EP0632970B1 - Aus Celluloseacetat geformte Gebilde, deren Verwendung zur Herstellung von Filtertow,Verwendung des Filtertows zur Herstellung eines Tabakrauchfilterelements sowie Filtertow und Tabakrauchfilterelement - Google Patents
Aus Celluloseacetat geformte Gebilde, deren Verwendung zur Herstellung von Filtertow,Verwendung des Filtertows zur Herstellung eines Tabakrauchfilterelements sowie Filtertow und Tabakrauchfilterelement Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0632970B1 EP0632970B1 EP94107825A EP94107825A EP0632970B1 EP 0632970 B1 EP0632970 B1 EP 0632970B1 EP 94107825 A EP94107825 A EP 94107825A EP 94107825 A EP94107825 A EP 94107825A EP 0632970 B1 EP0632970 B1 EP 0632970B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cellulose acetate
- tobacco smoke
- filter
- filter tow
- filaments
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 title claims description 92
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 title claims description 50
- 241000208125 Nicotiana Species 0.000 title claims description 49
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 title claims description 49
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 14
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- -1 nitrogenous organic compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000002906 microbiologic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 claims description 8
- VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N(C2)CN3CN1CN2C3 VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 102000008192 Lactoglobulins Human genes 0.000 claims description 7
- 108010060630 Lactoglobulins Proteins 0.000 claims description 7
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9H-carbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims description 5
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004312 hexamethylene tetramine Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000010299 hexamethylene tetramine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 claims description 3
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001923 cyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003672 ureas Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007514 bases Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010101 extrusion blow moulding Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 125000002485 formyl group Chemical class [H]C(*)=O 0.000 claims 1
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 description 39
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 26
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 21
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 20
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 17
- 238000006065 biodegradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nicotine Natural products CN1CCCC1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 10
- URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N triacetin Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC(OC(C)=O)COC(C)=O URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N (-)-Nicotine Chemical compound CN1CCC[C@H]1C1=CC=CN=C1 SNICXCGAKADSCV-JTQLQIEISA-N 0.000 description 6
- 235000013773 glyceryl triacetate Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229960002715 nicotine Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000001087 glyceryl triacetate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229960002622 triacetin Drugs 0.000 description 5
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000391 smoking effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000036284 oxygen consumption Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrolein Chemical compound C=CC=O HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000000071 blow moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002506 iron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 2
- POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OVOUKWFJRHALDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(2-acetyloxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OCCOCCOCCOC(C)=O OVOUKWFJRHALDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FMMWHPNWAFZXNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benz[a]pyrene Chemical compound C1=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C=C(C=C3)C2=C2C3=CC=CC2=C1 FMMWHPNWAFZXNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WJBVQJRPIORKRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;2,3-diacetyloxypropyl acetate Chemical compound CC(O)=O.CC(=O)OCC(OC(C)=O)COC(C)=O WJBVQJRPIORKRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003232 aliphatic polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013533 biodegradable additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009530 blood pressure measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000711 cancerogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000315 carcinogenic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000013351 cheese Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019506 cigar Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical class OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005352 clarification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009264 composting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002788 crimping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000578 dry spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004060 metabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930014626 natural product Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006303 photolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015843 photosynthesis, light reaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 244000000000 soil microbiome Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001059 synthetic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
- A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
- A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
- A24D3/067—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters characterised by functional properties
- A24D3/068—Biodegradable or disintegrable
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
- A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
- A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
- A24D3/08—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of organic materials as carrier or major constituent
- A24D3/10—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of organic materials as carrier or major constituent of cellulose or cellulose derivatives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
- A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
- A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
- A24D3/14—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of organic materials as additive
Definitions
- the invention relates to structures formed from cellulose acetate in which an additive is present.
- the invention further relates to the use of structures formed from cellulose acetate in the form of filaments and / or staple fibers for the production of filter tow.
- the invention also relates to a filter tow.
- the invention also relates to the use of a filter tow for producing a tobacco smoke filter element.
- the invention relates to a tobacco smoke filter element consisting of a section of a cross-axially compressed filter tow made of cellulose acetate filaments and / or cellulose acetate staple fibers hardened with the aid of a plasticizer for cellulose acetate or an adhesive.
- Cigarette filters rot relatively slowly and are therefore on Places where there is a lot of smoking, for large parts of the population Annoyance.
- Fibrous cellulose acetate with an acetyl number between 53% and 57% is used for the majority of cigarette filters today (see, for example, US Pat. No. 2,953,837.
- the numerical values given in this document, namely 38% to 41%, for the acetyl content correspond to the previously mentioned values 53% to 57% for the acetyl number).
- such a cellulose acetate is readily biodegradable, but the periods after which cigarette filters made of such a material in fiber form have at least optically disappeared under the influence of environmental influences are too long from today's point of view.
- cigarette filters also applies to other structures Cellulose acetate, such as films, foils, plates or others for example, injection molding, extrusion or blow molding Articles made of cellulose acetate: when storing such structures For example, landfills take too long for these structures to complete are biodegraded.
- Cellulose acetate such as films, foils, plates or others for example, injection molding, extrusion or blow molding Articles made of cellulose acetate: when storing such structures For example, landfills take too long for these structures to complete are biodegraded.
- Filter tow and tobacco smoke filter elements made of cellulose acetate fibers the surface of which an additive is present are, for example, from German patent step 1 079 521 is known. According to the German Patent step 1 079 521 is used on the surface of the Addition to cellulose acetate fibers added to the roughness to improve these fibers.
- the German patent 1,079,521 is however, no suggestion whatsoever can be taken of the biodegradability to accelerate the filter tow and tobacco smoke filter elements.
- US Pat. No. 5,141,006 describes Filtertow and Tobacco smoke filter elements made of cellulose acetate fibers, in which a Additive is present. With that in the cellulose acetate fibers located additive is said to be according to U.S. Patent 5,141,006 especially the filter effectiveness for nicotine can be improved. However, US Pat. No. 5,141,006 also gives no indication the possibility of accelerating the biodegradability of the Filtertows and the tobacco smoke filter elements.
- German Offenlegungsschrift 39 14 022 described additives a food law approval or an approval according to TVO (tobacco regulation) both because of the little or no amounts required because of their toxicity is possible what the use of the in the German Offenlegungsschrift 30 14 022 described plastic materials for example filter tow and makes tobacco smoke filter elements such as cigarette filters impossible.
- German Offenlegungsschrift 39 14 022 is none Indication of the possibility of accelerating the biological Removal of filter tow and tobacco smoke filter elements; the recipe described in German Offenlegungsschrift 39 14 022 would be used to manufacture filter tow and tobacco smoke filter elements not because of the high plasticizer content in the cellulose acetate suitable.
- EP 0 597 478 describes a biodegradable cellulose ester composition which a plasticizer, an aliphatic polyester, a photolysis accelerator or one May contain substance to accelerate biodegradation.
- GB 2 234 687 discloses a cigarette filter that contains compounds that are capable of using Cigarette smoke aldehydes that have not been mechanically and / or absorptively filtered, to form a stable adduct by chemical reaction.
- BE-A-656 697 relates to a Process for applying binders to cellulose acetate filaments and the Manufacture of cigarette filters from these filaments. Joji Ono et al.
- the invention is therefore based on the object of providing structures formed from cellulose acetate, in particular those which are suitable for mass production and / or are subject to food law and the tobacco regulation, and which have improved biodegradation under the influence of environmental influences.
- the invention is also based on the object, the use of structures formed from cellulose acetate in the form of filaments and / or staple fibers for the production of filter tow with improved biodegradation under the influence of environmental influences, and the use of such a filter tow for producing a tobacco smoke filter element also with one propose improved biodegradation under the influence of environmental influences.
- the invention is also based on the object of providing a filter tow based on structures formed from cellulose acetate in the form of filaments and / or staple fibers, and a tobacco smoke filter element formed from such a fitertow, which improve biodegradation under the action of Have environmental influences.
- the object is achieved by structures formed from cellulose acetate which have the form of filaments, staple fibers, films, foils, plates or other objects obtained by injection molding, extrusion or blow molding and in which an additive is present, the additive being composed of a nitrogenous organic compound exists in the degradation by microorganisms of basic decomposition products, in particular ammonia and / or - basic - compounds which have an NH group or NH groups and / or an NH 2 group or NH 2 groups.
- the nitrogen-containing organic compound is preferably urea or a urea derivative. These substances are preferred because they are safe under food law and are available in large quantities and at an acceptable price.
- the nitrogen-containing organic compound preferably also consists of a protein, most preferably beta lactoglobulin is. Proteins are also safe under food law, and for that Beta lactoglobulin is considered to be used in large quantities in cheese making arises as an industrially little used by-product.
- the nitrogen-containing organic compound a condensation product from an aldehyde with ammonia or with an amine, this condensation product being very special is preferably hexamethylenetetramine.
- biodegradable additive is present.
- the structures formed from cellulose acetate consist of an acetone-soluble cellulose acetate with an acetyl number of less than 53%, preferably an acetylene number between 50% and 52%. This feature means that the hydrolysis of the cellulose acetate preceding the biodegradation takes place in a shorter time.
- the object is achieved according to the invention solved by a filter tow, which in the characterizing part of claim 5 Features specified.
- the breaking strength of the filter tow is preferably at most 4.10 -4 da N / dtex, preferably at most 3.10 -4 da N / dtex.
- This feature makes biodegradation previous mechanical crushing facilitated.
- the task is solved according to the invention by a tobacco smoke filter element with the Claim 7 specified features.
- the tobacco smoke filter element contains the plasticizer for cellulose acetate in an amount of at most 6% by mass based on the mass of the cellulose acetate filaments and / or on the mass of the cellulose acetate staple fibers.
- the tobacco smoke filter element according to the invention still preferred that less than half the surface of the Cellulose acetate filaments and the cellulose acetate staple fibers with the Plasticizer for cellulose acetate or the adhesive is provided. This also precedes biodegradation mechanical crushing of the tobacco smoke filter element facilitated.
- plasticizers for cellulose acetate according to the invention preferably triacetin used, but others can Plasticizers such as triethylene glycol diacetate can be used.
- the nitrogen-containing organic Compound either soluble in acetone or so in acetone is dispersible that they are in the manufacture of the filaments also spun out and thus upstream of the spinning process Filtration is not deposited to any significant extent.
- the additive consists of a nitrogenous one organic compound.
- this also includes that the additive from several nitrogenous organic Compounds, i.e. from a mixture of several nitrogenous ones organic compounds can exist in the sense of the invention.
- the invention is based on the principle that, due to the biodegradation of the nitrogenous organic compound and the resulting basic decomposition products on which Surface of the structure formed from cellulose acetate a basic (Alkaline) environment is generated, which is a partial hydrolysis of the Cellulose acetate causes (to break down nitrogenous natural products see. Hans G. Schlegel, General Microbiology, 6th, revised Edition with the collaboration of Karin Schmidt, 1985, Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart - New York, pages 430 ff).
- a filter tow in the sense of the invention is to be understood to mean a band of a large number of cellulose acetate filaments and / or cellulose acetate staple fibers (see also the definition of the term "filter tow” in, for example, German Offenlegungsschrift 41 09 603).
- the filter tow according to the invention is preferably a band of a large number of cellulose acetate filaments, these filaments being able to be crimped, in particular crimped in the stuffer box.
- a filament is to be understood as a practically endless fiber, and the term “spinning fiber” means a fiber of limited length (compare to these two definitions "Römpps Chemie-Lexikon", eighth, revised and extended edition, Franckh'sche Verlags Stuttgart, W. Keller & Co., Stuttgart / 1987, respectively volume 2, page 1283, and volume 5, page 3925 - with reference to DIN 60 001 T2 from December 1974).
- the tobacco smoke filter element according to the invention is preferably a cigarette filter, but it can also be a filter for cigars, cigarillos or tobacco pipes.
- acetyl number means the proportion of bound acetic acid in cellulose acetate, expressed in% by mass (see also Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Fifth, Completely Revised Edition, Volume A 5, pages 444 and 445 - VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-6940 Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 1986).
- the structures according to the invention are suitable is also suitable for use as a mass article and as a structure that subject to food law and / or the tobacco regulation.
- those of the invention are molded from cellulose acetate Formations cheaper than the known ones, made of cellulose acetate Structures.
- the filter tow and the tobacco smoke filter element according to the invention applies that they are compared to known filter tow and known Tobacco smoke filter elements made of cellulose acetate fiber material Acceleration of the rotting speed under Show environmental influences; nevertheless, the storage of the filter tow and the tobacco smoke filter element according to the invention among those of today usual conditions without the risk of microbiological degradation easily possible.
- the invention not only accelerates the mechanical Shredding of the structures formed from cellulose acetate - by the microbiological degradation of the additive - achieved, but also an acceleration of the microbiological degradation of the Cellulose acetate itself.
- this additive can be introduced into the aforementioned solution of cellulose acetate in acetone, after which it is spun.
- the manufacture of the tobacco smoke filter element according to the invention is essentially done by accidentally adding the filter tow, consisting of Cellulose acetate filaments and / or cellulose acetate staple fibers, with a plasticizer for cellulose acetate or an adhesive, subsequent transverse axial compression and, if necessary, wrapping this filter tow with a wrapping strip, cutting the so compressed and, if necessary, coated filter tows into individual ones Tobacco smoke filter rods and finally cutting them Tobacco smoke filter rods in individual tobacco smoke filter elements.
- the filter tow consisting of Cellulose acetate filaments and / or cellulose acetate staple fibers
- a plasticizer for cellulose acetate or an adhesive subsequent transverse axial compression and, if necessary, wrapping this filter tow with a wrapping strip, cutting the so compressed and, if necessary, coated filter tows into individual ones Tobacco smoke filter rods and finally cutting them Tobacco smoke filter rods in individual tobacco smoke filter elements.
- the smoked cigarette filters have been carefully removed from tobacco residues and the various papers (cigarette paper, filter wrapping paper, Tipping) freed, weighed and individually in a fine-mesh nylon net (Polyamide net) sewn in.
- the samples prepared in this way were introduced into the aeration tank (clarification tank) of the biological purification stage of a sewage treatment plant for a period of 20 days. After taking the samples from the clarifier, the cigarette filters were carefully washed with deionized water, dried and weighed.
- the biological Degradability of the smoked and un-smoked cigarette filters in the Clarifier of the sewage treatment plant examined.
- a clarifier there are always enough microorganisms of the type found in the Are able to convert the nitrogen from beta-lactoglobulin in such a way that basic decomposition products arise and thus on the surface the cellulose acetate filaments creates a basic (alkaline) environment becomes.
- a spinning solution was prepared as in the comparative example, however with the difference that previously in the acetone 1.5 mass% urea introduced and dissolved under heating at 60 ° C.
- the degradation test was carried out on the smoked and un-smoked cigarette filters in the clarifier of the sewage treatment plant.
- the weight loss based on the amount of cellulose acetate was 10.5% on average in the case of the smoked and un-smoked cigarette filters (in independent studies it was found that urea completely biodegrades under the test conditions mentioned; this was, according to the procedure in the comparative example and in Example 1, when calculating the weight loss of cellulose acetate - in addition to the correction due to the complete breakdown of the smoke and triacetin separated in the cigarette filters - again taken into account).
- a spinning solution was prepared as in the comparative example, however with the difference that previously 1.5% by mass in the acetone Hexamethylenetetramine was introduced and dissolved.
- filter tow were produced from cellulose acetate filaments crimped in the stuffer box, which in turn was processed into filter rods and finally into cigarette filters.
- the filter tow had a tensile strength based on the total titer of 3.5.10 -4 da N / dtex.
- the degradation test was carried out on the smoked and un-smoked cigarette filters in the clarifier of the sewage treatment plant.
- the weight loss in relation to the amount of cellulose acetate in the smoked and un-smoked cigarette filters averaged 25% (in independent tests it was found that hexamethylenetetramine degrades completely under the test conditions mentioned; this was, in accordance with the procedure in the comparative example, in Example 1 and in example 2, when calculating the weight loss of cellulose acetate - in addition to the correction due to the complete breakdown of the smoke and triacetin separated in the cigarette filters - again taken into account).
- a film A was made from the spinning solution according to the comparative example cast to a thickness of 0.05 mm.
- a film B was also cast with a thickness of 0.05 mm.
- a film C was also cast with a thickness of 0.05 mm.
- the three foils A, B and C were used to remove any Existing residual acetone carefully with deionized water washed.
- a modified test method for water-insoluble samples was developed based on the degradation test for water-soluble substances described in DIN 38 409 H52.
- the microbiological degradation is determined by measuring the oxygen consumption of the microorganisms during the degradation process.
- the oxygen consumption is determined manometrically.
- the carbon dioxide formed by the metabolism of the microorganisms is bound by sodium hydroxide and does not affect the pressure measurement.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
- Artificial Filaments (AREA)
- Filtering Materials (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Cigar And Cigarette Tobacco (AREA)
- Biological Depolymerization Polymers (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft ferner die Verwendung von aus Celluloseacetat geformten Gebilden in Form von Filamenten und/oder Spinnfasern zur Herstellung von Filtertow.
Die Erfindung betrifft auch ein Filtertow.
Außerdem betrifft die Erfindung die Verwendung eines Filtertows zur Herstellung eines Tabakrauchfilterelements.
Schließlich betrifft die Erfindung ein Tabakrauchfilterelement, bestehend aus einem Abschnitt eines queraxial verdichteten, mit Hilfe eines Weichmachers für Celluloseacetat oder eines Klebstoffes gehärteten Filtertows aus Celluloseacetatfilamenten und / oder Celluloseacetatspinnfasern.
Im Vergleich mit anderen, insbesondere synthetischen Polymeren ist ein solches Celluloseacetat zwar gut biologisch abbaubar, jedoch sind die Zeiträume, nach denen Zigarettenfilter aus einem solchen Material in Faserform unter der Einwirkung von Umgebungseinflüssen zumindest optisch verschwunden sind, unter heutigen Gesichtspunkten zu lang.
- mit der zu geringen industriellen Verfügbarkeit dieser Polymere,
- mit der gegenüber Celluloseacetat unterschiedlichen
Geschmacksbeeinflussung des Rauches
und - mit noch ungeklärten verfahrenstechnischen Problemen bei der
Verarbeitung solcher Polymere zu Filtertow und
Tabakrauchfilterelementen (beispielsweise in Zusammenhang mit der
Härtung solcher Tabakrauchfilterelemente oder in Zusammenhang mit
der Verwendung von problematischen Lösungsmitteln beim Erspinnen
von Fäden aus diesen Polymeren)
erklären läßt.
Die in der deutschen Offenlegungsschritt 39 14 022 beschriebenen Kunststoffmaterialien sind jedoch für die Anwendung zur Herstellung von Massenartikeln kaum oder nicht geeignet, da
- die erforderliche Menge an den genannten Additiven sehr hoch ist, was
im übrigen auch die Einsatzmöglichkeiten solcher Kunststoffmaterialien
erheblich einschränkt,
und - die erwähnten Additive aufgrund ihres hohen Preises auch die aus den beschriebenen Kunststoffmaterialien hergestellten Gegenstände erheblich verteuern.
- für Massenartikel aus Celluloseacetat immer noch ein Bedürfnis
besteht, sie besser biologisch abbaubar zu machen,
und - auch für Gebilde aus Celluloseacetat, die dem Lebensmittelrecht und/oder der Tabakverordnung unterliegen, wie aus Celluloseacetatfasermaterial bestehendes Filtertow sowie Tabakrauchfilterelemente, die aus einem solchen Filtertow hergestellt sind, noch keine Lösung bekannt ist, deren biologischer Abbau zu beschleunigen.
Der Erfindung liegt auch die Aufgabe zugrunde, die Verwendung von aus Celluloseacetat geformten Gebilden in Form von Filamenten und/oder Spinnfasern zur Herstellung von Filtertow mit einem verbesserten biologischen Abbau unter der Einwirkung von Umgebungseinflüssen sowie die Verwendung eines solchen Filtertows zur Hersteilung eines Tabakrauchfilterelements mit ebenfalls einem verbesserten biologischen Abbau unter der Einwirkung von Umgebungseinflüssen vorzuschlagen.
Schließlich liegt der Erfindung auch noch die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Filtertow auf der Basis von aus Celluloseacetat geformten Gebilden in Form von Filamenten und/oder Spinnfasern sowie ein aus einem solchen Fitertow gebildetes Tabakrauchfilterelement zur Verfügung zu stellen, die einen verbesserten biologischen Abbau unter der Einwirkung von Umgebungseinflüssen aufweisen.
Diese Substanzen sind deshalb bevorzugt, da sie lebensmittelrechtlich unbedenklich und in großen Mengen und zu einem akzeptablen Preis verfügbar sind.
Dieses Merkmal bewirkt, daß die dem biologischen Abbau vorausgehende Hydrolyse des Celluloseacetats in kürzerer Zeit vonstatten geht.
- der Weichmacher für Celluloseacetat biologisch abbaubar ist und/oder
den mikrobiologischen Bewuchs der Celluloseacetatfilamente und der
Celluloseacetatspinnfasern beschleunigt
oder - der Klebstoff wasserlöslich und/oder biologisch abbaubar ist,
wobei es ganz besonders bevorzugt ist, daß der Klebstoff ein Stärkeleim oder ein Polyvinylacetatleim ist.
Durch Einsatz eines wasserlöslichen und/oder biologisch abbaubaren Klebstoffes wird erreicht, daß die dem biologischen Abbau vorausgehende mechanische Zerkleinerung des Tabakrauchfilterelements erleichtert wird.
Obwohl mit diesem Merkmal eine gewisse Reduzierung der Härte des Tabakrauchfilterelements in Kauf genommen wird, erreicht man damit wiederum eine Erleichterung der dem biologischen Abbau vorausgehenden mechanischen Zerkleinerung des Tabakrauchfilterelements.
Unter einem Filament ist eine praktisch endlose Faser zu verstehen, und der Ausdruck "Spinnfaser" bedeutet eine Faser begrenzter Länge (vergleiche zu diesen beiden Definitionen "Römpps Chemie-Lexikon", achte, neubearbeitete und erweiterte Auflage, Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, W. Keller & Co., Stuttgart/1987, resp. Band 2, Seite 1283, und Band 5, Seite 3925 - unter Hinweis auf DIN 60 001 T2 vom Dezember 1974).
Unter Acetylzahl versteht man im Sinne der Erfindung den Anteil an gebundener Essigsäure im Celluloseacetat, ausgedrückt in Masse-% (vergleiche dazu auch Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Fifth, Completely Revised Edition, Volume A 5, Seiten 444 und 445 - VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-6940 Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany, 1986).
- Erspinnen von Celluloseacetatfilamenten durch Pressen einer Lösung
von Celluloseacetat in Aceton durch eine Spinndüse mit mehreren
Öffnungen und gegebenenfalls anschließendes Zerschneiden der
Celluloseacetatfilamente zu Celluloseacetatspinnfasern
und - Zusammenfassen einer Vielzahl der so erhaltenen Celluloseacetatfilamente und/oder Celluloseacetatspinnfasern zu einem Filtertow.
Das eingesetzte Celluloseacetat hatte eine Acetylzahl von 55,4 % und einen Polymerisationsgrad (DP) von 220. Diese Spinnlösung wurde filtriert und durch Trockenspinnen auf einer herkömmlichen Fltertow-Spinnanlage versponnen. Die gebildeten Celluloseacetatfilamente wurden zu einem Band zusammengefaßt, mit Hilfe einer Stauchkammerkräuselmaschine gekräuselt und getrocknet. Das so entstandene Filtertow aus stauchkammergekräuselten Celluloseacetatfilamenten wurde mit Hilfe einer Packmaschine zunächst lose abgelegt und anschließend zu einem Ballen verpresst; der Ballen hatte eine Restfeuchte von 5,5 Masse-%. Die Spezifikation des so hergestellten Filtertows war 3 Y 35 HK. Diese Spezifikationsbezeichnung bedeutet
- Filamenttiter:
- 3,3 dtex
- Gesamttiter:
- 38.500 dtex
- Querschnittsform der Celluloseacetatfilamente:
- Y.
- Länge:
- 126 mm
- Durchmesser:
- 7,85 mm
- Zugwiderstand:
- 390 da Pa
- Gewicht an Celluloseacetat:
- 690 mg
- Kondensat:
- 18,4 mg
- Nikotin:
- 1,23 mg
- Kondensatretention:
- 42,5 %.
Nach Entnahme der Proben aus dem Klärbecken wurden die Zigarettenfilter sorgfältig mit entionisiertem Wasser gewaschen, getrocknet und gewogen.
Es war kein signifikanter Unterschied an Gewichtsverlust zwischen den berauchten Zigarettenfilter und den unberauchten feststellbar.
Diese Spinnlösung wurde wie im Vergleichsbeispiel zu 50 kg Filtertow mit einer Reißkraft bezogen auf dessen Gesamttiter von 2,9.10-4 da N / dtex versponnen, wobei die Celluloseacetatfilamente auch wieder stauchkammergekräuselt und getrocknet wurden, und aus dem Filtertow wurden, wie im Vergleichsbeispiel, Filterstäbe und daraus wiederum Zigarettenfilter hergestellt; wie im Vergleichsbeispiel wurden Filterzigaretten gefertigt und abgeraucht. Die Abrauchergebnisse waren wie folgt:
- Kondensat:
- 18,1 mg
- Nikotin:
- 1,25 mg
- Kondensatretention:
- 42,0 %
- Kondensat:
- 18,7 mg
- Nikotin:
- 1,20 mg
- Kondensatretention:
- 42,1 %.
Der auf die Menge an Celluloseacetat bezogene Gewichtsverlust lag bei den berauchten und unberauchten Zigarettenfilter im Mittel bei 10,5 % (in unabhängigen Untersuchungen wurde festgestellt, daß Harnstoff sich unter den genannten Versuchsbedingungen biologisch vollständig abbaut; dieses wurde, entsprechend der Vorgehensweise im Vergleichsbeispiel und im Beispiel 1, bei der Errechnung des Gewichtsverlustes an Celluloseacetat - zuzüglich zu der Korrektur wegen des vollständigen Abbaus des in den Zigarettenfiltern abgeschiedenen Rauches und Triacetins - wiederum berücksichtigt).
- Kondensat:
- 18,3 mg
- Nikotin:
- 1,18 mg
- Kondensatretention:
- 41,5 %.
Der auf die Menge an Celluloseacetat bezogene Gewichtsverlust lag bei den berauchten und unberauchten Zigarettenfiltern im Mittel bei 25 % (in unabhängigen Untersuchungen wurde festgestellt, daß Hexamethylentetramin sich unter den genannten Versuchsbedingungen vollständig abbaut; dieses wurde, entsprechend der Vorgehensweise im Vergleichsbeispiel, im Beispiel 1 und im Beispiel 2, bei der Errechnung des Gewichtsverlustes an Celluloseacetat - zuzüglich zu der Korrektur wegen des vollständigen Abbaus des in den Zigarettenfiltern abgeschiedenen Rauches und Triacetins - wiederum berücksichtigt).
Nach diesem modifizierten Testverfahren wird der mikrobiologische Abbau durch Messung des Sauerstoffverbrauchs der Mikroorganismen während des Abbauvorgangs bestimmt. Der Sauerstoffverbrauch wird manometrisch bestimmt. Das durch den Stoffwechsel der Mikroorganismen gebildete Kohlendioxid wird durch Natriumhydroxid gebunden und beeinflußt dadurch die Druckmessung nicht.
Der aus dem Sauerstoffverbrauch errechnete prozentuale Massenverlust der Proben ist in der nachfolgenden Tabelle aufgelistet.
% Gewichtsverlust nach Tagen | |||
20 | 40 | 60 | |
Filtertow nach Vergleichsbeispiel | 0,5 | 1,3 | 2,5 |
Filtertow nach Beispiel 1 | 7 | 13 | 21 |
Filtertow nach Beispiel 2 | 7 | 9 | 12 |
Filtertow nach Beispiel 3 | 9 | 25 | 48 |
Folie A nach Beispiel 4 | 0,3 | 1,0 | 1,9 |
Folie B nach Beispiel 4 | 4 | 8 | 12 |
Folie C nach Beispiel 4 | 5 | 12 | 24 |
Claims (8)
- Aus Celluloseacetat geformte Gebilde, die die Form von Filamenten, Spinnfasern, Filmen, Folien, Platten oder anderen durch Spritzgießen, Extrudieren oder Blasformen erhaltenen Gegenständen aufweisen, in denen ein Zusatzstoff vorhanden ist wobei der Zusatzstoff aus einer stickstoffhaltigen organischen Verbindung besteht, bei deren Abbau durch Mikroorganismen basische Zersetzungsprodukte, insbesondere Ammoniak und/oder - basische - Verbindungen, die eine NH-Gruppe oder NH-Gruppen und/oder eine NH2-Gruppe oder NH2-Gruppen aufweisen, entstehen.
- Gebilde nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die stickstoffhaltige organische Verbindung Harnstoff ein Harnstoffderivat, ein Protein, insbesondere β-Lactoglobulin, ein Kondensationsprodukt aus einem Aldehyd mit Ammoniak oder mit einem Amin, wobei dieses Kondensationsprodukt insbesondere Hexamethylentetramin ist, oder eine cyclische Verbindung, insbesondere Carbazol, ist.
- Gebilde nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Celluloseacetat ein acetonlösliches Celluloseacetat einer Acetylzahl von weniger als 53%, insbesondere einer Acetylzahl zwischen 50 und 52%, ist.
- Verwendung der Gebilde in Form von Filamenten und/oder Spinnfasern nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3 zur Herstellung von Filtertow durch Zusammenfassen einer Vielzahl dieser Filamente und/oder Spinnfasern zu einem Filtertow.
- Filtertow, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß es aus einer Vielzahl der Gebilde in Form von Filamenten und/oder Spinnfasern nach mindestens einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3 besteht.
- Verwendung des Filtertows nach Anspruch 5 zur Herstellung eines Tabakrauchfilterelements durch im wesentlichen Versehen dieses Filtertows mit einem Weichmacher für Celluloseacetat oder einem Klebstoff, anschließendes queraxiales Verdichten und gegebenenfalls Umhüllen dieses Filtertows mit einem Umhüllungsstreifen, Zerschneiden des so verdichteten und gegebenenfalls umhüllten Filtertows in einzelne Tabakrauchfilterstäbe und schließlich Zerschneiden dieser Tabakrauchfilterstäbe in einzelne Tabakrauchfilterelemente.
- Tabakrauchfilterelement, bestehend aus einem Abschnitt eines queraxial verdichteten, mit Hilfe eines Weichmachers für Celluloseacetat oder eines Klebstoffes gehärteten Filtertows aus Celluloseacetatfilamenten und/oder Celluloseacetatspinnfasern, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Filtertow ein solches nach Anspruch 5 ist.
- Tabakrauchfilterelement nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der im Celluloseacetat enthaltene Weichmacher biologisch abbaubar ist und/oder den mikrobiologischen Bewuchs der Celluloseacetatfilamente und -spinnfasern beschleunigt oder der Klebstoff wasserlöslich und/oder biologisch abbaubar ist.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4322966A DE4322966C2 (de) | 1993-07-09 | 1993-07-09 | Aus Celluloseacetat geformte Gebilde und ihre Verwendung als Filtertow und Tabakrauchfilterelement |
DE4322966 | 1993-07-09 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0632970A2 EP0632970A2 (de) | 1995-01-11 |
EP0632970A3 EP0632970A3 (de) | 1995-04-19 |
EP0632970B1 true EP0632970B1 (de) | 2000-01-12 |
Family
ID=6492392
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP94107825A Expired - Lifetime EP0632970B1 (de) | 1993-07-09 | 1994-05-20 | Aus Celluloseacetat geformte Gebilde, deren Verwendung zur Herstellung von Filtertow,Verwendung des Filtertows zur Herstellung eines Tabakrauchfilterelements sowie Filtertow und Tabakrauchfilterelement |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5495860A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0632970B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2838256B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR0144648B1 (de) |
CN (2) | CN1097962A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2124629C (de) |
DE (2) | DE4322966C2 (de) |
EE (1) | EE03200B1 (de) |
LT (1) | LT3712B (de) |
RU (1) | RU2082302C1 (de) |
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-
1993
- 1993-07-09 DE DE4322966A patent/DE4322966C2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-07-20 US US08/094,563 patent/US5495860A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-05-20 EP EP94107825A patent/EP0632970B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-05-20 DE DE59409066T patent/DE59409066D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-05-30 CA CA002124629A patent/CA2124629C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-06-20 KR KR1019940013953A patent/KR0144648B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-07-08 LT LTIP1995A patent/LT3712B/lt unknown
- 1994-07-08 RU RU9494026291A patent/RU2082302C1/ru active
- 1994-07-08 CN CN94108241A patent/CN1097962A/zh active Pending
- 1994-07-11 JP JP6158834A patent/JP2838256B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-11-17 EE EE9400221A patent/EE03200B1/xx unknown
-
1996
- 1996-12-19 CN CN96123282A patent/CN1176077A/zh active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2124629C (en) | 2001-04-17 |
LT3712B (en) | 1996-02-26 |
CN1176077A (zh) | 1998-03-18 |
EP0632970A2 (de) | 1995-01-11 |
US5495860A (en) | 1996-03-05 |
KR0144648B1 (ko) | 1998-07-01 |
KR950002655A (ko) | 1995-02-16 |
DE4322966A1 (de) | 1995-01-12 |
EP0632970A3 (de) | 1995-04-19 |
EE03200B1 (et) | 1999-08-16 |
RU2082302C1 (ru) | 1997-06-27 |
JPH0799959A (ja) | 1995-04-18 |
DE59409066D1 (de) | 2000-02-17 |
JP2838256B2 (ja) | 1998-12-16 |
DE4322966C2 (de) | 1995-10-26 |
CA2124629A1 (en) | 1995-01-10 |
CN1097962A (zh) | 1995-02-01 |
RU94026291A (ru) | 1996-07-20 |
LTIP1995A (en) | 1995-02-27 |
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