EP0446460A2 - Lampe à incandescence à halogène munie d'un pincement unique - Google Patents

Lampe à incandescence à halogène munie d'un pincement unique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0446460A2
EP0446460A2 EP90124460A EP90124460A EP0446460A2 EP 0446460 A2 EP0446460 A2 EP 0446460A2 EP 90124460 A EP90124460 A EP 90124460A EP 90124460 A EP90124460 A EP 90124460A EP 0446460 A2 EP0446460 A2 EP 0446460A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
incandescent lamp
halogen incandescent
webs
luminous element
lamp according
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP90124460A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0446460A3 (en
EP0446460B1 (fr
Inventor
Karl Stadler
Roland Stark
Rüdiger Klam
Rupert Mühlberger
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Osram GmbH
Original Assignee
Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH filed Critical Patent Treuhand Gesellschaft fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen mbH
Publication of EP0446460A2 publication Critical patent/EP0446460A2/fr
Publication of EP0446460A3 publication Critical patent/EP0446460A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0446460B1 publication Critical patent/EP0446460B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
    • H01K1/00—Details
    • H01K1/18—Mountings or supports for the incandescent body

Definitions

  • the application is closely related to the three parallel applications No. ... (Az. GR 90G5534, GR 90P5509, GR 90P5510).
  • the invention relates to a halogen incandescent lamp pinched on one side according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Such a halogen incandescent lamp which dispenses with a quartz beam, is known from EP-OS 173 995.
  • the filament is only held by a frame wire that is melted into the pinch. If this lamp is designed for direct operation on mains voltage, the filament used for this must have a relatively high resistance and consequently a long length. For this reason, the luminous element is bent into two luminous arms and has an overall V-like or U-like shape.
  • the lamp arms may come into contact with the inner wall of the bulb because the free length of the arms is relatively large and a certain spiral sag (approx. 10%) cannot be avoided. Ultimately, this will accelerate the blackening and shorten the lifespan.
  • glass webs which are formed from the material of the bulb, have a much higher temperature resistance. The reason is that with this technology there is additional cooling from the outside and heat dissipation to the outside and therefore the decomposition of the glass web is prevented.
  • the filament consists of two straight legs and a connecting part, so that it is bent overall in a U or V shape. However, it can also have more than two legs.
  • the connecting part between the two legs In the area of the connecting part between the two legs, it is fixed by a glass web, which holds the lamp body mechanically or by means of a pinch.
  • further glass webs can also be arranged along the two legs, which serve either as a fixing pinch or as a mechanical separation aid between the two legs.
  • the particularly intimate connection due to the pinching leads to excellent heat dissipation at this spiral point, which prevents blackening and devitrification of the glass web and also leads to the fact that the pinched spiral region practically no longer shines.
  • non-luminous connecting section in this sense can in particular be the curved connecting part.
  • the web can be solid (as a rod), but this is not completely satisfactory in terms of production technology and cooling.
  • the web is preferably tubular in shape with a circular or oval cross section (i.e. as a longer furrow). This improves the cooling, since the heat-emitting surface is larger than the heat-radiating coil part.
  • An ideal operating behavior, even with a horizontal burning position, can be achieved if several glass webs are used, which are suitably distributed along the lamp body.
  • the first option is a mechanical bracket, e.g. the tubular webs lie tightly against the filament.
  • Another variant is that the webs thread a turn of the filament, so to speak.
  • the pitch of the secondary helix in the region of the web is advantageously chosen so large that it is adapted to the outer diameter of the web. This technology is described in more detail in parallel application No. ... (GR 90P5510).
  • the tubular one is fixed Bridge the filament in that a piece of the filament is squeezed between two web halves.
  • the essential point in this connection is that the temperature of the glass web does not exceed a certain limit value, because otherwise stresses occur or even the glass web softens.
  • This limit temperature is around 800 - 900 ° C in the case of quartz glass, while a temperature of the order of 600 ° C is already critical for tempered glass.
  • the web thickness advantageously exceeds the external dimensions of the luminous element by at least 100%.
  • a double-coiled filament can be squeezed into the glass webs.
  • a double-coiled filament can be equipped with single-coiled and therefore cooler sections, which in turn are melted into the glass webs.
  • the dimensions of the glass webs are chosen so that there is no significant impediment to the halogen cycle in the lamp bulb.
  • the inside diameter of the webs is typically 0.5 mm near the axis.
  • tubular webs are widened in a funnel shape, there are no excessively thin spots in the region of the transition to the piston wall, which would reduce the bursting pressure.
  • the wall thickness remains fairly homogeneous.
  • the webs are manufactured before the piston end is squeezed.
  • the filament is clamped by means of an interchangeable holder and inserted into the bulb, which is open on one side.
  • the lamp bulb is heated in the area of the future webs with burners and shaped by means of stamps, which are opposite each other.
  • This technique has the great advantage that the position of the filament can no longer be subsequently adjusted by this process.
  • Each bar can be produced particularly easily by the two punches, which are designed as conically tapering round rods, pressing two hollow, in particular funnel-shaped "glass fingers” into the bulb wall, which finally touch in the lamp axis (or in its vicinity).
  • the diameter of the funnel on the bulb wall and the degree of narrowing towards the lamp axis depend on the size of the heating zone on the bulb wall.
  • the absolute value of the glass tube diameter near the axis depends on the dimensions of the stamp.
  • a stopper on which the seam between the two stopper halves can still be recognized is advantageously left, which considerably simplifies production.
  • the filament lies exactly between the two "glass fingers” and is fixed to form the stopper.
  • the stamps have an oval or rectangular profile.
  • halogen incandescent lamp with a long lifespan (2000 hours) is presented, which is extremely shockproof and is suitable for simple construction with few components.
  • This also means that the overall length can be reduced by approx. 30% compared to standardized halogen incandescent lamps, since the frame structures in the vicinity of the stem are not required.
  • additional savings in filling quantities occur due to the smaller piston volume.
  • the pipe diameter can be reduced by approx. 20%.
  • a lamp that is particularly well adapted to the glass web technology is characterized by a bulb with an oval or the like. Cross section from. The "bridging" for the webs takes place in the direction of the short semi-axis, so that the wall thickness of the glass webs does not decrease too much towards the lamp axis and therefore remains fairly homogeneous.
  • the lamps according to the invention are suitable for direct operation at mains voltage, which should be understood to mean a range from approximately 80 V to 250 V. Typical wattages are 15 to 200 W. These lamps are used, for example, for general lighting purposes.
  • the invention is mainly suitable for the mounting of luminous bodies with two legs. However, this does not exclude the use for differently designed lamps, e.g. with four legs.
  • FIG. 1 shows a halogen incandescent lamp 1 for general lighting purposes with a power of 200 W, which is preferably suitable for direct connection to the 110 V network. It has a cylindrical piston 2 made of quartz glass with an outer diameter of approximately 12.5 mm with an inner diameter of 10.5 mm (with a tolerance of 0.8 mm) and a total length of approximately 35 mm. One end of the piston 2 is shaped into a dome 3 which has a pump tip 4 in the center. The other end of the piston is closed with a pinch seal 5.
  • the flask with a volume of 1.65 cm3 is filled with an inert gas mixture of 80% Kr and 20% N2, to which a halogen addition of 0.005% CBrClF2 is added.
  • the luminous element 6 is mechanically held by a glass web 9 which bears against the inside of the rounded part 7.
  • the web 9 is a glass tube which is formed from the material of the bulb and which extends transversely to the lamp axis and to the plane of the luminous element over the inside diameter of the bulb.
  • the glass tube 9 has a diameter of approximately 1.2 mm near the axis and widens towards the piston wall 2 'on both sides in the manner of a funnel 10 to approximately twice (or even four times) the diameter.
  • a plug 11 is left in the tube in the region of the lamp axis.
  • the two luminous limbs 8 merge at their pinch-side ends into short, simply coiled sections which act as power supply lines 12.
  • the luminous element 6 is tensioned in the bulb 2 in that the power supply lines 12 are melted into the pinch seal 5 and are welded there to sealing foils 13.
  • the power supply lines 12 with a total length of approx. 6 mm protrude from the pinch seal 5 approx. 1 - 2 mm into the piston volume, which is why the usual core pins can advantageously be dispensed with.
  • contact pins 14 are welded, which protrude beyond the end of the pinch seal 5 to the outside.
  • FIG. It is a 220 V halogen incandescent lamp with a power of 100 W.
  • the lamp body 15 is now bent in a U-shape.
  • the two legs 8 'of the U which run parallel to the lamp axis, are in turn subdivided into two luminous, double-spiraled sections 16, which are each connected to one another by a single-spiraled section 17.
  • the connecting part 18 of the U is simply coiled. It is arranged transversely to the lamp axis in the vicinity of the pump tip 4, two short brackets 19 being angled through 90 ° and each extending to a section 16.
  • the luminous element 15 is fixed by an oval glass web, the two halves of which are designed as longitudinal furrows 20. They extend over most of the length of the connecting part 18 so that it is squeezed between the two longitudinal furrows 20.
  • the luminous element 15 is fixed in the region of the simply coiled sections 17 by a further glass web. It is a tube 21 with a circular cross-section which - like the oval tube - narrows increasingly like a funnel from the piston wall towards the center of the piston.
  • a stopper 22 is left in the tube, into which the simply coiled section 17 is squeezed in the middle. This holding technique is particularly suitable as an alternative to the mechanical holder described in the first embodiment when using a single glass tube.
  • FIG. 3a Another variant of this squeezing technique is shown in FIG. 3a.
  • the glass web narrows to a tube 21 of constant diameter, the central stopper 22 of which squeezes the filament section 17.
  • the plug has the shape of a solid cylinder.
  • the helix of the connection section 17 can be short-circuited by a core pin 36.
  • This technique is also particularly suitable for mechanically retaining webs, since effective cooling is particularly desirable here.
  • FIG. 3b An alternative embodiment (FIG. 3b) uses a tube 24 which narrows from the bulb wall in a funnel shape towards the center of the lamp, the inner walls of which converge and thus form the plug region 25 into which the section 17 of the luminous element is squeezed.
  • FIG. 4a shows a schematic cross section through the lamp according to FIG. 2 at the level of the two funnel-shaped glass tubes 21, which fix the two sections 17 by being pinched.
  • a flattened, e.g. oval or elliptical, cross section of the piston 2 '' used (Fig. 4b).
  • the volume of the piston 2 ′′ need not change in comparison to a cylindrical piston 2.
  • the semi-axis advantageously shortens in the direction of the glass webs, while the semi-axis extends transversely to the glass webs. In this way, a greater wall thickness of the glass tubes can be achieved compared to a cylindrical piston with the same volume.
  • FIG. 5 Another exemplary embodiment is finally shown in FIG. 5. It is a halogen incandescent lamp with a power of 50 W.
  • the luminous element 26 is continuously coiled and bent in a U-shape.
  • the fixation is carried out by two glass tubes 27. They squeeze the luminous element in the region of the two 90 ° bends between the legs 28 and the connecting part 29.
  • the diameter of these webs is significantly larger (approx. Factor 1.4) than when squeezing a straight lamp section to fully enclose the 90 ° bend.
  • the two glass tubes 27 can also be attached to the transverse connecting part 29 without including the 90 ° bends.
  • the diameter of a glass web (or its height in the case of the furrow-like glass web) should be at least twice as large as the diameter of the lamp body area to be squeezed in order to ensure secure fixation.
  • an additional separating web 30 is also arranged approximately centrally in the lamp bulb, so that it extends at the level of the center of the leg between the two legs 28 and transversely to them.
  • the separating web prevents the two relatively long legs 28 from being knocked together.
  • the use of a dividing web 30 (or more) is always advantageous if one wants to avoid direct fixation of the filament legs or also to provide single or uncoiled filament sections in the area of the otherwise double-coiled portion Thigh is undesirable.
  • This separating web 30 is also designed as a funnel-shaped glass tube.
  • Core pins 36 at the level of the separating web 30 are also suitable here for premature blackening or the like. to prevent.
  • the halogen incandescent lamp of FIG. 5 described so far is mounted in an outer bulb 31 as an example.
  • the possibly two-part power supply lines 32 are squeezed into a plate foot 33, which is melted into the neck 34 of the evacuated outer bulb 31.
  • the outer bulb 31 carries a screw base 35.
  • the invention is not restricted to the exemplary embodiments shown.
  • the individual features of different exemplary embodiments can be combined with one another. It is particularly suitable the invention also for halogen incandescent lamps for mains operation at 110 V. Furthermore, the two legs of the filament can be subdivided again.
  • the filling can also consist of other components known per se, for example CH2Br2 can be used as a halogen additive.
  • Hard glass is also suitable as the bulb material, the luminous element being provided with external contact pins or the like via solid current leads known per se, which are melted directly into the pinch seal. connected is.
  • the decision as to which type of glass webs is used in which number depends on the one hand on the temperature conditions and on the other hand on the free length of the lamp body sections and the shape of the lamp body. An indication of the free length is the voltage drop that occurs there. It should not exceed approx. 60 V.
  • the number of glass webs varies in particular depending on the power level of the lamp and the length of the luminous element and its stability with regard to sagging. For stiff lamps with high performance may be sufficient already a glass walkway. Under certain circumstances, more than three glass webs can be used for less stiff lamps with low power.
  • the invention provides an inexpensive halogen incandescent lamp with low power consumption down to 15 W for direct mains connection, as is of particular interest for general lighting.

Landscapes

  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Non-Portable Lighting Devices Or Systems Thereof (AREA)
  • Discharge Lamp (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Vessels And Coating Films For Discharge Lamps (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Led Devices (AREA)
  • Encapsulation Of And Coatings For Semiconductor Or Solid State Devices (AREA)
  • Securing Globes, Refractors, Reflectors Or The Like (AREA)
  • Fastening Of Light Sources Or Lamp Holders (AREA)
EP90124460A 1990-03-15 1990-12-17 Lampe à incandescence à halogène munie d'un pincement unique Expired - Lifetime EP0446460B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4008367A DE4008367A1 (de) 1990-03-15 1990-03-15 Einseitig gequetschte halogengluehlampe
DE4008367 1990-03-15

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0446460A2 true EP0446460A2 (fr) 1991-09-18
EP0446460A3 EP0446460A3 (en) 1992-02-26
EP0446460B1 EP0446460B1 (fr) 1995-11-08

Family

ID=6402318

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90124460A Expired - Lifetime EP0446460B1 (fr) 1990-03-15 1990-12-17 Lampe à incandescence à halogène munie d'un pincement unique

Country Status (8)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0446460B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2593589B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR0156004B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE130123T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE4008367A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2079426T3 (fr)
HK (1) HK1000611A1 (fr)
HU (1) HU207177B (fr)

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0616359A1 (fr) * 1993-03-19 1994-09-21 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Lampe électrique à incandescence
EP0821399A2 (fr) * 1996-07-24 1998-01-28 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Lampe électrique à incandescence fermée à une extrémité
WO2004019371A1 (fr) * 2002-08-08 2004-03-04 Patent-Treuhand-Gesell Schaft Für Elektrische Glühlampen Mbh Lampe electrique a incandescence
WO2005122206A2 (fr) * 2004-06-09 2005-12-22 Patent-Treuhand- Gesellschaft Für Elektrische Glühlampen Mbh Procede d'usinage d'une lampe et lampe usinee selon un tel procede
EP1672276A3 (fr) * 2004-12-17 2006-08-30 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Lampe à réflecteur parabolique
EP1722401A2 (fr) * 2005-04-28 2006-11-15 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Lampe électrique à nopes pour corp lumineux
WO2007033973A2 (fr) * 2005-09-23 2007-03-29 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Lampe electrique a picots de maintien pour l'element lumineux
EP1632986A3 (fr) * 2004-07-08 2008-02-06 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Lampe incandescente à halogène
DE202008009152U1 (de) 2008-07-08 2008-09-11 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Halogenglühlampe
US7576480B2 (en) 2005-04-25 2009-08-18 Osram Gesellschaft Mit Beschraenkter Haftung Halogen incandescent lamp and method for its production
DE102008032167A1 (de) 2008-07-08 2010-01-14 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Halogenglühlampe
DE102008054287A1 (de) 2008-11-03 2010-05-06 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Halogenglühlampe für den Betrieb an Netzspannung
DE102008061776A1 (de) 2008-12-11 2010-06-17 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Halogenglühlampe
DE102008063622A1 (de) 2008-12-18 2010-06-24 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Halogenglühlampe und zugehöriges optisches Bauteil

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0802561B1 (fr) * 1996-04-19 2000-07-19 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Lampe halogène
DE102004044364A1 (de) 2004-09-10 2006-03-16 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Glühlampe
DE202006002562U1 (de) * 2006-02-17 2006-04-27 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Elektrische Lampe mit Haltequetschung für den Leuchtkörper

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0173995A2 (fr) 1984-09-04 1986-03-12 GTE Products Corporation Lampe à tungstène-halogène sans pont

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR459316A (fr) * 1913-04-04 1913-11-03 Ehrich & Graetz Ag Lampe à incandescence à fil enroulé
US3237045A (en) * 1962-03-16 1966-02-22 Gen Electric Bent end electric lamp having lead wires anchored at ends of bend and provided with expansion portion

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0173995A2 (fr) 1984-09-04 1986-03-12 GTE Products Corporation Lampe à tungstène-halogène sans pont

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0616359A1 (fr) * 1993-03-19 1994-09-21 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Lampe électrique à incandescence
EP0821399A2 (fr) * 1996-07-24 1998-01-28 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Lampe électrique à incandescence fermée à une extrémité
EP0821399A3 (fr) * 1996-07-24 1999-05-26 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Lampe électrique à incandescence fermée à une extrémité
WO2004019371A1 (fr) * 2002-08-08 2004-03-04 Patent-Treuhand-Gesell Schaft Für Elektrische Glühlampen Mbh Lampe electrique a incandescence
US7242138B2 (en) 2002-08-08 2007-07-10 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für Elektrische Gluhlampen mbH Electric light bulb
WO2005122206A2 (fr) * 2004-06-09 2005-12-22 Patent-Treuhand- Gesellschaft Für Elektrische Glühlampen Mbh Procede d'usinage d'une lampe et lampe usinee selon un tel procede
WO2005122206A3 (fr) * 2004-06-09 2008-03-06 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Procede d'usinage d'une lampe et lampe usinee selon un tel procede
US7397192B2 (en) 2004-07-08 2008-07-08 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Halogen incandescent lamp
EP1632986A3 (fr) * 2004-07-08 2008-02-06 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Lampe incandescente à halogène
EP1672276A3 (fr) * 2004-12-17 2006-08-30 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Lampe à réflecteur parabolique
US7511410B2 (en) 2004-12-17 2009-03-31 Osram Gesellschaft Mit Beschraenuter Hattung PAR lamp arrangement
US7576480B2 (en) 2005-04-25 2009-08-18 Osram Gesellschaft Mit Beschraenkter Haftung Halogen incandescent lamp and method for its production
EP1722401A2 (fr) * 2005-04-28 2006-11-15 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Lampe électrique à nopes pour corp lumineux
EP1722401A3 (fr) * 2005-04-28 2007-09-12 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Lampe électrique à nopes pour corp lumineux
US7548025B2 (en) 2005-04-28 2009-06-16 Osram Gesellschaft Mit Beschraenkter Haftung Electric lamp having retaining pinches for the luminous element
WO2007033973A3 (fr) * 2005-09-23 2008-07-10 Patent Treuhand Ges Fuer Elektrische Gluehlampen Mbh Lampe electrique a picots de maintien pour l'element lumineux
WO2007033973A2 (fr) * 2005-09-23 2007-03-29 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Lampe electrique a picots de maintien pour l'element lumineux
DE202008009152U1 (de) 2008-07-08 2008-09-11 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Halogenglühlampe
DE102008032167A1 (de) 2008-07-08 2010-01-14 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Halogenglühlampe
DE102008054287A1 (de) 2008-11-03 2010-05-06 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Halogenglühlampe für den Betrieb an Netzspannung
WO2010060699A1 (fr) * 2008-11-03 2010-06-03 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Lampe à incandescence à halogène pour le fonctionnement sur la tension du réseau
CN102203902B (zh) * 2008-11-03 2014-12-17 奥斯兰姆有限公司 借助电源电压工作的卤素白炽灯
DE102008061776A1 (de) 2008-12-11 2010-06-17 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Halogenglühlampe
DE102008063622A1 (de) 2008-12-18 2010-06-24 Osram Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung Halogenglühlampe und zugehöriges optisches Bauteil

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
HU910853D0 (en) 1991-09-30
HK1000611A1 (en) 1998-04-09
EP0446460A3 (en) 1992-02-26
DE59009860D1 (de) 1995-12-14
HU207177B (en) 1993-03-01
ES2079426T3 (es) 1996-01-16
EP0446460B1 (fr) 1995-11-08
JPH04220943A (ja) 1992-08-11
KR0156004B1 (ko) 1998-11-16
ATE130123T1 (de) 1995-11-15
HUT57474A (en) 1991-11-28
JP2593589B2 (ja) 1997-03-26
DE4008367A1 (de) 1991-09-26

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