording medium for a printer according to the present invention has durability comparable to a silver halide photo, such that it can be satisfactorily used as a certification photo or as printed matter for outdoor display purposes.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic view showing a structure of a recording medium for a printer embodying the present invention.
- Fig.2 is a schematic view showing another structure of a recording medium for a printer embodying the present invention.
- Fig.3 is a schematic view showing still another structure of a recording medium for a printer embodying the present invention.
- Fig.4 is a schematic view showing yet another structure of a recording medium for a printer embodying the present invention.
- the recording medium for a printer contains an interlayer compound for fixing and holding the water-soluble dye by an intercalation reaction based on the ion exchange action and also contains at least one organic acid in an amount of 5 to 100 wt% related to the weight of the interlayer compound.
- the organic acid thus added to the recording medium for a printer, improves the fixation between the interlayer compound and the aqueous ink. Moreover, if added in a pre-set amount to an ink absorbing layer and a dye fixation layer, the organic acid accords superior ink filtration characteristics and water-proofness, while improving the light-fastness of the image formed on the recording medium for the printer.
- the amount of the organic acid is less than 5 wt%, the image is lowered in water-proofness and light-fastness. If the amount of the organic acid exceeds 100 wt%, adhesion to a substrate and to other layers is lowered to deteriorate water-proofness, while the permeation characteristics of the aqueous ink is lowered and the recording medium becomes delustered to detract from the picture quality.
- the recording medium for the printer according to the present invention is composed at least of a substrate and a dye fixation layer of a binder resin formed on the substrate. That is, the recording medium for the printer may be of a double layer structure composed of a substrate and the dye fixation layer formed of the binder resin and which is formed on the substrate. Alternatively, the recording medium for the printer may be of a three-layered structure further including an ink absorption layer on the dye fixation layer.
- the interlayer compound is contained in the dye fixation layer, whilst the organic layer is contained in at least one of the dye fixation layer and the ink absorption layer.
- a first embodiment of the recording medium for a printer is of a double-layer structure, made up of a substrate 1 and a dye fixation layer 2, formed in this order, as shown in Fig. 1.
- An interlayer compound 4 and at least one organic acid 5 are contained in the dye fixation layer 2.
- a second embodiment of the recording medium for a printer is of a three-layer structure composed of a substrate 1, a dye fixation layer 2 and an ink absorbing layer 3, formed in this order, and an interlayer compound 4 and at least one organic acid 5 are contained in the dye fixation layer 2, as shown in Fig.2.
- the ink absorbing layer 3 absorbs water or alcohols, used as solvents for the aqueous ink used, to improve permeation characteristics of the aqueous ink.
- a third embodiment of the recording medium for a printer is of a three-layer structure and contains the interlayer compound 4 in the dye fixation layer 2, while containing at least one organic acid 5 in the ink absorbing layer 3.
- a fourth embodiment of the recording medium for a printer is of a three-layer structure, and contains an interlayer compound 4 and at least one organic acid 5 in the dye fixation layer 2, while containing at least one organic acid 5 in the ink absorbing layer 3.
- the desired meritorious effect may be achieved.
- the ink absorbing layer 3, however, is preferably provided for improving ink absorption properties.
- the recording medium for the printer according to the present invention is characterized in that 5 to 100 wt% of the organic acid 5 is contained in the interlayer compound 4. If, however, the organic acid 5 is contained in the ink absorbing layer 3, as in the third and fourth embodiments, it is more preferred that the amount of the organic acid 5 in the ink absorbing layer 3 be 10 to 150 wt% based on the weight of the ink absorbing resin.
- the image is lowered in water-proofness and light-fastness. If the amount of the organic acid 5 exceeds 150 wt%, the proportion of the resin is proportionately lowered, thus leading to the lowering of adhesion, water-proofness and ink infiltration and to a loss of luster as a recording medium to detract from the image quality.
- the organic acids may be enumerated by carboxylic acid, sulfonic acid, sulfinic acids, enol, imide, oxime and aromatic sulfonamide.
- the number of these organic acids is preferably 1 to 20. These organic acids may be used alone or in combination.
- the dye fixation layer preferably contains the interlayer compound in an amount of 10 to 90 wt% related to the solid content in the dye fixation layer.
- the amount of the interlayer compound is less than 5 wt%, the dye fixation effect is lowered. Conversely, if the amount of the interlayer compound exceeds 90 wt%, the content of the resin in the solid content making up the dye fixation layer is relatively lowered to deteriorate the flexibility.
- this interlayer compound it is preferred to use a layered inorganic high molecular material having excellent water absorption or water swelling properties and exhibiting an anion exchange capability.
- a mineral of the hydrotalcite group having exchange anions is preferably employed.
- natural minerals of the hydrotalcite group having the composition of Mg 0.7 Al 0.3 O 1.15 is preferred.
- synthesized products having a slightly different composition may also be used.
- fine powders of the synthesized product are free of foreign matter, and present a pure white color, with crystals per se being optically transparent.
- the fine powders of the synthesized product are contained in the dye fixation layer as the interlayer compound, an image can be formed which has a color saturation comparable to that of silver halide photos.
- such a mineral corresponding to the mineral of the hydrotalcite group having, in its ion exchange site, inorganic ions, such as NO 3 - , SO 4 2- , CLO 4 - , Fe(CN) 6 -4 , ions of heteropolyphosphric acid, or lower carboxylate ions having hydrophilic organic anions, capable of undergoing solvation with a high dielectric constant medium, such as water or alcohol, may be used.
- higher carboxylate ions tend to give an interlayer which hardly undergoes solvation and hence are not desirable.
- an interlayer compound having a portion of exchange anions replaced by organic anions for widening the interlayer separation (pillar effect) or partially hyrophobilizing the interlayer may be used.
- Preferred organic anions may be enumerated by carboxylic acid anions, sulfonic acid anions, ester anions or phosphoric acid ester anions.
- the dye fixation layer making up the recording medium for the printer contains a binder resin in addition to the above-mentioned interlayer compounds.
- a binder resin hydrophilic resins having the operation of increasing the dispersibility of the interlayer compound in the dye fixation layer and for permeating the solvent for the aqueous ink, such as water or alcohol, may be used.
- thermoplastic resins any ordinary thermoplastic resins may be used. These thermoplastic resins may be exemplified by acetalized vinyl alcohols, such as polyvinyl butyral resins, cellulose-based resins, such as hydroxy propyl cellulose resins, polyvinyl pyrrolidone based resins, such as pyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol resins and polyvinyl acetal resins. These binder resins may be used alone or in combination. Those binder resins having substituents instigating flocculation in the binder resins or inhibiting image fixation, such as groups more liable to be ion-exchanged and held than the water-soluble dyes, are not preferred.
- the layer thickness of the dye fixation layer is usually 2 to 40 ⁇ m and preferably 4 to 15 ⁇ m.
- hydrophilic resins permeated through by solvents for the aqueous ink used in the recording method of the present invention, such as water or alcohol, are used.
- ink absorbing resins hydroxy propyl cellulose based resins, polyamide resins, polyvinyl pyrrolidone based resins, polyvinyl alcohol based resins or polyvinyl butyral based resins, may be used. These ink absorbing resins may be used alone or in combination.
- the layer thickness of the ink absorbing layer is usually 1 to 5 ⁇ m and preferably 0.5 to 1.5 ⁇ m. If the layer thickness of the ink absorbing layer is not more than 0.1 ⁇ m, absorption of the aqueous ink falls short, whereas, if the layer thickness is above 5 ⁇ m, the aqueous ink is absorbed by the ink absorbing layer to lower the permeating properties of the ink in the interlayer compound used for accepting and holding the dye.
- a recording medium for a printer comprised of an interlayer compound 4 and an organic acid 5 contained in a dye fixation layer 2 provided on a substrate 1, was readied, as shown in Fig.2, while an ink containing a direct dye and an acidic dye as the water-soluble dye, was readied.
- an image recorded on a recording medium for a printer was checked as to durability.
- a binder resin 4 g of a polyvinyl alcohol resin (manufactured by NIPPON GOSEI KAGAKU under a trade name of KH-20, were added to and dissolved in a mixed solvent of 14 g of ethyl alcohol and 64 g of water.
- hydrotalcite treated with an organic acid 4 g of hydrotalcite manufactured by KYOWA KAGAKU under the trade name of KW2200 to which was adsorbed 2.5 g equivalent of malic acid
- the resulting mass was subjected to dispersion processing for eight hours in a sand mill to produce a liquid dispersion designed for forming the dye fixation layer.
- 0.8 g of phthalic acid as the organic acid 5 was dissolved in this liquid dispersion adapted for forming the dye fixation layer.
- the liquid dispersion adapted for forming the dye fixation layer was coated on a transparent polyester film substrate 125 ⁇ m in thickness (manufactured by TORAY under the trade name of 'Lumilar-T-60) to a dry thickness of 4 ⁇ m.
- the resulting product was dried under a condition of 100°C and one minute for completing the dye fixation layer 2.
- a liquid dispersion for the dye fixation layer was prepared using p-toluene sulfonic acid, benzene sulfinic acid, ethyl acetoacetate, phthalimide and benzaldoxim in place of phthalic acid.
- Five samples were fabricated in otherwise the same way as in sample 1.
- a recording medium for a printer (sample 8) was prepared in the same way as in sample 1, except that the amount of addition of dissolved phthalic acid was changed to 0.24 g for preparing the liquid dispersion designed for forming the dye fixation layer 2.
- a recording medium for a printer (sample 9) was prepared in the same way as in sample 1, except that phthalic acid was removed from the liquid dispersion adapted for forming the dye fixation layer employed in the sample.
- a recording medium for a printer (sample 10) was prepared in the same way as in sample 1, except that the amount of addition of dissolved phthalic acid was changed to 4.4 g, for preparing the liquid dispersion for forming the dye fixation layer 2.
- Printing samples were recorded on the recording mediums for the printer of the samples 1 to 10 prepared as described above, using an ink jet printer manufactured by SEIKO EPSON under the trade name of MJ-800C for forming an image.
- the luster, water-proofness, ink fixation and light-fastness of the recording mediums for the printer were checked as now explained.
- the luster of the substrate after formation of the dye fixation layer 2 was measured by a gloss-meter manufactured by NIPPON DENSYOKU KOGYO KK under the trade name of VG-1D, under the condition of an incidence reflection angle of 45°, using a transparent polyester substrate prior to formation of the dye fixation layer 2 as a reference.
- the results are shown in Table 1.
- each sample carrying the above image was irradiated with an energy of 90 kJ/m 2 by WEATHER-OMETER manufactured by ATLAS for 72 hours for measuring *L, *a and *b of the image of each sample irradiated with the energy.
- color difference ⁇ E [( ⁇ *L) 2 + ( ⁇ *a) 2 +( ⁇ *b) 2 ] 1 ⁇ 2
- ⁇ *L, ⁇ *a and ⁇ *b stand for differences of *L, *a and *b before and after test, respectively and
- the recording mediums for a printer of samples 1 to 8, containing one or more organic acids in the dye fixation layer containing in turn the interlayer compound 4 are significantly superior in water-proofness, ink fixation and light-fastness to the recording medium for a printer of the sample 9 not containing the organic acid 5.
- the dye fixation layer contain the organic acid in an amount exceeding 100 wt% based on the weight of the interlayer compound, as in the sample 10, because then the properties as the recording medium for the printer are deteriorated.
- a recording medium for a printer containing an interlayer compound 4 in a dye fixation layer 2 on a substrate 1 and also containing an organic acid 5 in an ink absorbing layer 3 was readied, while an ink containing a direct dye and an acidic dye as the water-soluble dye was readied. Using these, an image recorded on the recording medium for the printer was checked.
- a binder resin 4 g of a polyvinyl alcohol resin (manufactured by NIPPON GOSEI KAGAKU under a trade name of KH-20, were added to and dissolved in a mixed solvent of 14 g of ethyl alcohol and 64 g of water. To this solution was added hydrotalcite treated with an organic acid (4 g of hydrotalcite manufactured by KYOWA KAGAKU under the trade name of KW2200 to which was adsorbed 2.5 g equivalent of malic acid), as an interlayer compound 4, and the resulting mass was subjected to dispersion processing for eight hours in a sand mill to produce a liquid dispersion adapted for forming the dye fixation layer.
- a polyvinyl alcohol resin manufactured by NIPPON GOSEI KAGAKU under a trade name of KH-20
- the liquid dispersion adapted for forming the dye fixation layer was coated on a transparent polyester film substrate 125 ⁇ m in thickness (manufactured by TORAY under the trade name of 'Lumilar-T-60) to a dry thickness of 4 ⁇ m.
- the resulting product was dried under a condition of 100°C and one minute for completing the dye fixation layer 2.
- a solution for the ink absorbing layer 3 was prepared using p-toluene sulfonic acid, benzene sulfinic acid, ethyl acetoacetate, phthalimide and benzaldoxim in place of phthalic acid.
- Five samples were fabricated in otherwise the same way as in sample 1.
- a recording medium for a printer (sample 18) was prepared in the same way as in sample 11, except that the amount of addition of dissolved phthalic acid was changed to 0.24 g for preparing the solution for forming the ink absorbing layer.
- a recording medium for a printer (sample 19) was prepared in the same way as in sample 11, except that phthalic acid was removed from the solution for forming the dye fixation layer employed in the sample 11.
- a recording medium for a printer (sample 20) was prepared in the same way as in sample 11, except that the amount of addition of dissolved phthalic acid was changed to 3.2 g for preparing the liquid dispersion for forming the dye fixation layer. Evaluation of Experiment 2 Printing samples were recorded on the recording mediums for the printer of the samples 11 to 20 prepared as described above, using an ink jet printer for forming images. The luster, water-proofness, ink fixation and light-fastness of the recording mediums for the printer were checked, as in experiment 1. The results are shown in Table 2.
- the recording mediums for a printer of samples 11 to 18, containing one or more organic acids in the ink absorbing layer 3, are significantly superior in water-proofness, ink fixation and light-fastness to the recording medium for a printer of the sample 19 not containing the organic acid 5.
- the dye fixation layer contain the organic acid in an amount exceeding 100 wt% based on the weight of the interlayer compound, as in the sample 20, because then the properties as the recording medium for the printer are deteriorated.
- a recording medium for a printer containing an interlayer compound 4 and an organic acid 5 in a dye fixation layer 2 on a substrate 1 and also containing an organic acid 5 in an ink absorbing layer 3, was readied, while an ink containing a direct dye and an acidic dye as the water-soluble dye was also readied. Using these, an image recorded on the recording medium for the printer was checked.
- a liquid dispersion for a dye fixation layer 0.8 g of phthalic acid was dissolved, whereas, for preparing a solution for forming an ink absorbing layer, 0.96 g of phthalic acid was dissolved. Using these, a recording medium for a printer (sample 21) was prepared.
- the recording mediums for a printer of samples 21 and 22, containing one or more organic acids in the dye fixation layer 2 and the ink absorbing layer 3, are significantly superior in water-proofness, ink fixation and light-fastness to the recording medium for a printer of the sample 23 not containing the organic acid 5.
Landscapes
- Ink Jet Recording Methods And Recording Media Thereof (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Ink Jet (AREA)
- Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP580697 | 1997-01-16 | ||
JP00580697A JP3750245B2 (ja) | 1997-01-16 | 1997-01-16 | プリンタ用記録媒体 |
JP5806/97 | 1997-01-16 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0854050A2 EP0854050A2 (en) | 1998-07-22 |
EP0854050A3 EP0854050A3 (en) | 1998-07-29 |
EP0854050B1 true EP0854050B1 (en) | 2002-03-06 |
Family
ID=11621335
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19970123044 Expired - Lifetime EP0854050B1 (en) | 1997-01-16 | 1997-12-31 | Recording medium for printer |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0854050B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3750245B2 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69710862D1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2006041228A1 (ja) * | 2004-10-15 | 2006-04-20 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | 微細多孔質体部位を有する物品及びその製造方法、並びに、それによって作られたインクジェット用被記録媒体 |
JP4693782B2 (ja) * | 2004-11-19 | 2011-06-01 | キヤノン株式会社 | インクジェット用記録媒体及びその製造方法 |
JP2007083624A (ja) | 2005-09-22 | 2007-04-05 | Fujifilm Corp | 記録媒体及び記録媒体の製造方法 |
CN108779591B (zh) | 2016-01-15 | 2021-03-09 | 耐克创新有限合伙公司 | 制造具有针织部件的鞋类鞋面的方法 |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS61135785A (ja) * | 1984-12-07 | 1986-06-23 | Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd | インクジエツト記録媒体 |
EP0614771B1 (en) * | 1993-03-10 | 1998-12-16 | Asahi Glass Company Ltd. | Recording sheet having a colorant-absorbing layer |
JP3271065B2 (ja) * | 1993-05-19 | 2002-04-02 | ソニー株式会社 | 熱転写画像受像層転着用シート |
JP3451718B2 (ja) * | 1993-07-08 | 2003-09-29 | ソニー株式会社 | 印画紙、その製造のための染料受容層形成用組成物及びそれらを使用する画像形成方法 |
EP0732218A1 (en) * | 1995-03-16 | 1996-09-18 | Agfa-Gevaert N.V. | Ink-receiving layers for ink-jet recording elements |
-
1997
- 1997-01-16 JP JP00580697A patent/JP3750245B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-12-31 DE DE69710862T patent/DE69710862D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-12-31 EP EP19970123044 patent/EP0854050B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0854050A3 (en) | 1998-07-29 |
DE69710862D1 (de) | 2002-04-11 |
JPH10193779A (ja) | 1998-07-28 |
JP3750245B2 (ja) | 2006-03-01 |
EP0854050A2 (en) | 1998-07-22 |
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