EP0758699A1 - Procédé d'installation de pieux cÔniques, pieux correspondants, et fondation à pieux ainsi obtenue - Google Patents

Procédé d'installation de pieux cÔniques, pieux correspondants, et fondation à pieux ainsi obtenue Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0758699A1
EP0758699A1 EP96111806A EP96111806A EP0758699A1 EP 0758699 A1 EP0758699 A1 EP 0758699A1 EP 96111806 A EP96111806 A EP 96111806A EP 96111806 A EP96111806 A EP 96111806A EP 0758699 A1 EP0758699 A1 EP 0758699A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
piles
pile
ground
concrete
foundation
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP96111806A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0758699B1 (fr
Inventor
Helmut Dipl.-Ing. Hemmerlein
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Dipling Helmut Hemmerlein & Co Bau Kg GmbH
Original Assignee
Dipling Helmut Hemmerlein & Co Bau Kg GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from DE29512311U external-priority patent/DE29512311U1/de
Priority claimed from DE29601080U external-priority patent/DE29601080U1/de
Application filed by Dipling Helmut Hemmerlein & Co Bau Kg GmbH filed Critical Dipling Helmut Hemmerlein & Co Bau Kg GmbH
Publication of EP0758699A1 publication Critical patent/EP0758699A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0758699B1 publication Critical patent/EP0758699B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D27/00—Foundations as substructures
    • E02D27/10—Deep foundations
    • E02D27/12—Pile foundations
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D27/00—Foundations as substructures
    • E02D27/10—Deep foundations
    • E02D27/12—Pile foundations
    • E02D27/14—Pile framings, i.e. piles assembled to form the substructure
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
    • E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
    • E02D3/08—Improving by compacting by inserting stones or lost bodies, e.g. compaction piles
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/24—Prefabricated piles
    • E02D5/30—Prefabricated piles made of concrete or reinforced concrete or made of steel and concrete
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D7/00—Methods or apparatus for placing sheet pile bulkheads, piles, mouldpipes, or other moulds
    • E02D7/18—Placing by vibrating
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D7/00—Methods or apparatus for placing sheet pile bulkheads, piles, mouldpipes, or other moulds
    • E02D7/26—Placing by using several means simultaneously

Definitions

  • the invention initially relates to a method for introducing piles tapering in the direction of introduction into the ground, which are used to support or support structures or structural parts, in particular structural foundations (preamble of claim 1).
  • piles also called “nails” in the technical field, are known from DE-PS 194 125 in the form of hollow, downwardly tapered ram piles made of reinforced concrete. According to the title of this patent cited above, these piles should be driven into the ground. This presumably refers to the usual ramming of piles, sheet piles and the like at that time by means of steam-driven battering rams.
  • the height of storage areas can change in relation to other areas. Since computer-controlled, mobile devices for loading and unloading are operated in such warehouse buildings and exact compliance with the respective height of the pallets to be detected or the like is absolutely necessary, such settlements can render the entire building or essential areas thereof inoperable.
  • the object or problem of the invention is first of all to provide a method for driving piles into the ground according to the preamble of claim 1, which can be carried out with a relatively low amount of work and material, the piles thus driven being themselves under the building load resting on them, no more or practically no more, ie do not penetrate further into the ground, which would result in a corresponding lowering (settlement) of the building in question.
  • the piles are vibrated to and fro in their longitudinal direction and in this way are first driven into the ground to a position that is shortly before reaching their intended final depth, that the vibrations are then stopped and then a final phase of driving in by applying a vibration-free force acting in the driving direction to the pile until it is firmly held in the ground with a certain prestress.
  • This prestressing can also be understood as a wedging or bracing of the pile with the adjacent soil.
  • a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention is the subject of claim 2.
  • the pile is first not placed under the longitudinal vibrations or vibrations, but rather is pressed into the ground over a partial region of its length by means of a corresponding tensile or compressive force. It is thus held relatively firmly by the earth, so that the vibrations acting on it in its longitudinal direction cannot lead to it moving to the side or even being damaged.
  • the invention further relates to the designs of piles made of concrete or reinforced concrete that can be used to carry out the method according to the invention. For this purpose, reference is made to claims 3 to 12.
  • the invention relates to foundations and, if appropriate, foundation designs which are produced by the method according to the invention and with the piles designed according to the invention.
  • claims 13 and 14 deal with a foundation for a single foundation
  • claims 15 to 18 relate to piles which together create a plate-shaped field from compressed earth.
  • FIGS. 1-4 The principle of driving the piles 1 into the ground 2 is shown in FIGS. 1-4.
  • the relevant pile 1 is placed in a vertical position on the ground 2 with a holder 3, which is only indicated schematically, and then pressed into the ground by a compressive or tensile force according to arrow 4 over a partial region 5 of its total length L. This indentation is carried out without vibration or vibration.
  • the upper end face 6 of the Pile 1 is a vibration generator, here only a schematically indicated vibrator 7, which is connected in a manner not shown to the upper region 8 of the pile 1 and swings this up and down in its longitudinal direction AB according to the arrows 9 until it vibrates in FIG 3 has reached the driving position shown.
  • the vibrator 7 is removed or switched off and, according to arrow 10, the pile is pressed into its end position according to FIG. 4 by a further amount 11 without vibration or vibration. In this position he has the pretension described for the invention. This avoids the described disadvantageous slippage between pile 1 and ground 2, which can occur after the vibration according to the position of FIG. 3 has ended. The pile is stuck in the ground.
  • the pile 1 is tapered downwards. It can have any cross-sectional shape, e.g. have square or rectangular as shown in FIG. 7. Instead, it could also have an oval or circular cross section. Furthermore, the pile 1 can expand in the direction of its upper end face in a "trumpet-like" manner, as indicated by the dash-dotted lines 12 in FIG. 1 above.
  • the piles 1 can also run in an arc.
  • the aforementioned tapers do not have to extend over the entire length of the pile. It is also possible that the piles 1 have a taper over only part of their length, preferably over a larger part of their length L, which are located between the lower end 13 and a corresponding point in the upper region of the pile in question.
  • the piles can have a configuration of the tapering of their outer sides in such a way that they adhere to the ground after they have been driven in and finally pressed into the ground.
  • the tapering of the piles can be selected depending on the consistency of the respective soil, in such a way that the inclination of the outer sides of the concrete pile to its longitudinal central axis A-B is smaller in the case of harder soil and larger in comparison with a softer soil.
  • the inclination of each of the outer sides of the pile 1 in question to its longitudinal central axis A-B can be approximately 2 to 6%.
  • the surfaces of the outer sides of the piles can also be roughened or provided with depressions in the sense of the object of the invention. This further increases their liability or friction on the soil surrounding them.
  • the piles 1 are made of concrete or reinforced concrete. They can also be hollow and can be produced from a porous concrete, so that water can be drawn off through the hollow interior (not shown) through the porous concrete in the ground. In the case of very moist floors, this reduces the risk of the outer surface of the pile being too slippery on the floor.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 schematically show arrangements and devices for installing the piles according to the invention in the ground.
  • a smaller, all-terrain vehicle 14 is supported at the construction site by means of conventional, hydraulically actuated supports 15 and, if necessary, held firmly by a ballast 16.
  • the movable part 19 'of this hydraulic system is firmly connected in a manner not shown to the upper area of the vibrator 7, which acts on the upper area 8 of the pile 1 via a connection 20 which is only indicated.
  • the hydraulic system 19 provides the so-called pretension, ie the last vibration-free pressing of the pile 1 into the ground from the position according to FIG. 3 into that of FIG. 4. It can also be used for pressing the area 5 of the pile 1 with the appropriate training of the 1 position in that of FIG. 2 serve.
  • the load results of the hydraulic system 19 explained can be electronically recorded and evaluated.
  • the exact vertical position of the bracket 18 can be achieved by hydraulic adjustment of the supports 15 of the device 14.
  • a mobile tractor 21 which carries a scaffold 23 via a strut arrangement 22, which is only indicated schematically here.
  • the scaffold 23 is supported at 24 on the ground.
  • Two cable pulls 25 and 26 in the form of cable winches are provided. These cable pulls effect the following via the scaffold 23, also called leader, and the deflection rollers attached to it, which are explained in more detail below:
  • FIG. 6 shows the Post 1 before it is placed in the ground. This corresponds to the position shown in FIG. 1.
  • the second cable 26 is moved by the roller 29 of the tractor and runs over a further deflection roller 30 of the leader 23, which, like the aforementioned deflection roller 28, is attached in its upper region.
  • the cable 26 runs from the deflection roller 30 to a lower deflection roller 31 of the leader and from there up to the vibrator 7. With a corresponding drive via the roller 29, this cable pull serves to move the pile 1 out of the position according to the vibrator which is then not operated 3 in the end position shown in FIG. 4, ie to give him the pretension already explained.
  • Both the implement 14 and the tractor 21 are expediently provided with a caterpillar drive because of the required off-road capability.
  • Fig. 7 shows the possibility of executing one of the piles 1 in a perspective view. This shows both the tapering of the pile from its upper end face 6 to its lower end face 13 and a rectangular or square cross-sectional shape. However, an oval or circular cross-sectional shape could also be provided.
  • the cast-on pin 35 can be used for gripping the pile by a crane or for connecting to the vibrator.
  • FIG. 8 shows a top view of part of the floor 2 with a total of nine piles 1, of which the upper end faces can be seen in each case.
  • the foundation to be applied thereon is only indicated by dash-dotted lines in FIG. 8 for reasons of simplification in the drawing.
  • FIG. 9 shows a view in the direction of the arrow 32 with a cast-on foundation 33.
  • the foundation 33 is placed on the upper end faces 6 of the piles 1, which are located in a common plane. For this purpose, it can be cast with iron rods 34 embedded in the material of the piles 1. These iron struts 34 are indicated in one of the piles 1 in FIG. 8. They can be used to hold the piles when they are placed on the ground and also to transmit the vibrations from vibrator 7 to the piles.
  • a foundation 33 is thus created, which in FIG. 8 is of a group of piles 1 forming this individual foundation, here of eight Piles in the square and a pile 1 arranged in the middle of the square.
  • FIGS. 10, 11 can be provided which, like the piles according to the exemplary embodiment of FIGS. 8, 9, is introduced into the ground according to the teaching of the invention.
  • An area 36 is shown, in which a number of supporting piles 1 are driven into the soil 2 in a plurality of rows CD and EF lying next to one another or one above the other.
  • the distances a between the support piles are relatively small. They are chosen, for example, 0.5 m, so that, depending on the respective load and the soil value, regions 37 with compacted earth are created between them when driving in the supporting piles, which are shown cross-hatched in FIG. 11.
  • the support piles 1 taper from above, that is, from their end faces 6 down to their end faces 13, and in exactly the same way as in the other exemplary embodiments in a preferably conical shape of the taper.
  • the piles can be configured as previously explained. This creates an area of compacted soil between the piles.
  • the side walls 38 of the ground also serve as abutment and support surfaces for the side walls 39 of the support piles 1, which taper downward. The load of the structure indicated by the arrows 40 presses on the supporting piles 1.
  • the length L of the supporting piles is in the range from 8 to 12 m, while the dimensions of the upper end face 6 are 50 x 50 cm and the lower end face 13 is 15 x 15 cm.
  • the load 40 is received and supported in the same way as in the previous exemplary embodiments.
  • the above-mentioned effect is also present here that the compact distances a between the supporting piles 1 create a compacted earth plate.
  • Such a plate can be produced with much less effort than a base plate that would otherwise be cast from reinforced concrete.
  • the arrangement according to FIGS. 10, 11 is particularly recommended in the presence of soft and thus hardly stable floors.
  • the structure can be placed on the foundations of the individual piles, here twelve, with a foundation or can be cast with reinforcements protruding therefrom (see number 34 in FIGS. 8, 9).

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Piles And Underground Anchors (AREA)
  • Placing Or Removing Of Piles Or Sheet Piles, Or Accessories Thereof (AREA)
EP96111806A 1995-07-31 1996-07-23 Procédé d'installation de pieux côniques, pieux correspondants, et fondation à pieux ainsi obtenue Expired - Lifetime EP0758699B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE29512311U 1995-07-31
DE29512311U DE29512311U1 (de) 1995-07-31 1995-07-31 Anordnung zur Oberflächenverdichtung von Böden
DE1995135183 DE19535183A1 (de) 1995-07-31 1995-09-25 Verfahren zur Einbringung von sich in der Einbringrichtung verjüngenden Pfählen in den Erdboden, Ausgestaltungen der zugehörigen Pfähle, aus mehreren derart eingebrachten Pfählen hergestellte Gründungen u. ggf. Fundamentbildungen, sowie Geräte zur Durchführung des vorgenannten Verfahrens
DE19535183 1995-09-25
DE29601080U DE29601080U1 (de) 1995-07-31 1996-01-23 Betonpfähle zum Einbringen in den Erdboden, sowie aus mehreren derartigen Pfählen hergestellte Gründungen und gegebenenfalls Fundamentbildungen, sowie Geräte zum Einbringen der Betonpfähle
DE29601080U 1996-01-23

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0758699A1 true EP0758699A1 (fr) 1997-02-19
EP0758699B1 EP0758699B1 (fr) 2001-10-17

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EP96111806A Expired - Lifetime EP0758699B1 (fr) 1995-07-31 1996-07-23 Procédé d'installation de pieux côniques, pieux correspondants, et fondation à pieux ainsi obtenue

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EP (1) EP0758699B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE207168T1 (fr)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0902128A2 (fr) * 1997-09-11 1999-03-17 Van Splunder Funderingstechniek B.V. Procédé d'installation de fondations d'une piste de circulation, et dispositif
GB2330370A (en) * 1997-10-18 1999-04-21 Roxbury Ltd Improvements in piling arrangements
GB2331318A (en) * 1997-11-13 1999-05-19 Kvaerner Cementation Found Ltd Improved methods and apparatus for boring and piling
GB2354276A (en) * 1997-11-13 2001-03-21 Kvaerner Cementation Found Ltd Method of forming cast-in-situ pile with enlarged base
WO2002077395A2 (fr) * 2001-02-13 2002-10-03 Prepoton Panelcraft Groep Bv Fondations pour serres et analogue
WO2002077136A2 (fr) * 2001-03-26 2002-10-03 Menard Soltraitement Pieu en beton ameliore et procede pour percer dans un sol de faible cohesion un trou destine a recevoir le pieu en beton ameliore
WO2003062540A1 (fr) * 2002-01-23 2003-07-31 Cementation Foundations Skanska Limited Construction et conception d'elements de fondation
CN101298770B (zh) * 2008-06-12 2010-06-23 大连理工大学 一种扩底预应力锥形管桩及其施工方法
US20100329798A1 (en) * 2009-06-24 2010-12-30 Geopier Foundation Company, Inc. Apparatus and method for ground improvement
US20110091291A1 (en) * 2009-06-24 2011-04-21 Geopier Foundation Company, Inc. Method for Ground Improvement With Hardened Inclusions
EP2537986A1 (fr) 2011-06-24 2012-12-26 Schokindustrie B.V. Pieu de fondation à section réduite
US9915050B2 (en) 2009-06-24 2018-03-13 Geopier Foundation Company, Inc. Apparatus and method for ground improvement
GB2580041B (en) * 2018-12-19 2023-05-31 Keltbray Ltd Improvements in and relating to pile foundations

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
TWI384107B (zh) * 2009-04-10 2013-02-01 Nippon Steel Corp 鋼管樁

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE194125C (fr)
DE230436C (de) * 1910-02-05 1911-01-26 Wilhelm Bechtel Eisenbetonrammpfahl
US3820347A (en) * 1971-11-01 1974-06-28 Oolite Ind Inc Tapered piles and methods of using tapered piles
CH622570A5 (en) 1977-09-29 1981-04-15 Fietz & Leuthold Ag Set of prefabricated concrete-pile elements and impact-driven concrete pile produced with the same
JPS61179920A (ja) * 1985-02-05 1986-08-12 Ohbayashigumi Ltd 地中貫入部材用揺動装置
NL8701500A (nl) * 1987-06-26 1989-01-16 Ringvaart B V De Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een door heipalen ondersteunde fundering.
WO1994017252A1 (fr) * 1993-01-30 1994-08-04 Roxbury Limited Ameliorations relatives a des fondations

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE194125C (fr)
DE230436C (de) * 1910-02-05 1911-01-26 Wilhelm Bechtel Eisenbetonrammpfahl
US3820347A (en) * 1971-11-01 1974-06-28 Oolite Ind Inc Tapered piles and methods of using tapered piles
CH622570A5 (en) 1977-09-29 1981-04-15 Fietz & Leuthold Ag Set of prefabricated concrete-pile elements and impact-driven concrete pile produced with the same
JPS61179920A (ja) * 1985-02-05 1986-08-12 Ohbayashigumi Ltd 地中貫入部材用揺動装置
NL8701500A (nl) * 1987-06-26 1989-01-16 Ringvaart B V De Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een door heipalen ondersteunde fundering.
WO1994017252A1 (fr) * 1993-01-30 1994-08-04 Roxbury Limited Ameliorations relatives a des fondations

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 11, no. 1 (M - 550)<2448> 6 January 1987 (1987-01-06) *

Cited By (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0902128A3 (fr) * 1997-09-11 1999-04-28 Van Splunder Funderingstechniek B.V. Procédé d'installation de fondations d'une piste de circulation, et dispositif
EP0902128A2 (fr) * 1997-09-11 1999-03-17 Van Splunder Funderingstechniek B.V. Procédé d'installation de fondations d'une piste de circulation, et dispositif
GB2330370A (en) * 1997-10-18 1999-04-21 Roxbury Ltd Improvements in piling arrangements
GB2330370B (en) * 1997-10-18 2001-11-28 Roxbury Ltd Improvements in piling arrangements
GB2331318A (en) * 1997-11-13 1999-05-19 Kvaerner Cementation Found Ltd Improved methods and apparatus for boring and piling
GB2354276A (en) * 1997-11-13 2001-03-21 Kvaerner Cementation Found Ltd Method of forming cast-in-situ pile with enlarged base
GB2354276B (en) * 1997-11-13 2001-05-09 Kvaerner Cementation Found Ltd Improved methods and apparatus for boring and piling
GB2331318B (en) * 1997-11-13 2001-05-16 Kvaerner Cementation Found Ltd Improved methods and apparatus for boring and piling
US6402432B1 (en) 1997-11-13 2002-06-11 Kvaerner Cementation Foundations Limited Method for installing load bearing piles utilizing a tool with blade means
WO2002077395A3 (fr) * 2001-02-13 2003-03-06 Prepoton Panelcraft Groep Bv Fondations pour serres et analogue
WO2002077395A2 (fr) * 2001-02-13 2002-10-03 Prepoton Panelcraft Groep Bv Fondations pour serres et analogue
WO2002077136A2 (fr) * 2001-03-26 2002-10-03 Menard Soltraitement Pieu en beton ameliore et procede pour percer dans un sol de faible cohesion un trou destine a recevoir le pieu en beton ameliore
WO2002077136A3 (fr) * 2001-03-26 2004-03-25 Menard Soltraitement Pieu en beton ameliore et procede pour percer dans un sol de faible cohesion un trou destine a recevoir le pieu en beton ameliore
WO2003062540A1 (fr) * 2002-01-23 2003-07-31 Cementation Foundations Skanska Limited Construction et conception d'elements de fondation
GB2384510B (en) * 2002-01-23 2005-06-22 Cementation Found Skanska Ltd Construction and design of foundation elements
CN101298770B (zh) * 2008-06-12 2010-06-23 大连理工大学 一种扩底预应力锥形管桩及其施工方法
US20100329798A1 (en) * 2009-06-24 2010-12-30 Geopier Foundation Company, Inc. Apparatus and method for ground improvement
US20110091291A1 (en) * 2009-06-24 2011-04-21 Geopier Foundation Company, Inc. Method for Ground Improvement With Hardened Inclusions
US8328470B2 (en) * 2009-06-24 2012-12-11 Geopier Foundation Company, Inc. Apparatus and method for ground improvement
US8360689B2 (en) * 2009-06-24 2013-01-29 Geopier Foundation Company, Inc. Method for ground improvement with hardened inclusions
US9915050B2 (en) 2009-06-24 2018-03-13 Geopier Foundation Company, Inc. Apparatus and method for ground improvement
EP2537986A1 (fr) 2011-06-24 2012-12-26 Schokindustrie B.V. Pieu de fondation à section réduite
GB2580041B (en) * 2018-12-19 2023-05-31 Keltbray Ltd Improvements in and relating to pile foundations

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ATE207168T1 (de) 2001-11-15
EP0758699B1 (fr) 2001-10-17

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