EP0842315A1 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zur herstellung eines insbesondere textilen hohlkörpers - Google Patents
Vorrichtung und verfahren zur herstellung eines insbesondere textilen hohlkörpersInfo
- Publication number
- EP0842315A1 EP0842315A1 EP96901741A EP96901741A EP0842315A1 EP 0842315 A1 EP0842315 A1 EP 0842315A1 EP 96901741 A EP96901741 A EP 96901741A EP 96901741 A EP96901741 A EP 96901741A EP 0842315 A1 EP0842315 A1 EP 0842315A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- main part
- side plates
- blanks
- sewing
- suction
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D05—SEWING; EMBROIDERING; TUFTING
- D05B—SEWING
- D05B39/00—Workpiece carriers
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
- D10B2505/00—Industrial
- D10B2505/12—Vehicles
- D10B2505/124—Air bags
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for producing a hollow body from blanks obtained from at least one material web, in particular from textile material, and to a method for producing the hollow body using the device.
- Hollow bodies of this type are required for the production of airbags, but also for seat or pillowcases. Instead of textile material, plastic films can also be used.
- the present invention provides a device which automates the bringing together of the blanks. This is done using a main part of the device in the form of a ring-like self-contained plate, two side plates that match the sides of the main part, and one or two sewing devices.
- a main part of the device in the form of a ring-like self-contained plate, two side plates that match the sides of the main part, and one or two sewing devices.
- the blanks can also be sucked in electrostatically.
- Automatic sewing devices can run around the edges of the side plates and the main part. Instead, there may be a sewing machine that is rotated relative to the main part with one or both side plates. The sewing machine can be moved horizontally.
- a blank is sucked onto the inner wall of the main part. Furthermore, a blank is sucked into the inner walls of the two side plates. After the main part and side plates have been brought together, the three blanks project seam strips that overlap each other. These seam strips are now sewn together by the automatic sewing devices or the sewing machine. After switching off the suction devices and removing a side plate from the main part, the sewn hollow body can be removed.
- An automatic movement device can be used to separate and bring together the side plates and the main part. These, the sewing devices or the sewing machine and the suction devices can be coupled to one another for the required functional sequence.
- points, holes or sections serving for adjustment can be provided on the edges of the side plates and the main part and on the edges of the blanks. This enables a very precise application by hand.
- the blanks can also be removed mechanically from each container and created with sufficient accuracy.
- One or an automatic sewing device for each side can be guided around a robot arm on each of the two edges of the main part and side plates.
- the other end of the robot arm can be fixed or, for example, in a portal robot in rails.
- B. be guided horizontally and vertically.
- a robot can be guided around the main part in a circular, stationary guide in the manner of a ring wheel. Exemplary embodiments with further features of the invention are described below with reference to the drawings.
- Figure 1 is a plan view of a main blank.
- Figure 2 is a side view of the main body blank and a front view of one side body blank.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view of the main part blank, seen from above in FIG. 2.
- Figure 4 is a perspective view of the body section and front side section section.
- Figure 5 shows the main part of a recording device in section along line A-A in Figure 6, and the two side plates in a vertical section.
- FIG. 6 is a side view of the main part of the pickup device seen from the left in FIG. 5 without the side plates.
- FIG. 7 is an enlarged illustration of the upper left corner of FIG. 5, but with the left side plate moved up in the sewing position.
- Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of an insertion part of a sewing device for seam strips.
- FIG. 9 shows in perspective a stationary receiving device with two closed side plates, as well as a stationary robot that moves an automatic sewing device around one edge of the device.
- Figure 10 shows in perspective within a gantry robot that guides two automatic sewing devices, a stationary receiving device with two closed side plates; the one side plate, however, still in a second position, namely folded down.
- the starting point is a material web, which preferably consists of textile material made of synthetic fibers, but also of other material, e.g. Plastic film could exist.
- a material web which preferably consists of textile material made of synthetic fibers, but also of other material, e.g. Plastic film could exist.
- blanks are produced from one or two material webs of different widths, namely for a relatively long main part and two side parts per hollow body.
- the cutting is done in a known manner by punching, by laser cutting or by ultrasonic cutting. Reinforcements, tether straps and the like can be attached to all or some of the blanks in a known manner.
- blanks in particular of textile material, which are sewn together to form an airbag hollow body, which should not rule out that blanks, also of a different material and in other ways, are connected to one another, e.g. by gluing or welding, and that the hollow bodies serve other purposes, e.g. as seat or pillowcases.
- FIG. 1 shows a main part blank 10 in plan view.
- its upper and lower ends have the same widths, while its central part is widened opposite them, but can have any other desired shape.
- the upper and lower ends of the blank 10 are used at 12 to connect a gas generator. The result is an annular main part.
- FIG. 2 shows a typical shape of the main part blank 10 after it has been closed in by bends.
- FIG. 3 shows the same main part blank 10 in a top view (corresponding to FIG. 2 from above).
- FIG. 4 shows the main part cut perspective.
- FIGS. 2 and 4 also show the front side panel blank 14.
- Figures 5 and 6 show, shown very schematically, a device for holding and sewing the three blanks.
- a receiving device 8 has a main part 16 and two side plates 18, 19.
- the main part 16 is a cylinder, but not a circular cylinder. This means that its inner surface consists of straight lines, such as 21 and 22 in FIG. 5, which are all mutually parallel.
- the main part 16 has suction openings 24 all around, distributed over its inner surface, only a few of which are shown here. Channels (not shown here) lead from the intake openings 24 to an intake line 26.
- the two side plates also have intake openings 24 and one intake line 26 each.
- adjustment means in the form of points 28, or holes or sections are provided, which is only shown in FIG. 6 for the main part, but should also apply analogously to the two side plates in FIG. 5.
- the adjustment means serve for orientation when the main part blank is placed on the inner wall 20 of the main part 16 and the two side parts on the inner walls of the two side plates 18, 19, i.e. on the walls which face the main part.
- the application can be done automatically or by an operator.
- the side plates 18, 19 are initially relatively far from the main part, so that good access to the main part and side plates is made possible.
- the suction devices can work with low strength, so that the blanks can still be moved by hand, but have a certain hold. As soon as the alignment points 28 or the like of the main part and side plates match with corresponding adjustment points or the like, which have been printed on the blanks, the suction devices are switched to the full intended thickness, so that the blanks are in their position be fixed.
- the two side plates 18, 19 are now moved to the main part via attachments 23, to the extent that their outer edges 30 (FIG. 7) are located very close to the inner outer edges 32 of the main part 16.
- the all around remaining distance between the outer edges 30 and 32 is slightly more than twice the thickness of the blanks 10 and 14.
- Figure 7 shows in detail at the top left that the outer edge of the left side part blank 14 extends into the outer edge of the main part blank 10 projecting to the left put in.
- the freedom of movement between the sewing machine and the fabric holder is determined by the type of sewing and the sewing machine.
- the two protruding seam strips 34, 35 are now automatically sewn together. This is done in one of three different ways.
- a known, relatively small automatic sewing device z. B. guided in a dovetail groove 37 is provided close to the edge of the side plate 18 and is self-contained, thus runs around the entire side plate 18, as well as the side plate 19.
- rails 40 projecting outwards can be provided, as is the case with the side plate 19 in FIG is shown.
- the rails 40 also run around the side plates at a constant distance from their edge.
- guides 42 in the form of a groove or rail can be arranged on the two edges of the main part.
- the side plates 18, 19 can be actuated by hand and / or an automatic movement device in relation to the main part 16 in one or both directions.
- An automatic movement device can be combined with the two automatic sewing devices.
- both sewing devices are automatically put into operation. They run around the side panels or the main part in a groove or rail.
- the system automatically switches over so that the sewing devices come to rest, then the suction devices on the main part 16 and on the side plates 18 and 19 are switched off, and then the side plates are removed from the main part.
- the airbag hollow body produced by sewing is now, collapsed, in the main part and can be removed by hand.
- a sewing machine instead of the rotating sewing devices, a sewing machine is provided, the sewing point of which is stationary and which is moved relative to the main part and side plates, again in combination with the movement device for moving up and removing the side plates relative to the main part.
- the third variant differs from the second in that the sewing point of the sewing machine can be moved horizontally. The sewing point can thus follow the uneven side edges of the main part as it rotates.
- these can be provided with insertion parts 44.
- 8 shows the insertion parts 44 seen from the left in FIG. 7, in a plane perpendicular to that of FIG. 7. The insertion parts move in the direction of an arrow 46 with respect to the seam strips 34, 35.
- the blanks for main and side parts can be processed in a known manner. This means that flame retardant reinforcements can be sewn on where a gas generator is later to be located. Additional parts can be sewn on, e.g. Tether.
- An airbag hollow body can be processed in a known manner. It can be turned inside out so that the seam strips are then inside. Holding parts for the gas generator can be attached. The hollow body is checked in a known manner. It is finally connected to the gas generator and packed together with it.
- FIGS. 9 and 10 show the guidance of an automatic sewing device 48 or two sewing devices 48, 49 with the help of one or two robots.
- the main part 16 of the receiving device 8 is fixed in place on supports 50.
- the main part has a suction line, not shown here.
- the front side plate 19 and the rear side plate, which can hardly be seen here, are each connected to a suction line 26.
- the side plates can be pivoted outwards and downwards with the aid of the suction lines, for which purpose their lower ends are each connected to a horizontal, rotatably mounted shaft 52.
- a pipe 54 is provided which is pivotable about a vertical axis.
- the tube has the shape of a bulge and is pivotable in airtight joints 56 by approximately 180 °. If a tube is arranged in the tube, the joints need not be airtight.
- the automatic sewing device 48 is guided around by a robot 58 along the edge of the main part 16 and side plate 19 during sewing.
- the sewing process started at the bottom, the sewing device 48 being partly inside the bulge, that is to the right of the tube 54. While the sewing device direction rotates counterclockwise, the tube 54 is pivoted about 180 ° so that the sewing device then runs into the bulge of the tube 54 from the left at the end of its rotation. It then carried out a full circulation.
- the sewing device is then brought by the robot 58 to the other (rear) side of the receiving device and is guided around in the same way.
- two robots 58 can also be provided, both of which work simultaneously, one on the front and the other on the rear side of the receiving device.
- FIG. 10 shows the arrangement of two sewing devices 48, 49 in a gantry robot.
- Horizontal rails 64 are arranged to be vertically movable on vertical supports 62.
- Robot parts 66 are attached to these in a horizontally displaceable manner. These are pivotable in themselves and each carry one of the sewing devices 48, 49.
- the circulation and sewing process corresponds to that described with reference to the Firur 9.
- FIG. 10 shows at the front a side plate 19 folded down onto a base 68. A side part blank 14 is being put on by hand.
- the holding device 8 can also be arranged higher than shown in FIG. 10, so that the folded-down side plates can be processed while sitting or standing.
- the two sewing devices 48, 49 can be guided around by robot parts within circular rails which are arranged in the manner of a ring wheel, but in a fixed position.
- the receiving device 8 is then accommodated in the middle of the circular rails.
- the finished hollow body Before the opening device 8 is opened, the finished hollow body can be checked to determine whether the seams have been produced properly. For this purpose, air is blown into the interior of the hollow body through a pressure line (not shown) and it is checked how quickly the pressure drops.
- the pressure line can e.g. B. lead to an opening 70 shown in Figures 2 and 4, which is used to attach a gas generator. Before sewing, compressed air can be used to ensure that the seam strips 34, 35 (FIG. 7) lie perfectly on top of one another.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Sewing Machines And Sewing (AREA)
- Air Bags (AREA)
- Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
- Mattresses And Other Support Structures For Chairs And Beds (AREA)
- Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19527620A DE19527620A1 (de) | 1995-07-28 | 1995-07-28 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Airbag-Hohlkörpers |
DE19527620 | 1995-07-28 | ||
PCT/EP1996/000221 WO1997005317A1 (de) | 1995-07-28 | 1996-01-19 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur herstellung eines insbesondere textilen hohlkörpers |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0842315A1 true EP0842315A1 (de) | 1998-05-20 |
EP0842315B1 EP0842315B1 (de) | 1999-09-22 |
Family
ID=7768025
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP96901741A Expired - Lifetime EP0842315B1 (de) | 1995-07-28 | 1996-01-19 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur herstellung eines insbesondere textilen hohlkörpers |
Country Status (25)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5988085A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0842315B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JPH11509757A (de) |
KR (1) | KR19990008185A (de) |
CN (1) | CN1192252A (de) |
AR (1) | AR003081A1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE184926T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU700082B2 (de) |
BA (1) | BA96114A (de) |
BG (1) | BG102126A (de) |
BR (1) | BR9609685A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2217031A1 (de) |
CZ (1) | CZ23898A3 (de) |
DE (2) | DE19527620A1 (de) |
EE (1) | EE9700347A (de) |
HR (1) | HRP960360A2 (de) |
HU (1) | HUP9901341A2 (de) |
MX (1) | MX9800790A (de) |
PL (1) | PL324638A1 (de) |
RO (1) | RO118590B1 (de) |
TR (1) | TR199800025T1 (de) |
TW (1) | TW313601B (de) |
WO (1) | WO1997005317A1 (de) |
YU (1) | YU44796A (de) |
ZA (1) | ZA966387B (de) |
Families Citing this family (27)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1998037267A1 (de) * | 1997-02-22 | 1998-08-27 | Beckmann Gmbh | Textilguthalter zum halten von textilgut zwecks bearbeitung desselben in einer textilbearbeitungsmaschine |
GB2355728A (en) * | 1999-10-27 | 2001-05-02 | Anson Medical Ltd | Tubular medical implants and methods of manufacture |
US6129031A (en) * | 1999-11-16 | 2000-10-10 | The Boeing Company | Robotic stitching apparatus and end effector therefor |
JP3755659B2 (ja) * | 2002-07-16 | 2006-03-15 | 株式会社タチエス | ミシン用自動送り機構 |
EP1541735A1 (de) * | 2003-09-17 | 2005-06-15 | Matec S.p.A. | Einrichtung und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Kleidung aus einem Strickschlauch |
DE10355487B4 (de) * | 2003-11-27 | 2006-11-02 | Trw Occupant Restraint Systems Gmbh & Co. Kg | Gassack für ein Fahrzeuginsassen-Rückhaltesystem |
DE102004061843A1 (de) * | 2004-12-22 | 2006-07-20 | Car Trim Biermann, Marktfort und Dr. Rau GbR (vertretungsberechtigter Gesellschafter: Herr Dr. Friedrich Rau, 08261 Schöneck) | Verfahren und Einrichtung zum Einbringen von Nähten in Textilien, insbesondere in technische Textilien |
DE102005034400B4 (de) * | 2005-07-22 | 2010-09-23 | Airbus Deutschland Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Faservorformlings mit einer nahezu beliebigen Oberflächengeometrie im TFP-Verfahren |
DE102007019521A1 (de) * | 2007-04-25 | 2008-10-30 | Trw Automotive Safety Systems Gmbh | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Überziehen eines Gegenstands, insbesondere zum Beledern eines Fahrzeuglenkrads |
DE102010020494A1 (de) * | 2010-05-14 | 2011-11-17 | Titan Kofferwerk GmbH | Nähvorrichtung |
US9809176B2 (en) * | 2011-07-08 | 2017-11-07 | Inteva Products, Llc | Method for stitching vehicle interior components and components formed from the method |
DE112012002886B4 (de) | 2011-07-08 | 2022-12-29 | Inteva Products Llc. | Fahrzeuginnenraumkomponentennähverfahren und mit dem Verfahren erzeugtes Fahrzeuginnenraumverkleidungsstück |
US8919270B2 (en) | 2011-07-08 | 2014-12-30 | Inteva Products Llc | Apparatus for stitching vehicle interior components |
US9340912B2 (en) | 2011-07-08 | 2016-05-17 | Inteva Products, Llc | Method for stitching vehicle interior components and components formed from the method |
US10240271B2 (en) * | 2016-03-08 | 2019-03-26 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Sewing apparatus |
US9994984B2 (en) * | 2016-03-14 | 2018-06-12 | Abm International, Inc. | Hybrid standing sit-down quilting apparatus |
JP6854592B2 (ja) * | 2016-04-28 | 2021-04-07 | Juki株式会社 | 縫製システム |
WO2017188444A1 (ja) * | 2016-04-28 | 2017-11-02 | 株式会社松屋アールアンドディ | 縫製装置及び縫製方法 |
JP6439004B2 (ja) | 2016-04-28 | 2018-12-19 | 株式会社松屋アールアンドディ | 縫製装置及び縫製方法 |
CN106037119A (zh) * | 2016-07-25 | 2016-10-26 | 信泰(福建)科技有限公司 | 一体鞋面制造方法及一体编织鞋面 |
JP6854610B2 (ja) * | 2016-09-16 | 2021-04-07 | Juki株式会社 | 縫製システム |
WO2019187599A1 (ja) * | 2018-03-30 | 2019-10-03 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 縫製装置、ワーク保持治具及び縫製方法 |
WO2020026667A1 (ja) * | 2018-08-02 | 2020-02-06 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 縫製装置及び縫製方法 |
JP7248814B2 (ja) * | 2019-10-16 | 2023-03-29 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 縫製方法及びその装置 |
JP6982055B2 (ja) * | 2019-12-25 | 2021-12-17 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 縫製装置 |
US11198963B1 (en) | 2020-11-09 | 2021-12-14 | CreateMe Technologies LLC | Systems and methods for packaging articles to be embroidered |
US11712121B1 (en) | 2022-04-11 | 2023-08-01 | CreateMe Technologies LLC | Garment packaging for direct-to-garment personalization kiosk |
Family Cites Families (10)
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DE1660811A1 (de) * | 1966-10-10 | 1971-05-27 | Guenther Blauw | Vorrichtung zum Zusammennaehen der Breit- und Schmalstuecke als Teile eines hohlquaderfoermigen Bezuges aus Stoff |
US3661684A (en) * | 1970-07-15 | 1972-05-09 | Gen Tire And Rubber Co The | Apparatus for producing a padded article |
JPH01303190A (ja) * | 1988-06-01 | 1989-12-07 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | 生地支持装置 |
US4989525A (en) * | 1990-03-07 | 1991-02-05 | Mario Portilla | Sewing apparatus and method for manufacturing vehicular air bags |
JPH06126679A (ja) * | 1991-01-11 | 1994-05-10 | Yaskawa Electric Corp | 縫製作業ロボット |
DE4102840C1 (de) * | 1991-01-31 | 1992-10-15 | Philipp 5100 Aachen De Moll | |
US5222932A (en) * | 1991-07-25 | 1993-06-29 | Allied-Signal Inc. | Air bag and method of manufacture |
DE4225008C1 (de) * | 1991-08-14 | 1993-03-18 | Moll, Philipp, 5100 Aachen, De | |
DE4419700C2 (de) * | 1994-06-04 | 1997-07-17 | Moll Automatische Naehsysteme | Vorrichtung zur Aufnahme von Werkstücken für Bearbeitungsvorgänge, insbesondere zum Nähen |
US5544602A (en) * | 1994-08-29 | 1996-08-13 | Tachi-S Co., Ltd. | Automated sewing device |
-
1995
- 1995-07-28 DE DE19527620A patent/DE19527620A1/de not_active Ceased
-
1996
- 1996-01-19 JP JP9507130A patent/JPH11509757A/ja active Pending
- 1996-01-19 HU HU9901341A patent/HUP9901341A2/hu unknown
- 1996-01-19 EE EE9700347A patent/EE9700347A/xx unknown
- 1996-01-19 PL PL96324638A patent/PL324638A1/xx unknown
- 1996-01-19 CZ CZ98238A patent/CZ23898A3/cs unknown
- 1996-01-19 DE DE59603177T patent/DE59603177D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-01-19 WO PCT/EP1996/000221 patent/WO1997005317A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-01-19 EP EP96901741A patent/EP0842315B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-01-19 TR TR1998/00025T patent/TR199800025T1/xx unknown
- 1996-01-19 KR KR1019970707710A patent/KR19990008185A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-01-19 AT AT96901741T patent/ATE184926T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-01-19 CN CN96195961A patent/CN1192252A/zh active Pending
- 1996-01-19 US US09/011,403 patent/US5988085A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1996-01-19 AU AU46201/96A patent/AU700082B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-01-19 CA CA002217031A patent/CA2217031A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-01-19 RO RO98-00062A patent/RO118590B1/ro unknown
- 1996-01-19 BR BR9609685A patent/BR9609685A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-07-26 BA BA960114A patent/BA96114A/bs unknown
- 1996-07-26 HR HR19527620.5A patent/HRP960360A2/hr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-07-26 ZA ZA9606387A patent/ZA966387B/xx unknown
- 1996-07-27 TW TW085109188A patent/TW313601B/zh active
- 1996-07-29 YU YU44796A patent/YU44796A/sh unknown
- 1996-07-29 AR AR10380196A patent/AR003081A1/es unknown
-
1997
- 1997-12-18 BG BG102126A patent/BG102126A/xx active Pending
-
1998
- 1998-01-28 MX MX9800790A patent/MX9800790A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See references of WO9705317A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
MX9800790A (es) | 1998-11-29 |
RO118590B1 (ro) | 2003-07-30 |
HRP960360A2 (en) | 1997-08-31 |
YU44796A (sh) | 1998-11-05 |
EP0842315B1 (de) | 1999-09-22 |
ZA966387B (en) | 1997-02-19 |
KR19990008185A (ko) | 1999-01-25 |
DE19527620A1 (de) | 1997-01-30 |
PL324638A1 (en) | 1998-06-08 |
EE9700347A (et) | 1998-06-15 |
HUP9901341A2 (hu) | 1999-09-28 |
TW313601B (de) | 1997-08-21 |
AU700082B2 (en) | 1998-12-24 |
ATE184926T1 (de) | 1999-10-15 |
CA2217031A1 (en) | 1997-02-13 |
AR003081A1 (es) | 1998-05-27 |
CZ23898A3 (cs) | 1998-09-16 |
JPH11509757A (ja) | 1999-08-31 |
AU4620196A (en) | 1997-02-26 |
WO1997005317A1 (de) | 1997-02-13 |
US5988085A (en) | 1999-11-23 |
BA96114A (bs) | 1998-12-28 |
BR9609685A (pt) | 1999-07-06 |
DE59603177D1 (de) | 1999-10-28 |
BG102126A (en) | 1998-07-31 |
TR199800025T1 (xx) | 1998-04-21 |
CN1192252A (zh) | 1998-09-02 |
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