EP0816025B1 - Elektrisch beheizbare Schere - Google Patents
Elektrisch beheizbare Schere Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0816025B1 EP0816025B1 EP97109486A EP97109486A EP0816025B1 EP 0816025 B1 EP0816025 B1 EP 0816025B1 EP 97109486 A EP97109486 A EP 97109486A EP 97109486 A EP97109486 A EP 97109486A EP 0816025 B1 EP0816025 B1 EP 0816025B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- current
- scissors
- limbs
- electrically
- accordance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B26—HAND CUTTING TOOLS; CUTTING; SEVERING
- B26B—HAND-HELD CUTTING TOOLS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B26B13/00—Hand shears; Scissors
- B26B13/22—Hand shears; Scissors combined with auxiliary implements, e.g. with cigar cutter, with manicure instrument
- B26B13/24—Hand shears; Scissors combined with auxiliary implements, e.g. with cigar cutter, with manicure instrument to aid hair cutting
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrically heatable Scissors according to the preamble of claims 1 and 4.
- Such scissors are known from EP 0 538 306 B1.
- this scissors is in a recess of each leg a heating resistor housed, the heating resistors electrically connected in series with each other in both legs are.
- the legs exist at least in the cutting area from a single material, that can be heated electrically and with the power supply is electrically connected. Surprisingly, namely pointed out that direct current heating of the Cutting area is possible, eliminating any external heating can be omitted because the cutting edge itself forms the radiator. Also with this variant there are no deposits or additional layers required, making a very simple Manufacturing is possible. By using a Steel with a high melting point and by appropriate Control of the current flowing through the legs prevent sparking and premature aging exclude the material.
- Layer or insert can be provided on both legs, whereby the two layers or deposits can be energized in this way are that the heating current between the shear point of the scissors between the two layers or deposits flows. At this Embodiment only warms the current shear point the scissors by the touch of the two Cutting is formed. The two cutting edges close the circuit, the voltage drop between selectively apply heat to the two layers or inserts the place where it is needed.
- Legs are made of a material whose electrical and / or thermal conductivity lower than that of Layer or the insert is made of steel, for example consists. This allows the heat development on the Limit the area of the cutting edge, however, the legs the scissors outside the cutting edges are not or only slightly heat. This creates any risk of burns locked out. At the same time is the energy requirement significantly reduced because only a very limited volume warms up must become.
- the layer can also be provided or insert opposite the associated leg electrically and / or to insulate completely thermally.
- Both legs can be energized in such a way that the heating current about the shear point of the scissors between the two legs flows.
- the invention only warms up the current shear point of the scissors, which is due to the touch of the two cutting edges is formed. The two Cutting thus close the circuit, with the Voltage drop between the two layers or deposits selective heat is released at the point where it is needed becomes.
- the power supply of the scissors can be in the grip area Leg should be arranged, with this leg an electrically conductive spring contact is located with a Contact in the grip area of the other leg in connection stands. This is a sliding contact between formed the two handle areas over which the current is conducted becomes.
- the power supply is arranged in the grip area of a leg be on which there is an electrically conductive ribbon cable located. This ribbon cable is with the grip area of the other leg connected and points in the middle the scissors open at a break point. This allows the Operate the scissors as usual, using the flexible ribbon cable remains between the grip areas of the scissors without that it bothers.
- the cutting edge according to the invention can either be a thin one Layer be applied to the respective leg or be designed as an insert (ticking), which in one leg is incorporated and from this in the area of Cutting edge protrudes slightly.
- the Element connecting the two legs be electrically isolated. This avoids that a short circuit current over the connection of the two legs flows if it is completely made of electrically conductive Material are made. It is special here advantageous if the area surrounding the element each Leg is electrically isolated, because then also when pressed The scissors ensure that in the area of the joint no electrical short circuit is established.
- each leg can be made of insulating material in the grip area Material and in the cutting area made of electrically conductive Material be made, the connection between the two legs in the isolated area is.
- an electrically conductive element can also be used be used.
- this is the combination of a pair of scissors according to the invention with a power supply for a pair of scissors, which is a current control device which has the between the legs flowing starting current limited.
- a power supply for a pair of scissors which is a current control device which has the between the legs flowing starting current limited.
- a power supply can prevent sparking by after every power interruption, for example by complete Open the scissors or by jamming the material to be cut between the legs, the starting current from a low Value increases to a high value.
- Fig. 1 shows a first embodiment of an electrically heatable Scissors with two legs 10, 12, one over Screw 14 are articulated and one each Have grip area 16, 18 and a cutting area 20, 22.
- the grip area 16, 18 of each leg 10, 12 has a finger opening in the usual way.
- At the bottom A region of the finger opening of the leg 12 is a power supply 28 attached.
- FIG. 1 shows a section through the cutting areas 20 and 22 at the current shear point Scissors. As can be seen clearly, is on both legs 20, 22 each as an actual cutting edge, an electrically heatable Layer 24, 26 provided. The actual cut is not through the cutting areas 20, 22 of the Legs 10, 12, but carried out by layers 24, 26, that serve as cutting.
- the two layers 24, 26 energized in such a way that the heating current essentially parallel to the respective leg 10, 12 flows.
- the power line between a power supply 28 and the two layers 24, 26 take place here Lines not shown, which are inside the Legs are arranged. So at each of the results Leg a voltage gradient, which is exemplary for the leg 10 is indicated with "+" and "-".
- Fig. 2 shows a second embodiment of an electrical heatable scissors which are similar in construction to that in FIG. 1 illustrated scissors. That is why are for equal parts the same reference numerals are used.
- the scissors shown in Fig. 2 also have two Layers 24, 26, each serving as a cutting edge and are applied to each leg 10, 12. At In this embodiment, these two layers 24, 26 however so energized that the heating current above the shear point S flows between the two layers 24 and 26. Exemplary is indicated in Fig. 2 that the layer 26 on positive and layer 24 is at negative potential.
- the the two legs 10, 12 are mutually electrical isolated.
- an electric conductive ribbon cable 34 attached to the Handle area 16 of the other leg 10 is connected.
- the Ribbon cable 34 is symmetrical and has in a break point 36 in the middle of the scissors.
- the scissors can be operated in the usual way, the Ribbon cables arranged between the two grip areas has no disruptive influence.
- FIG 3 shows an alternative embodiment of a electrically heated scissors with two legs 10, 12, which are articulated via a screw 14 and each a grip area 16, 18 and a cutting area 20, 22 have.
- the grip area 16, 18 of each leg 10, 12 has a finger opening in the usual way. in the lower region of the finger opening of the leg 12 is one Power supply 28 attached.
- FIG. 3 shows a section through the cutting areas 20 and 22 at the current shear point S the scissors.
- both legs exist made of a single material, just like one conventional scissors is the case.
- Trade in the material steel with a high melting point, the Material also surface-finished in certain applications can be.
- the two Cutting areas 20, 22 energized such that the heating current essentially parallel to the respective leg 10, 12 flows.
- the power line between a power supply 28 and the two cutting areas 20, 22 takes place here by lines not shown, which are inside the legs are arranged.
- the heating current flows on Shear point S between the two legs 10 and 12.
- the grip area 18 of the leg 12 there can also be an electrical conductive ribbon cable attached to the Handle area 16 of the other leg 10 is connected.
- the Ribbon cable can be symmetrical and in the Have a kink in the middle of the scissors. This leaves operate the scissors in the usual way, the between ribbon cables arranged in the two grip areas has no disruptive influence.
- a power supply unit is used to operate the scissors according to the invention provided that has a current control device, which limits the starting current flowing between the legs.
- a current control device which limits the starting current flowing between the legs.
- Such an "intelligent" power supply ensures that after closing the circuit, i.e. to touching the cutting areas 20, 22 of the legs 10, 12 there was no sudden increase in current. Hereby will spark and damage the Cutting material prevented.
- the one after each new one Closing the resulting starting current is in the power supply is controlled so that it is within a predetermined Duration increases to a desired final value.
- the power supply can be used for direct current, alternating current and also be designed for high-frequency alternating current.
- the scissors according to the invention can be used in addition to for cutting hair also extremely beneficial in medical Use area.
- Tissues or vessels have so far only been bipolar forceps been used.
- the current flows from one end of the tweezers through the tissue to be coagulated into the other end of the tweezers.
- the tweezers ends do not heat up significantly and heating and thus coagulation only takes place in the tissue itself instead.
- scissors for coagulating have the advantage that the coagulation of the tissue through the hot scissor blades takes place and the current flow through the tissue is minimized is.
- the scissors according to the invention can be used for coagulation use of vessels and tissue of a general nature. One application is both in microsurgical as also possible in the general surgical field.
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Surgical Instruments (AREA)
- Scissors And Nippers (AREA)
- Discharge Heating (AREA)
- Control And Other Processes For Unpacking Of Materials (AREA)
- Professional, Industrial, Or Sporting Protective Garments (AREA)
- Steering Controls (AREA)
- Gloves (AREA)
Description
- Fig. 1
- eine erste Ausführungsform einer elektrisch beheizbaren Schere, die jedoch nicht erfindungsgemäß und somit nicht geschützt ist;
- Fig. 2
- eine zweite Ausführungsform einer elektrisch beheizbaren Schere gemäß der Erfindung; und
- Fig. 3
- eine dritte Ausführungsform einer elektrisch beheizbaren Schere gemäß der Erfindung.
Claims (11)
- Elektrisch beheizbare Schere mit zwei Schenkeln (10, 12), die gelenkig miteinander verbunden sind und jeweils einen Griffbereich (16, 18) und einen Schneidebereich (20, 22) aufweisen, und mit einer Stromzuführung (28),
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß zumindest einer der Schenkel (10, 12) als Schneide eine elektrisch erwärmbare Schicht (24, 26) oder Einlage aufweist, die mit der Stromzuführung (28) elektrisch verbunden ist, wobei die beiden Schneiden derart bestrombar sind, daß der Heizstrom über den momentanen Scherpunkt (S) der Schere fließt. - Schere nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Schicht (24, 26) oder Einlage an beiden Schenkeln (10, 12) vorgesehen ist. - Schere nach Anspruch 1 oder 2,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der Schenkel (10, 12) aus einem Material besteht, dessen elektrische und/oder thermische Leitfähigkeit geringer als die der Schicht (24, 26) oder Einlage ist. - Elektrisch beheizbare Schere mit zwei Schenkeln (10, 12), die gelenkig miteinander verbunden sind und jeweils einen Griffbereich (16, 18) und einen Schneidebereich (20, 22) aufweisen, und mit einer Stromzuführung (28),
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Schenkel (10, 12) zumindest im Schneidebereich (20, 22) aus einem einzigen Material bestehen, das elektrisch erwärmbar und mit der Stromzuführung (28) elektrisch verbunden ist,
wobei die Schenkel (10, 12) derart ausgebildet sind, daß sie einander in jeder eine Wärmebehandlung ermöglichenden Betriebsstellung elektrisch leitend berühren, und
wobei die beiden Schneidebereiche (20, 22) derart bestrombar sind, daß der Heizstrom über den momentanen, von der Berührungsstelle der Schenkel (10, 12) gebildeten Scherpunkt (S) der Schere fließt. - Schere nach zumindest einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Schicht (24, 26) oder Einlage gegenüber dem zugehörigen Schenkel (10, 12) oder der Schneidebereich (20, 22) gegenüber dem Griffbereich (16, 18) elektrisch und/oder thermisch isoliert ist. - Schere nach zumindest einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Stromzuführung (28) im Griffbereich (18) eines Schenkels (12) angeordnet ist, an dem sich ein elektrisch leitender Federkontakt (30) befindet, der mit einem Kontakt (32) im Griffbereich (16) des anderen Schenkels (10) in Verbindung steht. - Schere nach zumindest einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß die Stromzuführung (28) im Griffbereich (18) eines Schenkels (12) angeordnet ist, an dem sich ein elektrisch leitendes Flachbandkabel (34) befindet, das mit dem Griffbereich (16) des anderen Schenkels (10) verbunden ist und in der Mitte der Schere einen Knickpunkt (36) aufweist. - Schere nach zumindest einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß ein die Verbindung zwischen den beiden Schenkeln (10, 12) herstellendes Element (14) elektrisch isoliert ist. - Schere nach Anspruch 8,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,
daß der das Element (14) umgebende Bereich jedes Schenkels (10, 12) elektrisch isoliert ist. - Kombination einer elektrisch beheizbaren Schere nach zumindest einem der vorstehenden Ansprüche mit einem Netzteil, welches eine Stromsteuereinrichtung aufweist, mit welcher der zwischen den Schenkeln (10, 12) fließende Anlaufstrom derart begrenzbar ist, daß nach einem Schließen des Stromkreises durch Berührung der Schneidebereiche (20, 22) der Anlaufstrom innerhalb einer vorbestimmten Zeitdauer auf einen gewünschten Endwert ansteigt, wobei vorzugsweise als Ausgangsstrom ein Gleichstrom, ein Wechselstrom oder ein hochfrequenter Wechselstrom erzeugbar ist.
- Verwendung einer elektrisch beheizbaren Schere nach zumindest einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9 mit einem Netzteil, welches eine Stromsteuereinrichtung aufweist, mit welcher der zwischen den Schenkeln (10, 12) fließende Anlaufstrom derart begrenzbar ist, daß nach einem Schließen des Stromkreises durch Berührung der Schneidebereiche (20, 22) der Anlaufstrom innerhalb einer vorbestimmten Zeitdauer auf einen gewünschten Endwert ansteigt, wobei vorzugsweise als Ausgangsstrom ein Gleichstrom, ein Wechselstrom oder ein hochfrequenter Wechselstrom erzeugbar ist.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE29723328U DE29723328U1 (de) | 1996-06-28 | 1997-06-11 | Elektrisch beheizbare Schere |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE19626069 | 1996-06-28 | ||
DE1996126069 DE19626069A1 (de) | 1996-06-28 | 1996-06-28 | Elektrisch beheizbare Schere |
DE19646190 | 1996-11-08 | ||
DE1996146190 DE19646190A1 (de) | 1996-11-08 | 1996-11-08 | Elektrisch beheizbare Schere |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0816025A2 EP0816025A2 (de) | 1998-01-07 |
EP0816025A3 EP0816025A3 (de) | 1999-02-24 |
EP0816025B1 true EP0816025B1 (de) | 2001-08-16 |
Family
ID=26027022
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97109486A Expired - Lifetime EP0816025B1 (de) | 1996-06-28 | 1997-06-11 | Elektrisch beheizbare Schere |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6060695A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0816025B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JPH1080581A (de) |
AT (1) | ATE204222T1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE29702608U1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2162660T3 (de) |
Families Citing this family (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1998016355A1 (de) * | 1996-10-16 | 1998-04-23 | Steffen Homann | Beheizbares schneidinstrument, insbesondere schere, messer, haarschneidemaschine oder dgl. |
US7083613B2 (en) * | 1997-03-05 | 2006-08-01 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Ringed forceps |
FR2786724B1 (fr) * | 1998-12-08 | 2001-02-16 | Yves Fagon | Instrument de coupe du type ciseaux chauffants |
US20030171747A1 (en) | 1999-01-25 | 2003-09-11 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Medical treatment instrument |
US6230745B1 (en) * | 2000-06-16 | 2001-05-15 | Cullen Brooks | Pipe heating device |
JP2002172280A (ja) * | 2000-09-28 | 2002-06-18 | Kikuboshi:Kk | 毛髪切断装置 |
ES2240723T3 (es) * | 2001-04-06 | 2005-10-16 | Sherwood Services Ag | Bisagra aislante moldeada para instrumentos bipolares. |
US7025763B2 (en) * | 2002-03-26 | 2006-04-11 | Olympus Corporation | Medical apparatus |
US6735871B1 (en) * | 2002-07-08 | 2004-05-18 | Sammie Jean Todd-Russell | Electrically heated scissors |
US20050204563A1 (en) * | 2004-03-19 | 2005-09-22 | Eric Stender | Tool combination assembly |
US8615886B1 (en) * | 2004-05-06 | 2013-12-31 | Winthrop D. Childers | Shaving system with energy imparting device |
DE102004052515B4 (de) * | 2004-10-22 | 2019-01-03 | Aesculap Ag | Chirurgische Schere und Verfahren zum Herstellen einer chirurgischen Schere |
WO2008004809A1 (en) * | 2006-07-05 | 2008-01-10 | Seung Jin Bang | Singeing hair cutter |
WO2011091174A1 (en) * | 2010-01-20 | 2011-07-28 | Pavilion Medical Innovations | Systems and methods for removal of intravascular leads |
US10646267B2 (en) | 2013-08-07 | 2020-05-12 | Covidien LLP | Surgical forceps |
US9987078B2 (en) | 2015-07-22 | 2018-06-05 | Covidien Lp | Surgical forceps |
US9789678B1 (en) * | 2016-05-17 | 2017-10-17 | International Business Machines Corporation | Cleaving device |
US11166759B2 (en) | 2017-05-16 | 2021-11-09 | Covidien Lp | Surgical forceps |
CN111616775B (zh) * | 2020-06-08 | 2022-08-12 | 重庆橙壹科技有限公司 | 一种省力的腔镜剪刀及其制造方法 |
CN111557709B (zh) * | 2020-06-08 | 2022-08-12 | 重庆橙壹科技有限公司 | 一种一次性腔镜剪刀及其制造方法 |
CN113229932A (zh) * | 2020-06-08 | 2021-08-10 | 重庆橙壹科技有限公司 | 一种带有加强筋的内窥镜剪刀 |
CN111568505B (zh) * | 2020-06-08 | 2022-04-05 | 浙江首鼎医学科技有限公司 | 一种改进的腹腔镜剪刀 |
CN113262042A (zh) * | 2020-06-08 | 2021-08-17 | 重庆橙壹科技有限公司 | 一种一次性mim工艺制造的腔镜剪刀 |
CN112405635A (zh) * | 2020-10-22 | 2021-02-26 | 江苏省社渚轴承有限公司 | 一种监狱专用安全低电压热熔纱剪 |
Citations (3)
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US3651811A (en) * | 1969-10-10 | 1972-03-28 | Aesculap Werke Ag | Surgical cutting instrument |
US4198957A (en) * | 1967-11-09 | 1980-04-22 | Robert F. Shaw | Method of using an electrically heated surgical cutting instrument |
US5046251A (en) * | 1990-06-18 | 1991-09-10 | Scott Pamela C | Thermoplastic-fabric sear-cutting handtool |
Family Cites Families (18)
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DE495365C (de) * | 1926-06-11 | 1930-04-05 | Henri Rochat | Haarbrennschere mit elektrisch beheizten Schenkeln |
US1834555A (en) * | 1929-12-12 | 1931-12-01 | Goodrich Co B F | Knife |
US2032688A (en) * | 1934-10-15 | 1936-03-03 | Robert H Dart | Blight cutting shears |
US2421125A (en) * | 1945-03-16 | 1947-05-27 | Krebs Paul | Low voltage hot knife |
US3391690A (en) * | 1965-04-05 | 1968-07-09 | Armao Thomas Anthony | Biopsy instrument including tissue heating or cooling means and method of use |
FR2407797A1 (fr) * | 1977-11-02 | 1979-06-01 | Seintier Jean Claude | Ciseau infra-rouge |
GB8418796D0 (en) * | 1984-07-24 | 1984-08-30 | Ellis C R | Instruments for treating nails |
JPH01274375A (ja) * | 1988-04-25 | 1989-11-02 | Matsushita Seiko Co Ltd | 電気温風機の制御装置 |
JPH03102409A (ja) * | 1989-09-14 | 1991-04-26 | Canon Inc | ヒータ駆動装置 |
IT1246250B (it) * | 1990-07-10 | 1994-11-17 | Giovanni Caron | Forbici a taglienti iperriscaldati,termocontrollati,particolarmente agli effetti della asetticita' e per autocauterizzare i capelli durante il taglio nonche' impianto per la loro gestione |
US5484436A (en) * | 1991-06-07 | 1996-01-16 | Hemostatic Surgery Corporation | Bi-polar electrosurgical instruments and methods of making |
JPH05324101A (ja) * | 1992-05-20 | 1993-12-07 | Casio Electron Mfg Co Ltd | ヒータ素子、及びヒータ制御装置 |
DE29506308U1 (de) * | 1995-04-12 | 1995-07-06 | THERAcut - Hair - Technik GmbH, 78194 Immendingen | Vorrichtung zum Beheizen der Klingen von Scheren, Messern u.dgl. |
US5792137A (en) * | 1995-10-27 | 1998-08-11 | Lacar Microsystems, Inc. | Coagulating microsystem |
US5827281A (en) * | 1996-01-05 | 1998-10-27 | Levin; John M. | Insulated surgical scissors |
DE29617177U1 (de) * | 1996-10-02 | 1996-12-05 | THERA-cut Hairtechnik GmbH, 78194 Immendingen | Elektrisch beheizbare Schere |
DE29618310U1 (de) * | 1996-10-16 | 1996-12-12 | Homann, Steffen, 79110 Freiburg | Beheizbares Schneidinstrument, insbesondere Schere, Messer, Haarschneidemaschine o.dgl. |
DE29618309U1 (de) * | 1996-10-16 | 1996-12-05 | Homann, Steffen, 79110 Freiburg | Beheizbares Schneidinstrument, insbesondere Schere, Messer, Haarschneidemaschine o.dgl. |
-
1997
- 1997-02-14 DE DE29702608U patent/DE29702608U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-11 DE DE59704279T patent/DE59704279D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-11 EP EP97109486A patent/EP0816025B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-11 ES ES97109486T patent/ES2162660T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-11 AT AT97109486T patent/ATE204222T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-06-23 JP JP9202112A patent/JPH1080581A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 1997-06-24 US US08/881,570 patent/US6060695A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4198957A (en) * | 1967-11-09 | 1980-04-22 | Robert F. Shaw | Method of using an electrically heated surgical cutting instrument |
US3651811A (en) * | 1969-10-10 | 1972-03-28 | Aesculap Werke Ag | Surgical cutting instrument |
US5046251A (en) * | 1990-06-18 | 1991-09-10 | Scott Pamela C | Thermoplastic-fabric sear-cutting handtool |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH1080581A (ja) | 1998-03-31 |
DE59704279D1 (de) | 2001-09-20 |
DE29702608U1 (de) | 1997-04-17 |
EP0816025A3 (de) | 1999-02-24 |
US6060695A (en) | 2000-05-09 |
ES2162660T3 (es) | 2002-01-01 |
EP0816025A2 (de) | 1998-01-07 |
ATE204222T1 (de) | 2001-09-15 |
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