EP0708203B1 - Dispositif et méthode pour humidifier une bande de matériau en mouvement - Google Patents

Dispositif et méthode pour humidifier une bande de matériau en mouvement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0708203B1
EP0708203B1 EP95113744A EP95113744A EP0708203B1 EP 0708203 B1 EP0708203 B1 EP 0708203B1 EP 95113744 A EP95113744 A EP 95113744A EP 95113744 A EP95113744 A EP 95113744A EP 0708203 B1 EP0708203 B1 EP 0708203B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
web
edge
steam
material web
housing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP95113744A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0708203A3 (fr
EP0708203A2 (fr
Inventor
Stefan Winheim
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VIB Apparatebau GmbH
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VIB Apparatebau GmbH
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Publication date
Application filed by VIB Apparatebau GmbH filed Critical VIB Apparatebau GmbH
Publication of EP0708203A2 publication Critical patent/EP0708203A2/fr
Publication of EP0708203A3 publication Critical patent/EP0708203A3/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0708203B1 publication Critical patent/EP0708203B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21G—CALENDERS; ACCESSORIES FOR PAPER-MAKING MACHINES
    • D21G7/00—Damping devices
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F7/00—Other details of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F7/008—Steam showers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for moistening a passing material web with the help of steam with a housing facing one of the material web Treatment side with steam outlets and one Front side at the inlet end of the treatment side has, being in the direction of travel of the material web the treatment side, especially in the area of the front, one in at least part of its length Direction to the material web over the treatment side projecting bar with one facing the material web Edge is arranged and a method for moistening a passing material web with the help of Steam, in which at least one steam jet hits the material web directed and before applying the steam at least the air layer adhering to the material web is partially swirled or peeled off, whereby the material web as a limitation of one before Steam jet located gap is led, too is also limited by an edge of a bar and its thickness adjustable is.
  • a device according to the preamble of claim 1 are known from CA-A-1 134 187.
  • This document shows a steam box with a piston valve.
  • the steam box is essentially one on one side arranged flat material web. He is in Cross direction divided into several zones. At the beginning and at the end of the vaporization zone is the casing over a wall in which steam outlet openings are arranged are.
  • a doctor’s bezel was provided that was directed towards the Roller protrudes.
  • DE-A-43 36 271 shows a blowing device for cleaning a carrier web of a sieve in a paper machine, more generally a blower for blowing a run with a Medium, such as superheated steam or air.
  • This Blowing device is used for cleaning, cooling or heating a paper web or a carrier web, such as one Felt or a sieve in a paper machine.
  • a lock is arranged, which is transverse to the direction of travel the web extends and the gap at least partially bridged.
  • Such devices and methods are, for example used in the paper industry to use the paper web, that forms the web of material here, before the paper web passes through a nip one Roll arrangement is performed. By moistening you can see some parameters of the paper web, such as gloss and Smoothness, affect.
  • DE 43 01 023 A1 shows a moistening device which due to their wedge shape, relatively close to a nip a roller arrangement can be arranged, and a corresponding procedure.
  • the treatment side of one such device does not have to be flat. Much more wells can also be provided in which the steam outlet openings are arranged.
  • the front is the side of the device on which the material web runs in. When used in conjunction So with a roller assembly, it's the side which faces away from the roller arrangement.
  • the object of the invention is humidification to improve a passing material web.
  • This task is the beginning of a device mentioned type solved in that the bar for adjustment a distance between the material web and the edge on the housing is arranged adjustable.
  • the bar has the direction of the material web just a very small extension. You can abstract them spoken as a kind of line. The The bar can thus be at a smaller distance from the material web can be arranged as the device itself. Even if there is a small gap between the material web and the edge remains, steam is a way into that Environment blocked. The small remaining gap will flow-wise through the passing material web so acted that about getting there Steam immediately from the front towards again is carried away to the treatment side. Possibly the edge has yet another effect.
  • the edge can one also as working, peeling, discharging, demolition or Designate the sealing edge. If the bar to adjust a distance between the material web and the edge is arranged adjustable on the housing, there is a greater freedom when installing the humidifier. In many cases it is quite difficult to do that Place the housing so precisely that the desired tight Distance between material web and edge set becomes. But if the bar on the housing is adjustable, a rough positioning of the housing is sufficient, while fine adjustment by moving the bar is achieved on the housing.
  • the edge is transverse to the direction of the web is curved and the curvature is adjustable.
  • a so-called Spreader roller arranged which ensures that the web of material as it passes through the nip receives its greatest possible transverse expansion.
  • Such Spreader roller instructs at least at the point on which the material web rests, a curved surface that are achieved, for example can that the spreader roller is slightly bent.
  • this means that the material web is no longer lies exclusively in one level, but a corresponding one Preserves curvature. This changes the Distance of the material web to the housing in the transverse direction.
  • the edge can be larger in the middle than at the Edges. Accordingly, the distance would also change change to edge. If now the edge accordingly is curved, the edge can be unidirectional transverse to the running direction of the material web, i.e. in the transverse direction, track the material web.
  • the edge preferably has a width across the Material web at a constant distance from the material web.
  • the uniformity humidification is attributed, on the one hand, that the vapor pressure across the width of the web can be kept essentially the same. The This is the gap between the material web and the edge evenly, that nowhere larger flow differences arise that could cause the steam a certain preferred flow path train outside.
  • this measure also ensured that the disruption to the Material layer of air adhering across the width the material web takes place substantially uniformly, so that the corresponding uniformity of the Humidification can be ensured with the help of steam can.
  • the distance is preferably in the range from 2 to 12 mm. On this scale, one is sufficient Distance between the material web and the Edge present to reduce the risk of damage to the Keep material web small. On the other hand is the edge still close enough to the material web to, on the one hand, the Prevent the escape of steam on a larger scale and on the other hand the one adhering to the material web Air layer disturb enough.
  • the bar has slots that from the the edge opposite the edge and if necessary end in holes whose diameter is larger than is the width of the slots. That way it will possible the bar, due to its function as Boundary wall of the vapor deposition essentially is designed as a flat structure to bend so that the edge curves.
  • the slots can be relatively narrow. A Width of about 5 to 8 mm is sufficient in most cases out.
  • the distance to the edge is preferably approximately in the range 10 to 12 mm and the diameter of the holes can be about 15 mm.
  • the holes have the advantage that the stress distribution in the material at the ends of the holes is improved so that the risk of a Crack formation is reduced.
  • the bar is preferably composed of at least two Composed of layers of material, each layer of material Has slots and the slots offset from each other are arranged. This way it is possible to get one largely tight boundary wall of the vapor deposition room to produce, which is nevertheless so flexible that the Edge can be set with a predetermined curvature can.
  • One of the two material layers is preferably on Housing that is heated at this point, at least partially flat and has good thermal conductivity on, in particular at least that of copper corresponds. Due to the good thermal conductivity Temperature of the housing quickly and evenly on the Spread bar. This temperature will then also increase transfer the other material layer. In this way the bar is heated with relatively simple Means. This can prevent the formation of condensate at least largely prevent on the bar.
  • the bar preferably has elongated holes through which bolts attached to the front of the housing are. You can now use the bolts or the bolts loosen the screwed nuts, the strip and the curvature adjust according to the edge and the bolts or fasten the nuts again. That way easy adjustment possible, which in particular is therefore advantageous because the setting when the Material web can take place. You can use that Distance between edge and material web immediately Check after adjustment or the position the edge immediately to the position or location of the Adjust material web.
  • the material layers are preferably at predetermined Connection points connected to each other, wherein in Transverse direction between two connection points at least a slot of each layer of material is arranged.
  • the bar is connected by a single, contiguous part manageable. Especially when Adjusting the curvature makes this easier to use. Nevertheless, the bendability of the bar is ensured.
  • the bar is preferably in in the region of the edge Bended in the direction of the running material web.
  • the edge of the material web presents itself as a curve. This increases the risk of damage to the material web drastically reduced. You can now also minor touches of the edge through the material web put up with this, although this is also not desirable are.
  • the fact that the bar in the direction of running material web is bent, also arises a somewhat longer throttle section, which it the Steam difficult at this point from the vaporization room to escape.
  • the bar in the Area of the edge in the direction of the incoming material web angled at an angle in the range of 30 ° to 70 ° his.
  • the on the Air adhering to the material web becomes like a plane lifted off, especially when the edge the material web is relatively closely adjacent. It recommends to round off the edge. Still must a certain minimum distance to the material web is observed to avoid accidental touch if possible reliably excluded. The remaining gap can then by the vapor pressure on the other side of the Material web are largely sealed.
  • the Back of the case one towards the web of material second above the treatment page Arranged arranged, the one facing the material web Edge with its curvature is adjustable.
  • This bar corresponds essentially to that arranged on the front Strip.
  • Such a second bar is always useful when the device for moistening the web of material between an spreader roller and the nip is used and the removal to the nip is still so large that the material web still a non-negligible bulge has when it is steamed.
  • the steaming chamber becomes to the rear, i.e. to the roller gap towards, completed, so that the uniformity the vaporization does not suffer from the fact that the vapor in the middle of the material web can escape more easily.
  • the housing advantageously has an at least partially bevelled back on which a sealing strip is arranged.
  • Training with a beveled Sealing strip is known from DE 43 01 023 A1.
  • Evaporation space between the housing and the material web also lock at the back. This prevents or makes it difficult for steam to escape from it Place so that the environment is less strong with steam is charged.
  • this sealing strip complicates but also the introduction of air into the vapor deposition room with the resulting cooling, so that less energy to maintain the desired Temperature in the steaming room is required.
  • the sealing strip is preferably made of a little abrasion-resistant Plastic formed.
  • the abrasion resistance refers to the relationship between the Roller, which are arranged adjacent to the sealing strip and the sealing strip itself. If the roller on the Sealing strip rubs is the ratio of the abrasion resistance chosen so that practically none on the roller Changes can be observed while the sealing strip is ground very quickly. This has the advantage that the housing provided with the sealing strip move to the desired position in front of the nip can.
  • the sealing strip is somewhat oversized. The roller will then grind in the sealing strip, so that a very narrow gap between the sealing strip and roller is created without further adjustment work are necessary. If the roller the sealing strip once grinded in accordingly, the Sealing strip not further used. For this reason the sealing strip can be dimensioned relatively weak his.
  • the sealing strip connected to the housing via a quick-change connection is. Because the sealing strip is a wear part, so to speak trained, you should switch with be connected with little effort.
  • the quick change connection can for example by a rail be formed, on which the sealing strip is pushed becomes. In many cases there is also a plug connection or similar are sufficient.
  • the task is in a method of the aforementioned Art solved in that the curvature of the edge set transversely to the direction of the web is that the edge of a curvature of the web of material transverse to its direction follows.
  • the thickness of the gap is preferably in the range of 2 adjustable up to 12 mm. As stated above, has this thickness proved to be advantageous.
  • the gap is transverse to the direction of the Material web set to a constant thickness.
  • the mathematical Senses required. It is only necessary that about the width of the path of the gap no marked differences has, so that on the one hand the steam everywhere finds the same flow conditions, on the other hand the disturbance of the air layer on the material web done essentially uniformly everywhere.
  • the swirling or peeling the air layer at the beginning or immediately before Gap takes place opposite to the direction of travel of the material web is pressurized by a vapor pressure.
  • a gap is necessary to create a Damage to the material web or even tearing off prevent. This risk exists when the web of material when walking past the treatment device beats.
  • a small gap can easily be made seal with an appropriate vapor pressure, the when applying steam to the material web anyway arises in the treatment room.
  • a device 1 for moistening a passing Material web 2 is in Fig. 1 in a typical work environment shown, namely between one by two rolls 3, 4 formed nip 5 and one Spreader roller 6.
  • the spreader roller is like this 3 can be seen, bent.
  • the web of material 2 for example a paper web, is therefore corresponding arched.
  • dashed lines in the Middle of its transverse extent is raised further than at their edges. This bulge takes on towards the Roll gap 5 down.
  • the device 1 has a housing 7, the one Treatment side 8, a front 9 and a back 10 has. At one in the direction of an arrow 11 running from the spreader roller 6 to the nip 5 Material web 2 is the front 9 of the incoming Material web facing.
  • Steam outlet openings are on the treatment side 8 12 provided, which is shown schematically in Fig. 1 are.
  • the treatment side 8 does not have to go through a plane Wall. Rather, the steam outlet openings 12 also arranged in a recess 13 be, as is known from DE 43 01 023 A1. Between the treatment side 8 and the material web 2 thus an evaporation chamber 14 is formed.
  • the strip 15 On the front 9 of the housing is a bar 15 in Direction of a double arrow 16 slidably arranged.
  • the strip 15 has an edge 17 which through moving the double arrow 16 closer to the Material web 2 brought up or further away from it can be.
  • the edge is on the treatment side bent over, i.e. in the direction of movement 11 of the material web 2.
  • the bar 15 is by means of bolts 18 and Nuts 19, which are guided through elongated holes 20 (FIGS. 4 and 5) are attached to the front 9 of the housing 7. After loosening a nut 19, the bar can be 15 move in the direction of the double arrow 16. Between the edge 17 and the material web 2 is a gap the thickness A is formed.
  • the strip 15 consists of two layers of material, namely a copper sheet 21 and a VA sheet 22, i.e. a sheet of stainless steel.
  • the copper sheet 21 lies flat against the housing 7.
  • the housing 7 is at least heated at this point. This allows heat transferred to the copper sheet 21.
  • the copper sheet 21 transfers the heat to the stainless steel sheet 22, so that the bar 15 is at an elevated temperature. This will cause condensation on the bar 15 avoided quite reliably.
  • the stainless steel sheet 22 is shown here with solid lines, the copper sheet 21 with dashed lines.
  • both the stainless steel sheet 22 and the copper sheet 21 have slots 23, 24 which extend from a longitudinal edge 25 of the strip 15 opposite the edge 17.
  • the slots 23 of the stainless steel sheet 22 and the slots 24 of the copper sheet 21 are arranged such that the stainless steel sheet 22 covers the slots 24 in the copper sheet 21, while the copper sheet 21 covers the slots 23 in the stainless steel sheet 22.
  • the slots 23, 24 have a width in the range of 5 to 10 mm. They penetrate the respective sheets 21, 22 almost completely. In the region of the edge 17 there remains a web with a height of approximately 10 to 15 mm.
  • the slots 23, 24 end in a bore 26, 27 with an enlarged diameter, which can be approximately 15 mm.
  • This configuration makes it possible to bend the bar 15 in its plane in such a way that a curved edge 17 is formed, which is enlarged in FIG. 5 and shown with a greatly exaggerated curvature.
  • the curvature of the strip can then be adjusted so that it corresponds to the curvature of the material web 2 caused by the spreader roller 6.
  • the copper sheet 21 and the stainless steel sheet 22 are connected to one another by welding spots 28.
  • the welding points 28 only serve to ensure that the two sheets 21, 22 can be handled together.
  • the main fixation of the two sheets 21, 22 to one another takes place by means of the nuts 19 on the bolt 18.
  • the welding spots 28 are also provided only at larger intervals. The distances are so large that between two adjacent welding points in the transverse direction at least one pair of slots is provided. in the illustrated embodiment are even four Slit pairs provided. Despite the connection between the two Sheets 21, 22 can be the edge 17 with the desired curvature.
  • bar 31 On the back 10 of the housing is a second bar 31 arranged, also on the treatment side 8 survives.
  • the structure of bar 31 corresponds the bar 15, i.e. that adjacent to the material web 2 Edge is curved, whereby the curvature is adjustable is that it is the one caused by the spreader roller Curvature of the material web follows.
  • Sealing strip 29 is provided on the back 10 of the housing 7, which is at least partially is inclined.
  • This sealing strip 29 is on a rail 30 is pushed onto the housing 7. She leaves Accordingly, they can be exchanged relatively quickly and easily.
  • the sealing strip 29 is in the operation of the Housing 7 adjacent roller 4 adjacent. She consists made of a little abrasion-resistant plastic, is therefore as Wear part trained.
  • the sealing strip 29 is with a small excess used. Then if the device 1 is placed in the working position, the roller 4 grinds the sealing strip 29 into the desired one Shape without being damaged. Thereby the vaporization chamber 14 is also on its rear largely sealed.
  • Fig. 6 shows an alternative embodiment of a bar 15 ', in the parts which correspond to those of FIGS. 1 to 5, are provided with the same reference numerals. Modified parts are marked with a deleted reference number Mistake.
  • the only change from the design 1 to 5 is that the bar 15 'no longer in the direction of the running material web is bent over, as can be seen from FIG. 2 is, but that it is against the direction of the Material web 2 is angled at an angle a, which can range from 30 ° to 70 °.
  • the choice of the exact angle depends, among other things the desired path speed. With such a Design can be an improved peeling effect to reach.
  • the one adhering to the material web Air layer is formed by the edge 17 ' Wedge literally lifted off. Because usually a certain Minimum distance A in the range of 3 to 10 mm is observed must be lifted off by one Vapor pressure supported on the back of the Forms bar 15 '.

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  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Preliminary Treatment Of Fibers (AREA)

Claims (19)

  1. Dispositif pour humidifier une bande de matériau (2) en mouvement au moyen de vapeur, comportant un bâti (7) qui présente une face pour le traitement (8) tournée vers la bande de matériau (2) et munie d'ouvertures (12) pour la sortie de vapeur et une face avant (9) à l'extrémité de la face pour le traitement (8) située du côté de l'alimentation, un listeau (15) étant agencé, dans le sens de marche de la bande de matériau (2), en avant de la face pour le traitement (8), en particulier dans la zone de la face avant (9) qui fait saillie au-dessus de la face pour le traitement (8) au moins sur une partie de sa longueur en direction de la bande de matériau (2) et étant muni d'une arête (17) tournée vers la bande de matériau (2), caractérisé en ce que le listeau (15) est disposé mobile contre le bâti (7) de façon à ce qu'un écartement (A) soit établi et ajusté entre la bande de matériau et l'arête tournée vers la bande de matériau.
  2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'arête (17) est cintrée perpendiculairement au sens de marche de la bande de matériau (2), et en ce que le cintrage est réglable.
  3. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 et 2, caractérisé en ce que l'arête (17) présente sur toute la largeur de la bande de matériau (2) un écartement (A) constant par rapport à la bande de matériau (2).
  4. Dispositif selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que l'écartement (A) est situé dans une plage de 2 à 12 mm.
  5. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que le listeau (15) présente des rainures (23, 24) qui partent de l'arête (25) opposée à l'arête (17) et se terminent le cas échéant dans des trous (26, 27) dont le diamètre est plus grand que la largeur des rainures (23, 24).
  6. Dispositif selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que le listeau (15) est composé d'au moins deux couches de matériau (21, 22), chaque couche de matériau (21, 22) présentant des rainures (23, 24), et les rainures (23, 24) étant disposées décalées les unes par rapport aux autres.
  7. Dispositif selon la revendication 6, caractérisé en ce que l'une des deux couches de matériau (21) est appliquée, au moins partiellement à plat, contre le bâti (7), lequel est chauffé à cet endroit et présente une bonne conductibilité thermique qui, en particulier, correspond au moins à celle du cuivre.
  8. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 5 à 7, caractérisé en ce que le listeau (15) présente des trous longitudinaux (20) au travers desquels sont guidés des boulons filetés (18) fixés à la face avant (9) du bâti (7).
  9. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 6 à 8, caractérisé en ce que les couches de matériau (21, 22) sont fixées l'une à l'autre en des points de jonction prédéterminés (28), au moins une rainure (23, 24) de chaque couche de matériau (21, 22) étant disposée entre deux points de jonction (28) se succédant dans la direction transversale.
  10. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que le listeau (15) est recourbé, dans la zone de l'arête (17), dans le sens du défilement de la bande de matériau (2).
  11. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que le listeau (15') est plié, dans la zone de l'arête (17'), dans le sens du défilement de la bande de matériau, selon un angle (a) situé dans la plage de 30° à 70°.
  12. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 11, caractérisé en ce que, sur la face arrière (10) du bâti, dans le sens de marche de la bande de matériau, est agencé un second listeau (31) faisant saillie au-dessus de la face pour le traitement (8), dont l'arête tournée vers la bande de matériau (2) est réglable quant à son cintrage.
  13. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 12, caractérisé en ce que le bâti (7) présente une face arrière (10) au moins partiellement chanfreinée, sur laquelle est agencé un listeau d'étanchéité.
  14. Dispositif selon la revendication 13, caractérisé en ce que le listeau d'étanchéité (29) est constitué d'une matière plastique qui résiste moins à l'abrasion.
  15. Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 13 et 14, caractérisé en ce que le listeau d'étanchéité (29) est fixé au bâti (7) par un raccord à serrage rapide (30).
  16. Procédé pour humidifier une bande de matériau (2) en mouvement au moyen de vapeur, dans lequel au moins un jet de vapeur est dirigé contre la bande de matériau et, avant l'application de la vapeur, la couche d'air qui adhère à la bande de matériau (2) est au moins partiellement mise en tourbillons ou décollée, la bande de matériau étant guidée en tant que délimitation d'une fente s'étendant devant le jet de vapeur, qui est aussi délimitée par une arête (17) d'un listeau (15) et dont l'épaisseur est réglable, caractérisé en ce que le cintrage de l'arête (17) perpendiculairement au sens de la marche de la bande de matériau (2) est réglé de sorte que l'arête (17) suit la courbure de la bande de matériau (2) perpendiculairement au sens de sa marche.
  17. Procédé selon la revendication 16, caractérisé en ce que l'épaisseur de la fente est réglable dans une plage de 2 à 12 mm.
  18. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 16 et 17, caractérisé en ce que la fente est réglée à une épaisseur (A) restant constante perpendiculairement au sens de la marche de la bande de matériau (2).
  19. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 16 à 18, caractérisé en ce que la mise en tourbillons ou le décollement de la couche d'air se produit au début ou directement avant la fente, qui est attaquée par une pression de vapeur dirigée en sens inverse au sens de la marche de la bande de matériau.
EP95113744A 1994-10-19 1995-09-01 Dispositif et méthode pour humidifier une bande de matériau en mouvement Expired - Lifetime EP0708203B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4437375A DE4437375C2 (de) 1994-10-19 1994-10-19 Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Befeuchten einer vorbeilaufenden Materialbahn
DE4437375 1994-10-19

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0708203A2 EP0708203A2 (fr) 1996-04-24
EP0708203A3 EP0708203A3 (fr) 1997-01-15
EP0708203B1 true EP0708203B1 (fr) 2000-12-20

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EP95113744A Expired - Lifetime EP0708203B1 (fr) 1994-10-19 1995-09-01 Dispositif et méthode pour humidifier une bande de matériau en mouvement

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US (2) US5778559A (fr)
EP (1) EP0708203B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE198223T1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2157311C (fr)
DE (1) DE4437375C2 (fr)

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DE4437375A1 (de) 1996-04-25
CA2157311C (fr) 1999-05-11
EP0708203A3 (fr) 1997-01-15
DE4437375C2 (de) 2000-05-25
EP0708203A2 (fr) 1996-04-24
CA2157311A1 (fr) 1996-04-20
ATE198223T1 (de) 2001-01-15
US5778559A (en) 1998-07-14
US5946821A (en) 1999-09-07

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