EP0126982B1 - Pierre de marquage ayant la forme d'un corps oblong comme une poutre - Google Patents

Pierre de marquage ayant la forme d'un corps oblong comme une poutre Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0126982B1
EP0126982B1 EP84104665A EP84104665A EP0126982B1 EP 0126982 B1 EP0126982 B1 EP 0126982B1 EP 84104665 A EP84104665 A EP 84104665A EP 84104665 A EP84104665 A EP 84104665A EP 0126982 B1 EP0126982 B1 EP 0126982B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
marker
marker according
crossbar
screw
screw holes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP84104665A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0126982A1 (fr
Inventor
Köln Stadtsparkasse
Franz Linder
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Stadtsparkasse Koeln En Franz Linder Beide Te Keul
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=6752795&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0126982(B1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to AT84104665T priority Critical patent/ATE31949T1/de
Publication of EP0126982A1 publication Critical patent/EP0126982A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0126982B1 publication Critical patent/EP0126982B1/fr
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C11/00—Details of pavings
    • E01C11/22—Gutters; Kerbs ; Surface drainage of streets, roads or like traffic areas
    • E01C11/221—Kerbs or like edging members, e.g. flush kerbs, shoulder retaining means ; Joint members, connecting or load-transfer means specially for kerbs
    • E01C11/223—Kerb-and-gutter structures; Kerbs with drainage openings channel or conduits, e.g. with out- or inlets, with integral gutter or with channel formed into the kerb ; Kerbs adapted to house cables or pipes, or to form conduits
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
    • E01F9/50—Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users
    • E01F9/529—Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users specially adapted for signalling by sound or vibrations, e.g. rumble strips; specially adapted for enforcing reduced speed, e.g. speed bumps
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
    • E01F9/50—Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users
    • E01F9/535—Kerbs or road edgings specially adapted for alerting road users
    • E01F9/541—Kerbs
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
    • E01F9/50—Road surface markings; Kerbs or road edgings, specially adapted for alerting road users
    • E01F9/576—Traffic lines
    • E01F9/588—Lane delineators for physically separating traffic lanes and discouraging but not preventing crossing
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F9/00—Arrangement of road signs or traffic signals; Arrangements for enforcing caution
    • E01F9/60—Upright bodies, e.g. marker posts or bollards; Supports for road signs
    • E01F9/658—Upright bodies, e.g. marker posts or bollards; Supports for road signs characterised by means for fixing
    • E01F9/673—Upright bodies, e.g. marker posts or bollards; Supports for road signs characterised by means for fixing for holding sign posts or the like
    • E01F9/681—Upright bodies, e.g. marker posts or bollards; Supports for road signs characterised by means for fixing for holding sign posts or the like the sign posts being fastened by removable means, e.g. screws or bolts

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a crossbar according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • This crossbar is known from British Patent 2 104 946, which forms the closest prior art.
  • the crossbar described therein has also become known through the advertisement in the magazine "Traffic Engineering and Control", November 1981, page 610. It is made from a “high impact rubber”, ie from a high impact resistant (virgin) rubber material. High-impact resistant means that it does not give in when it is impacted, but remains essentially hard.
  • the known crossbar is so heavy that it stops in place on a street, this support being supported by the action of suction cups. A screw fixing is only intended for a more permanent installation, for this the crossbar has the screw holes with extensions.
  • a crossbar is known from French patent specification 1 501 896, which is made according to claim 1 from rigid or semi-rigid material. It has bowl-shaped metal inserts that have a U-profile, the upper, free legs of which are flush with the top of the body. If this known crossbeam is actually made of a material that is as elastic and thus enables a reduction in force as the material from which the crossbeam according to the invention is made, the rubber material is compressed under load. However, the metal parts cannot follow this movement, so that they protrude from the upper side and thereby pose a serious traffic hazard, or at least can destroy tires.
  • the ⁇ 1 Me + & talleinserts are also not intimately connected to the material of the crossbeam, they are not arranged on the inside and therefore do not act as an internal, area-like reinforcement.
  • the old British patent specification 689 791 from 1950 does not refer to a crossbar, but to road markers, as are usually created by paint application.
  • the road markers are also not significantly higher than a layer of paint, the height (page 2, lines 49 to 54) is between three and five millimeters. Due to the extremely small thickness of the road markers, the elasticity in the vertical direction is practically insignificant, in any case no reduction in force is achieved. The elasticity is required in order to be able to adapt the uneven road surfaces to the flat road marker.
  • the road marker can also be fastened by large-headed nails, whereby it is proposed, among other things, to provide holes with extensions similar to the screw holes of the crossbar according to the invention through which the nails are struck. It is also proposed to arrange a steel washer in a recess, recess. In view of the extremely low height of the road markers, a real contribution towards a large-area fortification cannot be achieved.
  • German Offenlegungsschrift 27 58 696 describes a molded body made of rubber granulate and binder. It has inserts in the form of rods made of prestressing or ribbed steel, by means of which it is achieved that a deformation imparted to the shaped body by bending or in some other way is retained in a dimensionally stable manner. The use of these inserts for fastening the previously known shaped body is not described.
  • a marker for traffic management which is also designed as a thin-walled, downwardly open shell made of natural rubber, the shell is reinforced by a narrow, longitudinal web.
  • This marking stone is thus hollow and, when it is rolled over by a vehicle tire, it is flattened, as a result of which it presents a safe obstacle to the vehicle wheel. Its material is sufficiently elastic so that this marking stone can return to its normal, non-flattened shape after the load has subsided. Since the marking stone is open at the bottom, it does not lie over the entire surface, but with a narrow edge on its fastening surface in accordance with its shell shape. If it is rolled over and flattened by a vehicle wheel, the vehicle wheel is practically not raised.
  • the marking stone therefore has an almost exclusively optical effect, it does not create a physical barrier.
  • the fastening forces are introduced via just two screw heads and only have a local effect in the thin-walled web, they are not distributed over a large area. Therefore, the marking stone can be torn up and removed via the screw heads.
  • a crossbar is known from DE-A-1 784 201, which consists of a rigid, gable-roof-shaped support body, which is advantageously made of metal and has reflector elements embedded therein. This crossbar does not allow the loss of power when it is rolled over by a vehicle wheel.
  • the crossbar according to the invention is made from recycled rubber, it can yield elastically to external forces acting on it and cushion load forces, dampen hard impacts and thus protect people from injuries and vehicles from damage. Due to its design made of elastic recycled rubber, the crossbeam can also be bent in the longitudinal direction, i.e. it can be easily adapted to the curvature of a boundary line and can also be used in the case of level differences, for example waves, the fastening surface on which it rests.
  • the reinforcement ensures sufficient durability of the crossbeam despite its elasticity even under loads from motor vehicles, for. B. trucks.
  • the crossbar designed in this way can yield sufficiently elastically when impacted, which helps to reduce noise and protect people and materials.On the other hand, it is a real physical barrier that lifts a vehicle tire when it rolls over, even if it deflects when it rolls over.
  • a crossbar that is rounded, in particular round, flatter is advantageous.
  • the reflection areas signal to the driver that the threshold has been deliberately applied, but the shape and design of the crossbeam enables the crossshaft to be driven over only moderately.
  • a general advantage of the crossbar according to the invention is particularly clear in one application and design: since the crossbar according to the invention absorbs shocks and reduces the forces introduced, it contributes to noise reduction.
  • the crossbar can be pressed onto an already existing or specially designed bar, or its nose is pressed into a groove that is already present in the ground or has been cut or prepared specifically for the crossbar.
  • very precise courses of the marking line can be achieved, in particular with curvatures in the course of the marking line.
  • the assembly work is also simplified.
  • crossbars shown are all elongated overall, so their length is significantly greater than their width or height.
  • Each crossbeam has a lower fastening surface 20, which is flat in the exemplary embodiments shown, but may also have a different shape, for example a groove 21 (FIG. 5) or a tongue 21 '(FIG. 6).
  • flat mounting surfaces are usually the norm. Since the crossbeam is made of an elastic material, these lie flush and fully on a surface in the assembled state, this also ensures good adhesion to the surface, which prevents the fastening surface from moving against the surface, especially when there are lateral forces shifts. Such shifts need not be ruled out, but it is preferred that they do not occur.
  • the crossbar also has two side surfaces 22, 24, an upper side 26 and two end surfaces 28, 29.
  • the crossbeam is made of an elastic material, in particular a rubber and preferably a recycling rubber. It is made of solid material.
  • the elasticity is designed so that a force reduction of 40 to 60%, preferably 50%, based on a sand bed with standard grain size is achieved as a reference.
  • the reduction in power and thus the hardness of the material are selected in relation to the intended use; a higher hardness is specified for traffic areas with motor vehicles than in pedestrian or cycling areas.
  • the hardness setting and thus the power reduction factor is achieved through a suitable choice, size and shape of the rubber particle oaks from which the crossbeam is composed.
  • Both side surfaces 22, 24 are identical, in other words the profile of the crossbar according to FIGS. 1 to 5 is fold-symmetrical.
  • Each side surface 22, 24 consists in each case of a vertical surface 30 and an upper inclined surface 32 adjoining this in the upper region.
  • Reflecting regions 34 are arranged in the latter, as can be seen from the figures, which are designed as cat eyes in the exemplary embodiment shown. These are embedded flush in the material. For this purpose there are recesses, not shown, into which pins are inserted on the back of the cat's eyes. These pegs have retention claws or a sawtooth shape, which makes them last.
  • the number of reflection areas 34 is determined as a function of the intended use of the marking stone, and consequently significantly more reflection areas 34 than shown or reflection areas with a larger area can be used.
  • the crossbar according to the invention is preferably attached by screws.
  • holes are drilled in the subsurface before installing the crossbeam if the subsurface has sufficient strength, for example is formed by concrete or bitumen.
  • Dowels are used in the boreholes in a known manner, which expand when a screw is screwed in and offer a secure hold for the screw.
  • the crossbar is pressed flat against the lower surface when the screw is tightened.
  • non-cohesive substrates e.g. earth
  • an impregnated wooden block is embedded in the floor or a steel nail with an internal thread is driven into the floor.
  • a total of six drainage incisions 40 are provided in the crossbar and are located between and at a distance from the screw holes 36. They enable cross-drainage between the crossbeam and its lower surface. They are visible on both side surfaces 22, 24 and connect these side surfaces 22, 24.
  • the drainage incisions 40 are preferably perpendicular to the longitudinal direction and are cuboid. In the exemplary embodiment shown, its width is 70 mm and its height is 10 mm. They each start 70 mm next to a screw hole 36.
  • the crossbar shown in Figures 1, 2 and 5 also has the following dimensions: the total length is 1 m, its height is 80 mm, the vertical surfaces 30 have a height of 50 mm, the inclined surfaces 32 have a vertical height of 30 mm.
  • the crossbar is 100 mm wide, the Top 26 is 50 mm wide.
  • the extensions 38 of the screw holes 36 are designed so that they can accommodate cat eyes. As a result, the actual fastening screws are completely covered and protected at the same time.
  • the crossbar shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 in the form of a start or end piece basically has a structure like the crossbar already discussed, in contrast to this, however, an inclined surface 42 in the area of one end face 28, at least not both end faces.
  • the inclined surface 42 is at an angle of approximately 30 degrees to the fastening surface 20 and merges downwards into a vertical partial end face with a height of 25 mm.
  • a triangular groove 46 is drawn in dash-dotted lines in both end faces 28. It is not visible from the outside when crossbars are placed next to each other. A triangular connecting part can be inserted into it, which ensures a positive connection between adjacent stones.
  • the crossbar also has a folding symmetrical profile, but a flat, rounded profile shape. Rectangular reflection foils are embedded in the side surfaces 22 as reflection regions 34 or, if appropriate, are glued to the side surfaces 22, 24. Beyond that, however, there is no difference to the exemplary embodiments already discussed, screw holes 36 are also provided, so the fastening is also carried out in specific areas.
  • the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. 6 includes a correspondingly beveled or rounded end or beginning block, as was similarly shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.
  • This crossbar can be used (individually or in combination), as a dividing stone, as a curb, as a boundary stone and as a curb.
  • the universal application in these diverse areas saves the storage of many different stones of the type presumed to be known, which must be designed according to the respective purpose.
  • the crossbar according to the invention has a lower specific weight, so it is easier to handle.
  • the reduction in force of the crossbar according to the invention can be produced depending on the individual requirements. Power reduction factors of 40 to 60, preferably 50%, based on a sand bed with standard grain, have proven their worth.
  • FIG. 1 shows an internal, area-like reinforcement 44 made of a fabric material. This can also be formed by steel cord inlays, metal grids, nylon threads or the like. The area around the screw holes 36 is preferably reinforced. The reinforcement 44 is elastic and intimately connected to the material of the crossbeam. It ensures sufficient durability of the crossbeam even under loads from motor vehicles, for example trucks.
  • a sand bed with a standard grain size has the following composition in accordance with DIN 18915 Part 1: Sand with a maximum grain size of 6 millimeters without silty or clayey components.
  • the force reduction of such a sand bed is standardized in DIN 18196 section 3.3 and is applied as a 100% value when compared with the material of the crossbeam.
  • a groove 21 is shown in FIG. 5 and a tongue 21 'in FIG. 6. Furthermore, an end groove 46 is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the reflection areas 34 consist of a retroreflective material. A reflection is emitted largely independent of the angle of incidence of a light to be reflected.
  • crossbeams in motorway junctions has proven particularly useful.
  • the lane for the entrance and the lane for the exit are separated from one another by crossbeams in order to clearly signal an overrun and thereby largely avoid that a driver becomes a ghost driver.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)
  • Refuge Islands, Traffic Blockers, Or Guard Fence (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)

Claims (9)

1. Pierre de marquage pour zones de trafic routier, sous forme d'un corps oblong semblable à une poutre, avec une section transversale pleine essentiellement constante sur sa longueur, avec une surface de fixation inférieure plane (20), deux surfaces latérales (22, 24) et une face supérieure (26), qui est fait d'une matière caoutchouteuse et possède aussi des trous de vis (36), qui permettent une fixation ponctuelle par vis, s'étendent perpendiculairement à la surface de fixation (20) et offrent un élargissement pour la réception des têtes de vis, et qui présente sur une surface latérale (22, 24) au moins, une zone de réflexion (34), caractérisée en ce qu'elle est fabriquée à partir d'un caoutchouc de récupération ou recyclage élastique, linéaire ou en forme de granulats, et présente une armature interne (44) adhérant superficiellement, qui se trouve au voisinage des trous de vis (36) et est liée intimement à la matière caoutchouteuse.
2. Pierre de marquage suivant la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce que sa matière caoutchouteuse présente un facteur de réduction ou décomposition de force de quarante à soixante, de préférence cinquante pourcent, à chaque fois par rapport à un lit de sable avec une granulation normalisée (suivant DIN 18196).
3. Pierre de marquage suivant la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisée en ce que des pierres de début ou de fin (figures 3 et 4) présentent des surfaces frontales (28) qui offrent une surface oblique supérieure (42) avec un angle de vingt à cinquante degrés, de préférence trente degrés par rapport à la surface de fixation (20).
4. Pierre de marquage suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisée en ce que sa largeur et/ou hauteur est au minimum de vingt millimètres et au maxium de trois cents millimètres, la largeur atteignant de préférence au minimum cent millimètres et au maximum deux cents millimètres, et la hauteur est au minimum de cent cinquante millimètres.
5. Pierre de marquage suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisée par une longueur de dix centimètres au minimum et de deux mètres au maximum.
6. Pierre de marquage suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisée en ce que dans la surface de fixation (20) sont prévues des entailles de drainage (40), qui relient entre elles les deux surfaces latérales (22, 24).
7. Pierre de marquage suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 6, caractérisée en ce que les zones de réflexion (34) sont situées dans des zones d' évidement des surfaces latérales (22, 24) de telle sorte qu'elles ne fassent pas saillie par rapport à la surface, les zones de réflexion (34) étant réalisées en tant que feuilles réfléchissantes.
8. Pierre de marquage suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 7, caractérisée en ce que l'armature (44) est formée par un grillage métallique.
9. Pierre de marquage suivant l'une des revendications 1 à 8, caractérisée par une gorge frontale (46).
EP84104665A 1983-04-28 1984-04-26 Pierre de marquage ayant la forme d'un corps oblong comme une poutre Expired EP0126982B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT84104665T ATE31949T1 (de) 1983-04-28 1984-04-26 Markierungsstein in form eines laenglichen, balkenartigen koerpers.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE8312556U 1983-04-28
DE19838312556U DE8312556U1 (de) 1983-04-28 1983-04-28 Markierungsstein in form eines laenglichen, balkenartigen koerpers

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0126982A1 EP0126982A1 (fr) 1984-12-05
EP0126982B1 true EP0126982B1 (fr) 1988-01-13

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ID=6752795

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP84104665A Expired EP0126982B1 (fr) 1983-04-28 1984-04-26 Pierre de marquage ayant la forme d'un corps oblong comme une poutre

Country Status (3)

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EP (1) EP0126982B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE31949T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE8312556U1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3433258A1 (de) * 1984-09-11 1986-03-20 Helmut 6200 Wiesbaden Joeres Markierungsstein fuer sportanlagen
DE8427790U1 (de) * 1984-09-21 1985-01-31 Berleburger Schaumstoffwerk Gmbh, 5920 Bad Berleburg Fahrdynamische Schwelle für Kraftverkehrswege
DE3719261A1 (de) * 1987-06-10 1988-12-22 Klasen Geb Tesdorff Renate Strassenmarkierung
DE8708908U1 (de) * 1987-06-27 1987-08-20 Zirec Zieringer GmbH & Co Recycling, 6140 Bensheim Trenneinrichtung bzw. Schutzeinrichtung für Verkehrsflächen
DE3912556A1 (de) * 1989-04-17 1990-05-03 Daimler Benz Ag Fahrbahn fuer spurfuehrbare omnibusse
FR2682699B1 (fr) * 1991-10-18 1998-09-11 Surbeco Element de separateur de voies de circulation routiere et separateur de voies qui en est constitue.
AT400864B (de) * 1992-08-05 1996-04-25 Gmundner Fertigteile Gmbh Bordstein
DE29503651U1 (de) * 1994-03-11 1995-05-18 Phoenix Ag, 21079 Hamburg Fahrbahnbegrenzung
DE19522982A1 (de) * 1995-06-28 1997-01-02 Sf Koop Gmbh Beton Konzepte Bausatz aus Betonformsteinen für Erdreichabdeckungen
FR2749329B1 (fr) * 1996-06-04 1998-07-24 Plattard Sa Barriere de securite pour voies routieres et autoroutieres
GB2362411B (en) * 2000-05-17 2004-06-02 Colin Anthony Mcphail Reflector and expansion joint for a kerb

Family Cites Families (10)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2851935A (en) * 1953-06-08 1958-09-16 Root Spring Scraper Co Highway marker
US3491660A (en) * 1967-10-25 1970-01-27 Pauline Kwasney Portable,easy-to-assemble and easy-to-mount curb
DE1658470A1 (de) * 1967-12-23 1970-10-22 Guenter Gubela Leitstein fuer Verkehrswege
FR2296053A1 (fr) * 1974-12-24 1976-07-23 Ligne Blanche Element de bordure et son procede de fixation
US4142814A (en) * 1977-06-17 1979-03-06 Sanchez Richard E Parking area divider
DE2758696A1 (de) * 1977-12-29 1979-07-05 Vki Rheinhold & Mahla Ag Formkoerper aus gummigranulat und bindemittel
DE7936522U1 (de) * 1979-12-24 1980-03-27 Reinschuetz, Hans, 7500 Karlsruhe Entwaesserungseinrichtung
CH652776A5 (de) * 1981-03-23 1985-11-29 Alex Strub Bordstein.
DE8124673U1 (de) * 1981-08-24 1982-04-01 Fischer, Josef, 6531 Gensingen Begrenzungselement zur begrenzung oder abtrennung verschiedener flaechen, insbesondere im freien, voneinander
DE8200327U1 (de) * 1982-01-09 1982-08-12 Holbein, Hermann, Dipl.-Ing. Dr., 7000 Stuttgart Parkplatzbegrenzung

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3468711D1 (en) 1988-02-18
DE8312556U1 (de) 1983-10-20
ATE31949T1 (de) 1988-01-15
EP0126982A1 (fr) 1984-12-05

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