EP0017262B1 - Steharbeitssitz - Google Patents

Steharbeitssitz Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0017262B1
EP0017262B1 EP80200118A EP80200118A EP0017262B1 EP 0017262 B1 EP0017262 B1 EP 0017262B1 EP 80200118 A EP80200118 A EP 80200118A EP 80200118 A EP80200118 A EP 80200118A EP 0017262 B1 EP0017262 B1 EP 0017262B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
seat
standing work
supporting column
inclination
user
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
EP80200118A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0017262A1 (de
Inventor
Horst Ziegler
Dagobert Bögle
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Christof Stoll GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Christof Stoll GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Christof Stoll GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Christof Stoll GmbH and Co KG
Priority to AT80200118T priority Critical patent/ATE2602T1/de
Publication of EP0017262A1 publication Critical patent/EP0017262A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0017262B1 publication Critical patent/EP0017262B1/de
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47C—CHAIRS; SOFAS; BEDS
    • A47C9/00—Stools for specified purposes
    • A47C9/02—Office stools not provided for in main groups A47C1/00, A47C3/00 or A47C7/00; Workshop stools
    • A47C9/025—Stools for standing or leaning against, e.g. in a semi-standing or half-seated position
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
    • A47C—CHAIRS; SOFAS; BEDS
    • A47C7/00—Parts, details, or accessories of chairs or stools
    • A47C7/02—Seat parts
    • A47C7/029—Seat parts of non-adjustable shape adapted to a user contour or ergonomic seating positions
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S297/00—Chairs and seats
    • Y10S297/02—Molded

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a portable standing work seat with a flat, tapered, slip-proof stand, a height-adjustable support column and a cup-shaped seat arranged at the upper end of the support column with the rear edge pulled up and the front edge sloping forward.
  • Standing work seats are particularly useful where it is not possible to use a conventional piece of seating furniture with thighs that are essentially horizontal at a workplace. For example, if a special working height or a special gripping area is required for a machine to be operated, or if the free space for the thighs, knees or feet of the worker is restricted by machine parts.
  • Standing work seats used in such workplaces result in a physical relief for the worker, resulting in an increased focus on the work to be performed and avoiding muscular cramps and fatigue.
  • Such standing work seats take up a substantial part of the user's upper body load and allow the legs to be extensively stretched so that they only have a support and stabilizing function and the leg muscles cannot be largely relaxed. In addition, they enable a change between standing and sitting posture.
  • a standing work seat of the type mentioned is known, for example, from DE-OS 2 642 112.
  • Disadvantages of the known standing work seat include in that the support column can be inclined relative to the stand, and the seat is rigidly connected to the support column.
  • the inclinability of the support column extends the gripping area of a user, but the inclined seat promotes slipping of the user, and the user is forced to catch his legs in order not to tip over. This prevents optimal relaxation of the user with regard to the seating situation and disrupts the exclusive concentration on the work.
  • the rigid, non-rotatable fastening of the seat to the support column furthermore makes it difficult to climb on and off the same with a limited knee space.
  • the stand is made of cast aluminum, making the standing work seat not only bulky and heavy, but also material-intensive and therefore expensive.
  • a standing work seat is known from DE-PS 2618292 and DE-OS 2 641 242, in which a collapsible tubular frame takes over the support to the floor and a small seat surface is arranged at the upper end of a tubular bracket and is adjustable in height.
  • a disadvantage of this solution is in particular that the front tube bracket impairs the movement of the legs and feet and represents a risk of stumbling. The grip area is limited because the seat cannot be rotated.
  • a portable standing seat is known with a stand, a height-adjustable support column, and a seat arranged at the upper end of the support column.
  • the support column and stand are connected to one another rigidly or via a ball joint.
  • the seat can be rotated about the longitudinal axis of the support column without affecting its height.
  • the seat is flat, smooth and immobile. As a result, it does not take the user's physiological requirements into account. This leads to pressure peaks on sensitive parts of the user's body, and the lack of pelvic support can lead to kyphosis of the spine.
  • a portable standing seat is known with a cylindrical base made of cast iron with a weight of e.g. B. 10.7 kg.
  • the foot is secured against slipping by means of a rubber cover.
  • the support column is adjustable in height.
  • a seat is located at the top of the column.
  • the support column and base are rigidly connected to each other.
  • the seat cannot be rotated about the longitudinal axis because it is blocked by a finger. However, it can be tilted around a horizontal axis. In use, the seat is tilted forward and a saddle is pushed back against a spring under the weight of the user. When the user releases the seat, he swings back into the vertical position due to the large mass of the foot.
  • a bar ends at the top in a handle on which the seat can be transported, preferably over a roller.
  • the known seat lacks the possibility of expanding the horizontal gripping area. It is difficult to transport. It only offers an unsafe stand, since the stability essentially depends on the friction of the rubber cover on the ground. A non-slip design of the seat surface is also not provided.
  • the seat must be in the form of a bicycle saddle because it is taken between the legs. This results in an unfavorable support of the user's buttocks.
  • a seat designed as a blown plastic part is known, with the rear edge raised and falling forward Lender, rounded front edge, with a seat surface design in the form of knobs that prevents slipping forward and with connecting holes from the seat surface down to vent the seat.
  • the seat is intended for a standing work seat. It should be attached to a suitable frame using a mounting bracket. None is said about the standing work seat itself.
  • the known seat is designed as a blow part, there are considerable inconveniences: the lower part is practically unusable for the connection to the base. Distraction and tiltability are practically impossible.
  • the recessed grip of the known seat does not allow a firm grip due to the necessary blow bead.
  • a stand which runs flat and is secured against slipping by a circumferential profile ring.
  • a seat support is rigidly fastened in the base by means of a collet (FIG. 2).
  • the stand consists of an annular upper plate and an annular lower plate, which has a pot-shaped section on the inside and which is closed at the bottom by a closure plate.
  • the base is received in a support ring.
  • the top and bottom plates are firmly connected to one another and to the support ring by welding.
  • the pedestal could be used in a standing work seat, nor is anything said about a standing work seat.
  • the parts top plate, bottom plate and support ring do not form a bond, since the support ring does not act as a load-bearing element in this bond, the top plate is also concave: This makes the tension-pressure distribution very unfavorable for the known foot, and the forces have to be put through expensive material or special constructive additional measures can be collected.
  • the invention is intended to remedy the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art.
  • the invention as characterized in the claims, solves the problem of creating an ergonomically and physiologically advantageous standing work seat which is relatively inexpensive to manufacture with little material. Because especially in the case of facilities in the production area, the price often decides on the purchase of a work aid, even if other advantages of the same are evident.
  • the standing work seat according to the invention has the particular advantages that it has a robustness suitable for rough workshop operation, is handy and easy to transport, is trip-proof, allows a large amount of foot space and a large gripping area, but nevertheless can also absorb tangential forces exerted by the user, the pressure distribution optimized on the buttocks and the support of the pelvis of the user, and prevents slipping and kyphosis of the user's spine, and that it can still be produced inexpensively and in a material-saving manner.
  • the standing work seat shown in Fig. 1 has an extremely flat, light, yet stable, circular base 1.
  • This consists of a shell-shaped top plate 6 and a flat bottom plate 7, which are directly connected to one another at their outer edge and in the center via the support ring 8.
  • the connection is preferably made by spot welding. As can be seen, this results in a triangular cross-section in which the bending moments that occur are converted into compressive and tensile forces.
  • inexpensive, thin steel sheet can be used, which already provides surface protection for the purpose of corrosion resistance, e.g. can be galvanized, so that subsequent treatment is not necessary.
  • the necessary buckling stiffness of the sheets is achieved by Sikken 9 or 10.
  • An outer circumferential profile ring 21 made of preferably elastic material, for. B. rubber or soft PVC, welded endlessly, results in a slip-proof and gentle contact with the ground.
  • the tubular support column 2 is rigidly connected to the base 1. It consists of a down tube 26, an upper tube 27 and a spindle tube 37.
  • the down tube 26 is connected to the support ring 8 by a form or material connection. It includes the top tube 27, which in turn encompasses the spindle tube 37.
  • Spindle tube 37 and top tube 27 are rotatably mounted on the support ring 28 and guided through the chair column guide 33.
  • the spindle tube 37 is axially displaceable in the top tube 27 when the locking bolt 38 is released, so that the height of the seat can be adjusted. This mechanism is known and therefore need not be described further.
  • a rotary locking device 11 is provided at the upper end of the down tube 26. It has an actuation button 22 with a pin 29 which can snap into a hole 30 (FIG. 3) of the top tube 27.
  • the pin 29 can be fixed both in the pulled-out and in the locked position. When the pin 29 is pulled out, the column 2 is accordingly about its longitudinal axis freely rotatable, otherwise locked in its rotatability.
  • a seat support plate 12 is rigidly attached to the upper end of the spindle tube 37 guided in the top tube 27. It carries the seat 3 with the seat surface 16.
  • the seat 3 is suspended at the front at two hinge points 13, one of which can be seen in FIG. 1.
  • these articulation points 13 either conventional hinges or, as drawn, commercially available metal-rubber elements can be used, the elasticity of which is sufficient to cover a total inclination angle of the seat 3 of approximately 15 °.
  • the rear of the seat 3 is supported by a spring 14 located in the plane of symmetry of the seat 3, which is held in an immovable position on suitably designed projections of the seat support plate 12 and the seat 3.
  • the inclination of the seat 3 can be infinitely adjusted via the inclination adjustment device 15 shown in more detail in FIG. 2, which can be ascertained and released by means of a clamping connection via the actuating handle 20.
  • the seat surface 16 of the seat 3 is fundamentally bowl-shaped, but modified so that there is an optimal pressure distribution on the buttocks and thighs of the user, and there is a minimal risk of slipping: the rear edge 5 of the seat 3 is pulled up to about the pool edge of an average user, which
  • the front edge 4 is rounded with a radius of 60 to 100 mm, preferably approx. 80 mm, the side edges are slightly raised in the buttocks area, in the middle, between the thighs of the user, a central bead is provided, and the surface has a corrugation 17 on. Connecting bores 18 vent the space between the buttocks and seat surface 16.
  • a grip 19 is provided, by means of which the standing work seat can be changed in a simple manner.
  • the rigid base 1 of the standing work seat shown and the support column 2 rigidly fastened therein and the seat 3 rigidly fastened on this give the user a stable hold. If the column 3 is rotatably set, the user has the possibility of a corresponding movement of the body when the material flows in and out from the side. If the column 3 is locked via the device 11, the user can absorb greater tangential forces via the seat without having to intercept it with the feet. If the knee space is limited, the seat 3 can be rotated out of the working direction for climbing on or off.
  • the seat 3 Due to its stepless inclination in the longitudinal or seat direction, the seat 3 can be optimally adapted to the respective work situation, the constitution and body size of the user. If the inclination adjustment device 15 is released, dynamic sitting with changing seat inclination is possible, the spring 14 balancing the proportionate upper body weight of the user. On the other hand, the spring 14 also acts as a return spring, i.e. the desired seat inclination is found by the user pressing the seat 3 into the desired position with the buttocks and then determining the inclination adjustment device 15.
  • the described special design of the seat surface 16 of the seat 3 has the effect that the greater part of the forces generated by the upper body load is introduced into the seat surface 16 in the area of the ischial bumps, but the other parts of the buttocks and thighs, which are much more sensitive to pressure, are nevertheless suitable be supported. Supporting the user's pelvis prevents disadvantageous kyphosis of the spine, especially in the lumbar region.
  • the corrugation 17 and the central bead prevent the user from slipping even when the seat is strongly inclined forward, while the rounding off of the front edge 4 causes minimal pressure loading and gradual introduction of pressure on the thighs.
  • the lateral and rear edge of the seat surface 16 merges into a circumferential wall that extends essentially vertically downward.
  • This wall results in a high rigidity of the seat 3 due to its web height, and also makes the seat appear closed. It also acts as a safety cover for the laterally recessed actuating handle 20 (FIG. 2) and the inclination adjustment device 15. This cover is important in rough workshop operation.
  • the wall enables the handle 19 to be inserted integrally.
  • the inclination adjustment device 15 is shown in more detail. It consists of two parallel pairs of metal tongues 23, 24, perpendicular to the axis of rotation and located in the axis of symmetry of the seat 3.
  • the lower pair of metal tongues 23 is firmly connected to the seat support plate 12 and runs from bottom to top, the other is firmly below the seat surface 16 attached and runs from top to bottom.
  • a pair of metal tongues - in the example shown the lower one - has elongated slot slots 25, the other a round through hole.
  • Appropriate spacers and a rotatable rod, which has a thread at its end, make it possible to clamp the tongues against one another.
  • the clamping force can be relatively low, since this arrangement has the effect of a multi-disc clutch.
  • the necessary jamming torque is applied or the fixed jamming is released via a firmly connected actuating handle 20 in the form of a handwheel at the end of the threaded rod.
  • the handwheel 20 is embedded in the side of the seat 3, that is to say in the cheapest grip area.
  • the rotary locking device 11 is shown in more detail. It consists of a sleeve 31 which is flanged at the end and thus serves as an abutment for an actuating spring 32.
  • the sleeve 31 is provided with an external thread and screwed into the associated internal thread of the chair column guide 33. Position and tight fit of the sleeve 31 are due to a positive Un washer 34 and a lock nut 35 guaranteed.
  • a stepped pin 29 is axially displaceably mounted, the free end of which protrudes from the end opening of the sleeve 31 and which carries an actuating button 22 at this end.
  • the shoulder of the pin 29 serves as a second abutment for the compression spring 32.
  • a transverse slot at the free end of the sleeve 31 receives a stop pin 36, which in turn is firmly connected to the free end of the pin 29. If the pin 36 strikes the bottom of the slot, then it forms the stop of the locking pin 29 in the locked position. Pulled out of the slot and rotated by 90 °, the locking pin 29 is permanently unlocked. If the locking pin 29 is only pulled, but the pin 36 is left in the slot, the seat 3 can be turned to the side. If it is pivoted back into the old position, the locking pin 29 automatically engages again.
  • Top plate 6, bottom plate 7 and support ring 8 of the base 1 are preferably made of sheet steel or aluminum. All three parts can be made from inexpensive blanks.
  • the top and bottom plates are simple stamping parts. Spot flanges are provided at the connection points for low-cost spot welding.
  • the seat support plate 12 is also preferably made of sheet steel or aluminum, the lower pair of metal tongues 23 being formed in one piece.
  • the seat 3, including the grip shell 19, is also designed in such a way that it consists of a single part and can preferably be produced from plastic in an injection molding process in a single production tool.
  • plastic with a cell structure TSG or RSG can advantageously be used.
  • the seat 3 can also consist of two parts, a load-bearing core and a cushion layer surrounding it.
  • This cushion layer can preferably consist of so-called PUR integral foam. In this case, a compact outer skin and a cell-like core layer are created.
  • the load-bearing part can also be foamed.
  • the stand 1 can be simplified by omitting the support ring 8 in the middle and replacing it directly with the stand pipe 2. This solution can be disadvantageous if you want to combine feet with standpipes of different lengths to simplify storage.
  • the seat support plate 12 could be rotatably arranged on the top tube 27 if the support column 2 is to be made non-rotatable.

Landscapes

  • Special Chairs (AREA)
  • Seats For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Soil Working Implements (AREA)
  • Chairs Characterized By Structure (AREA)
EP80200118A 1979-03-29 1980-02-13 Steharbeitssitz Expired EP0017262B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT80200118T ATE2602T1 (de) 1979-03-29 1980-02-13 Steharbeitssitz.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE2912398 1979-03-29
DE2912398A DE2912398A1 (de) 1979-03-29 1979-03-29 Steharbeitssitz

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0017262A1 EP0017262A1 (de) 1980-10-15
EP0017262B1 true EP0017262B1 (de) 1983-02-23

Family

ID=6066759

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP80200118A Expired EP0017262B1 (de) 1979-03-29 1980-02-13 Steharbeitssitz

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US4366981A (ja)
EP (1) EP0017262B1 (ja)
JP (1) JPS55160519A (ja)
AT (1) ATE2602T1 (ja)
DE (2) DE2912398A1 (ja)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19641159A1 (de) * 1996-06-28 1998-01-02 Bettina Steuck Sitz, insbesondere ein Gärtnersitz

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3139448C2 (de) * 1981-10-03 1984-06-07 Kusch & Co Sitzmöbelwerke KG, 5789 Hallenberg Stuhl
DK487486A (da) * 1986-10-13 1988-04-14 Henning Hedeland Staastoettestol med stilbart saedebeslag
US4803945A (en) * 1987-09-29 1989-02-14 Adams Theodore J Fishing boat back rest and post mount
US4945853A (en) * 1988-07-08 1990-08-07 Outboard Marine Corporation Recreational boat swivel seat
MX170047B (es) * 1988-08-04 1993-08-03 Enrique Manuel Gonzalez Y Roja Mejoras en banco giratorio que sostiene el peso del cuerpo y permite diversidad de movimientos con las piernas
US4865382A (en) * 1988-10-03 1989-09-12 Marshall William H Surgeon's operating stool
US6139097A (en) * 1996-10-16 2000-10-31 Yates; Paul M. No slip bicycle seat
FI3689U1 (fi) 1998-07-13 1998-10-26 Easydoing Oy Satulatuoli
ES2183679B1 (es) * 2000-03-30 2004-06-16 Jordi Badia I Farre Mueble de asiento.
CA2314476C (en) * 2000-07-20 2007-03-20 Gordon Lamont Anti-fatigue platform
US20020166941A1 (en) * 2001-04-04 2002-11-14 Chuck Dunlap Seat post
US6893097B1 (en) 2003-07-07 2005-05-17 Alan H. Ebensperger Outdoor stool system
US20050169698A1 (en) * 2004-02-03 2005-08-04 Conroy Christopher S. Bicycle seat post
GB2424178A (en) * 2005-03-18 2006-09-20 Kathleen Topping Portable height adjustable chair for use by an obstetrics practitioner during delivery of a baby
US7325868B2 (en) * 2006-03-28 2008-02-05 West Steven D Tool for providing support to the human upper body when having to lean over to work
US7285056B1 (en) 2006-12-04 2007-10-23 Ricky L Whitt Apparatus and method for training a golfer
JP2009112383A (ja) * 2007-11-02 2009-05-28 Okamura Corp 椅子
US7823599B2 (en) * 2008-03-26 2010-11-02 Thibodeau Michael R Flexible cane foot
US10165862B2 (en) 2011-10-31 2019-01-01 Johann Burkhard Schmitz Support structure for saddle-form seat surface
EP2901892B1 (de) * 2011-10-31 2018-12-26 Johann Burkhard Schmitz Sitzmöbel mit einer sattelförmigen sitzfläche
US9301621B2 (en) * 2013-08-22 2016-04-05 Theodore William Barstad Collapsible marsh stool
US20170129524A1 (en) 2014-04-02 2017-05-11 BridgeHub LLC Baby carrier
CN103976588A (zh) * 2014-05-20 2014-08-13 梁嘉麟 站立执勤时可以缓解人体疲劳的站凳使用方案
CN103989344A (zh) * 2014-05-20 2014-08-20 张超伦 一种咨询服务生站立值岗时不影响工作稍作休息时的站立坐凳
CN103989345A (zh) * 2014-05-20 2014-08-20 浙江理工大学 站立值岗时可以缓解人体疲劳的站凳使用方法及该站凳的结构形式
JP6527320B2 (ja) * 2014-10-08 2019-06-05 タカノ株式会社 作業用椅子
US9968195B2 (en) * 2015-10-20 2018-05-15 Ergo Impact, LLC Adjustable seat and leaning apparatus
US10172468B2 (en) * 2016-06-14 2019-01-08 Glenn Scott Houghson Adjustable portable headrest
CN111200957A (zh) 2017-10-13 2020-05-26 中西合璧有限责任公司 承载和运输婴儿的装置
US11064795B2 (en) * 2018-12-11 2021-07-20 James Bland Collapsible stool entertainment system
US10780003B2 (en) 2019-01-04 2020-09-22 Haworth, Inc. Adjustable ergonomic chair
JP7332777B1 (ja) * 2022-11-01 2023-08-23 光枝 矢田 立ち作業補助具

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US1973226A (en) * 1932-07-05 1934-09-11 Clarence W Rose Antislipping shoe for ladders
US2177387A (en) * 1938-05-13 1939-10-24 Greitzer Meyer Furniture pedestal
US2850077A (en) * 1954-03-09 1958-09-02 Rexford A Dawson Furniture seats
FR1333156A (fr) * 1962-06-13 1963-07-26 Siège fonctionnel pour station debout
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FR1480037A (fr) * 1966-05-18 1967-05-05 Perfectionnements aux tabourets orientables
US3441315A (en) * 1967-07-07 1969-04-29 Artnell Co Seat and method for manufacturing the same
US3833259A (en) * 1972-05-30 1974-09-03 Deere & Co Vehicle seat comprising three foam layers
US3884525A (en) * 1972-11-10 1975-05-20 Robert H Mesinger Bicycle seat structure
DE2421896A1 (de) * 1974-05-07 1975-12-18 Verner Panton Sitzmoebel, insbesondere stuhl, sessel, hocker o.dgl.
DE2618292C3 (de) * 1976-04-27 1978-10-05 Fa. Heinrich Wilhelm Dreyer, 4515 Bad Essen Steharbeitssitz
DE2657538C2 (de) * 1976-12-18 1983-09-08 Fa. Heinrich Wilhelm Dreyer, 4515 Bad Essen Sitzkörper
NO143253C (no) * 1977-08-25 1981-01-14 Staal & Stil As Anordning ved arbeidsstol.
GB1604916A (en) * 1978-02-10 1981-12-16 Inventec Licensing Bv Seats for children
US4183579A (en) * 1978-05-15 1980-01-15 Gonzalez Enrique M Doctor's stool

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19641159A1 (de) * 1996-06-28 1998-01-02 Bettina Steuck Sitz, insbesondere ein Gärtnersitz
DE19641159C2 (de) * 1996-06-28 2001-03-08 Bettina Steuck Sitz, insbesondere ein Gärtnersitz

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS55160519A (en) 1980-12-13
DE3062098D1 (en) 1983-03-31
US4366981A (en) 1983-01-04
EP0017262A1 (de) 1980-10-15
DE2912398A1 (de) 1980-10-16
ATE2602T1 (de) 1983-03-15

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