DE69828444T2 - Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von verfestigten vliesstoffen - Google Patents
Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von verfestigten vliesstoffen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DE69828444T2 DE69828444T2 DE69828444T DE69828444T DE69828444T2 DE 69828444 T2 DE69828444 T2 DE 69828444T2 DE 69828444 T DE69828444 T DE 69828444T DE 69828444 T DE69828444 T DE 69828444T DE 69828444 T2 DE69828444 T2 DE 69828444T2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- web
- nonwoven
- dowel pins
- clamping
- nonwoven fiber
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
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- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HOZCHTFDGMSKNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-methylspiro[4.5]dec-9-ene-10-carboxylic acid Chemical compound CC1CCC=C(C(O)=O)C11CCCC1 HOZCHTFDGMSKNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229920001643 poly(ether ketone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003207 poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001123 polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011112 polyethylene naphthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005594 polymer fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002215 polytrimethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06C—FINISHING, DRESSING, TENTERING OR STRETCHING TEXTILE FABRICS
- D06C3/00—Stretching, tentering or spreading textile fabrics; Producing elasticity in textile fabrics
- D06C3/02—Stretching, tentering or spreading textile fabrics; Producing elasticity in textile fabrics by endless chain or like apparatus
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/08—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
- D04H3/14—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with bonds between thermoplastic yarns or filaments produced by welding
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
- D04H1/70—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres
- D04H1/72—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being randomly arranged
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/02—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments
- D04H3/03—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of yarns or filaments at random
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/08—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H3/08—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
- D04H3/16—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with bonds between thermoplastic filaments produced in association with filament formation, e.g. immediately following extrusion
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
- D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
- D04H5/00—Non woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively short fibres and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
- D04H5/08—Non woven fabrics formed of mixtures of relatively short fibres and yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres or yarns
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06C—FINISHING, DRESSING, TENTERING OR STRETCHING TEXTILE FABRICS
- D06C3/00—Stretching, tentering or spreading textile fabrics; Producing elasticity in textile fabrics
- D06C3/10—Hooks, pin-blocks, or like apparatus
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Textile Engineering (AREA)
- Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
- Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US09/046,855 US5958322A (en) | 1998-03-24 | 1998-03-24 | Method for making dimensionally stable nonwoven fibrous webs |
| US46855 | 1998-03-24 | ||
| PCT/US1998/017254 WO1999049119A1 (en) | 1998-03-24 | 1998-08-20 | Method and apparatus for making dimensionally stable nonwoven fibrous webs |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DE69828444D1 DE69828444D1 (de) | 2005-02-03 |
| DE69828444T2 true DE69828444T2 (de) | 2005-12-15 |
Family
ID=21945760
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE69828444T Expired - Fee Related DE69828444T2 (de) | 1998-03-24 | 1998-08-20 | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung von verfestigten vliesstoffen |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US5958322A (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP1068384B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP4202601B2 (enExample) |
| KR (1) | KR100581637B1 (enExample) |
| AU (1) | AU9109698A (enExample) |
| BR (1) | BR9815755A (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA2324147C (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE69828444T2 (enExample) |
| ES (1) | ES2235358T3 (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO1999049119A1 (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (33)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE59806442D1 (de) * | 1998-06-18 | 2003-01-09 | Heimbach Gmbh Thomas Josef | Monofilament sowie damit hergestellte Papiermaschinenbespannung |
| US6977109B1 (en) * | 1998-07-24 | 2005-12-20 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Microperforated polymeric film for sound absorption and sound absorber using same |
| AU2002243282B2 (en) * | 2000-11-20 | 2006-07-06 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Fiber-forming process |
| US6667254B1 (en) * | 2000-11-20 | 2003-12-23 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Fibrous nonwoven webs |
| US7192499B1 (en) | 2001-06-01 | 2007-03-20 | Hills, Inc. | Nonwoven fabric with characteristics similar to woven and knitted fabrics |
| US6770356B2 (en) | 2001-08-07 | 2004-08-03 | The Procter & Gamble Company | Fibers and webs capable of high speed solid state deformation |
| US7504348B1 (en) | 2001-08-17 | 2009-03-17 | Hills, Inc. | Production of nonwoven fibrous webs including fibers with varying degrees of shrinkage |
| EP1448814A4 (en) * | 2001-10-01 | 2005-09-14 | Rtica Inc | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING AN ISOLATION PRODUCT |
| JP4149716B2 (ja) * | 2002-03-01 | 2008-09-17 | 株式会社フジクラ | 光ファイバコードの製造方法及びその装置 |
| US7279440B2 (en) * | 2002-05-20 | 2007-10-09 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Nonwoven amorphous fibrous webs and methods for making them |
| US8129297B2 (en) * | 2002-07-29 | 2012-03-06 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Method and apparatus for heating nonwoven webs |
| US20050026527A1 (en) * | 2002-08-05 | 2005-02-03 | Schmidt Richard John | Nonwoven containing acoustical insulation laminate |
| US6893711B2 (en) * | 2002-08-05 | 2005-05-17 | Kimberly-Clark Worldwide, Inc. | Acoustical insulation material containing fine thermoplastic fibers |
| US20040131836A1 (en) * | 2003-01-02 | 2004-07-08 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Acoustic web |
| JP2004256923A (ja) | 2003-02-24 | 2004-09-16 | Du Pont Toray Co Ltd | ストレッチを有する布帛 |
| US20040206377A1 (en) * | 2003-04-16 | 2004-10-21 | Monadnock Non-Wovens Llc | Sound insulation for dishwashers |
| US7776251B2 (en) * | 2003-04-16 | 2010-08-17 | Rowland Griffin | Method of making sound insulation with high loft |
| JP2004348984A (ja) * | 2003-05-20 | 2004-12-09 | Tapyrus Co Ltd | ポリフェニレンスルフィド製メルトブロー不織布、その製造方法及びそれからなるセパレータ |
| US7887311B2 (en) * | 2004-09-09 | 2011-02-15 | The Research Foundation Of State University Of New York | Apparatus and method for electro-blowing or blowing-assisted electro-spinning technology |
| AU2006292463B2 (en) * | 2005-09-16 | 2011-03-24 | Covidien Lp | Methods for relaxing stress in polymeric materials |
| US9139940B2 (en) * | 2006-07-31 | 2015-09-22 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Bonded nonwoven fibrous webs comprising softenable oriented semicrystalline polymeric fibers and apparatus and methods for preparing such webs |
| US8802002B2 (en) * | 2006-12-28 | 2014-08-12 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Dimensionally stable bonded nonwoven fibrous webs |
| PL3284854T3 (pl) * | 2007-08-17 | 2024-03-25 | Fiberweb, Llc | Dwuskładnikowe włókienko ciągłe utworzone z pojedynczego układu polimerowego |
| EP2189423A4 (en) | 2007-09-13 | 2011-09-28 | Ikechi Hiromi | TREATMENT FOR PRODUCING A THREADED TYPE CONTACT BODY ELEMENT, AND A ROTATING CIRCLE TYPE THREAD TYPE CONTACT BODY |
| GB2455286A (en) * | 2007-11-23 | 2009-06-10 | Ball Burnishing Mach Tools | A friction tool for use in the cosmetic treatment of the skin and a method of its use |
| DE102008035351B4 (de) * | 2008-07-29 | 2018-10-11 | Dräger Safety AG & Co. KGaA | Mehrschichtige Materialbahn insbesondere für Schutzanzüge |
| EP2534702A1 (en) * | 2010-02-10 | 2012-12-19 | Tata Steel Nederland Technology BV | Layered system for producing a solar cell on a metal substrate, method for producing said layered system |
| WO2013096529A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 | 2013-06-27 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Melt blowing process, low shrinkage melt blown polymer fibers and fibrous structures, and melt blowable polymer compositions |
| FI125024B (fi) | 2012-11-22 | 2015-04-30 | Teknologian Tutkimuskeskus Vtt | Muotoiltava kuitutuote ja menetelmä sen valmistamiseksi |
| JP6542787B2 (ja) | 2013-11-26 | 2019-07-10 | スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー | 寸法安定性メルトブローン不織布繊維構造とその製造方法及び製造装置 |
| WO2017061970A1 (en) * | 2015-10-06 | 2017-04-13 | Pi̇msa Otomoti̇v Teksti̇lleri̇ Sanayi̇ Ve Ti̇caret Anoni̇m Şi̇rketi̇ | Method of increasing abrasion resistance in nonwoven automotive textiles |
| EP3406780B1 (de) * | 2017-05-22 | 2020-01-08 | Axel Nickel | Getemperter meltblown-vliesstoff mit hoher stauchhärte |
| EP3425099A1 (de) * | 2017-07-03 | 2019-01-09 | Axel Nickel | Meltblown-vliesstoff mit verbesserter stapelbarkeit und lagerbarkeit |
Family Cites Families (30)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3819465A (en) * | 1969-04-29 | 1974-06-25 | Troy Mills Inc | Non-woven textile products |
| CA948388A (en) * | 1970-02-27 | 1974-06-04 | Paul B. Hansen | Pattern bonded continuous filament web |
| US3823210A (en) * | 1971-05-22 | 1974-07-09 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd | Method of manufacturing oriented product of synthetic crystalline polymer |
| DE2160209C3 (de) * | 1971-12-04 | 1980-05-08 | J.H. Benecke Gmbh, 3000 Hannover | Verfahren zum Heißfixieren von Vliesen und Vliesstoffen |
| DE2530499C3 (de) * | 1975-07-09 | 1978-05-24 | Akzo Gmbh, 5600 Wuppertal | Mattenbahn und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
| US4153664A (en) * | 1976-07-30 | 1979-05-08 | Sabee Reinhardt N | Process for pattern drawing of webs |
| CA1073648A (en) * | 1976-08-02 | 1980-03-18 | Edward R. Hauser | Web of blended microfibers and crimped bulking fibers |
| US4232434A (en) * | 1978-05-25 | 1980-11-11 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Apparatus and method for attaching stiff crimpable material to a tenter frame |
| US4377889A (en) * | 1980-03-14 | 1983-03-29 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Apparatus for controlling edge uniformity in nonwoven fabrics |
| UST100902I4 (en) * | 1980-12-29 | 1981-08-04 | Hauser Edward R | Uses for microfiber-based webs |
| US4715924A (en) * | 1982-11-29 | 1987-12-29 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Apparatus for forming a web |
| US4741941A (en) * | 1985-11-04 | 1988-05-03 | Kimberly-Clark Corporation | Nonwoven web with projections |
| US5141699A (en) * | 1987-12-21 | 1992-08-25 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Process for making oriented melt-blown microfibers |
| US4988560A (en) * | 1987-12-21 | 1991-01-29 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Oriented melt-blown fibers, processes for making such fibers, and webs made from such fibers |
| US5010165A (en) * | 1989-06-02 | 1991-04-23 | Eastman Kodak Company | Dimensionally stable polyester melt blown web |
| JPH0345768A (ja) * | 1989-07-10 | 1991-02-27 | Toray Ind Inc | メルトブロー不織布及びその製造方法 |
| JP2797482B2 (ja) * | 1989-07-21 | 1998-09-17 | 東洋紡績株式会社 | 均繊度の良好な不織布 |
| JP2513852B2 (ja) * | 1989-08-10 | 1996-07-03 | 東レ株式会社 | 不織布構造体の製造方法 |
| DE4028193C1 (enExample) | 1990-09-05 | 1992-02-27 | Lucas Industries P.L.C., Birmingham, West Midlands, Gb | |
| JPH0511111A (ja) * | 1991-07-05 | 1993-01-19 | Sekisui Chem Co Ltd | 位相差板の製造方法 |
| JP2599847B2 (ja) * | 1991-08-13 | 1997-04-16 | 株式会社クラレ | ポリエチレンテレフタレート系メルトブローン不織布とその製造法 |
| US5298694A (en) * | 1993-01-21 | 1994-03-29 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Acoustical insulating web |
| WO1995032859A1 (en) * | 1994-05-26 | 1995-12-07 | Beck Martin H | Polyester insulation |
| DE19501123C2 (de) * | 1995-01-17 | 1998-07-30 | Reifenhaeuser Masch | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Vliesbahn aus thermoplastischen Polymerfilamenten |
| WO1996026232A1 (en) * | 1995-02-22 | 1996-08-29 | The University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Dimensionally stable fibers and non-woven webs |
| US5788804A (en) * | 1995-07-17 | 1998-08-04 | Liba Maschinenfabrik Gmbh | Machine for the production of pre-ready made reinforcement formations |
| JP3045768U (ja) | 1997-07-30 | 1998-02-13 | 土井商事株式会社 | マンホール内の踊り場用受金具 |
| JP3059158U (ja) | 1998-11-17 | 1999-07-02 | 宏弥 小池 | ダクターチャンネルクランプ |
| JP3059158B1 (ja) | 1999-03-29 | 2000-07-04 | 東北パイオニア株式会社 | ボールスプラインのガタ量測定装置 |
| JP3071829U (ja) | 2000-03-16 | 2000-09-22 | 三栄源エフ・エフ・アイ株式会社 | 錠剤カッター |
-
1998
- 1998-03-24 US US09/046,855 patent/US5958322A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-08-20 EP EP98943266A patent/EP1068384B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-20 WO PCT/US1998/017254 patent/WO1999049119A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-08-20 KR KR1020007010540A patent/KR100581637B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-08-20 AU AU91096/98A patent/AU9109698A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-08-20 CA CA002324147A patent/CA2324147C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-08-20 JP JP2000538070A patent/JP4202601B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-08-20 ES ES98943266T patent/ES2235358T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-20 BR BR9815755-8A patent/BR9815755A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1998-08-20 DE DE69828444T patent/DE69828444T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-07-23 US US09/360,090 patent/US6371749B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP4202601B2 (ja) | 2008-12-24 |
| KR100581637B1 (ko) | 2006-05-23 |
| AU9109698A (en) | 1999-10-18 |
| EP1068384B1 (en) | 2004-12-29 |
| BR9815755A (pt) | 2000-11-07 |
| US6371749B2 (en) | 2002-04-16 |
| JP2003532801A (ja) | 2003-11-05 |
| KR20010042136A (ko) | 2001-05-25 |
| CA2324147A1 (en) | 1999-09-30 |
| WO1999049119A1 (en) | 1999-09-30 |
| DE69828444D1 (de) | 2005-02-03 |
| CA2324147C (en) | 2007-02-20 |
| EP1068384A1 (en) | 2001-01-17 |
| US5958322A (en) | 1999-09-28 |
| US20010055631A1 (en) | 2001-12-27 |
| ES2235358T3 (es) | 2005-07-01 |
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